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Kasvukeskkonna Ja Laasimise Mõju Maarjakase (Betula

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Kasvukeskkonna Ja Laasimise Mõju Maarjakase (Betula EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL Metsandus- ja maaehitusinstituut Metsakasvatuse osakond Gunnar Morozov Kasvukeskkonna ja laasimise mõju maarjakase ( Betula pendula var. carelica ) kloonitaimede juurdekasvule kuivendatud mineraal- ja turvasmuldadel Magistritöö metsamajanduse erialal Juhendajad dotsent Ivar Sibul professor Kalev Jõgiste Tartu 2014 Lihtlitsents lõputöö salvestamiseks ja/või üldsusele kättesaadavaks tegemiseks Mina, …………………………………………………………………………………………. (isikukood ………………………………………) 1. annan Eesti Maaülikoolile tasuta loa (lihtlitsentsi) enda loodud lõputöö Kasvukeskkonna ja laasimise mõju maarjakase ( Betula pendula var. carelica ) kloonitaimede juurdekasvule kuivendatud mineraal- ja turvasmuldadel, mille juhendajad on dotsent Ivar Sibul ja professor Kalev Jõgiste, 1.1. salvestamiseks säilitamise eesmärgil, 1.2. digiarhiivi DSpace lisamiseks ja 1.3. veebikeskkonnas üldsusele kättesaadavaks tegemise eesmärgil kuni autoriõiguse kehtivuse tähtaja lõppemiseni; 2. olen teadlik, et punktis 1 nimetatud õigused jäävad alles ka autorile; 3. kinnitan, et lihtlitsentsi andmisega ei rikuta teiste isikute intellektuaalomandi ega isikuandmete kaitse seadusest tulenevaid õigusi. Lõputöö autor ______________________________ allkiri Tartus, 01.06.2014. Eesti Maaülikool Magistritöö lühikokkuvõte Kreutzwaldi 1a, Tartu 51014 Autor: Gunnar Morozov Õppekava: metsamajandus Pealkiri: Kasvukeskkonna ja laasimise mõju maarjakase ( Betula pendula var. carelica ) kloonitaimede juurdekasvule kuivendatud mineraal- ja turvasmuldadel Lehekülgi: 115 Jooniseid: 39 Tabeleid: 19 Lisasid: 10 Osakond: metsakasvatuse Uurimisvaldkond: metsakasvatus Juhendajad: dotsent Ivar Sibul, PhD professor Kalev Jõgiste, PhD Kaitsmiskoht ja aasta: Tartu, 2014 Uurimistöö viidi läbi 2008. aastal kuivendatud põllumaale rajatud maarjakasekultuuris (Betula pendula var. carelica ) Harjumaal Padise vallas Kõmmaste külas. Kultuur koos- neb kahest osast: vana osa, kuhu on istutatud 2-aastaseid meristeemtaimi ja noor osa, mis on rajatud sama-aastaste kloonidega. Magistritöö eesmärgiks on analüüsida maarjakasekultuuris olevate puude takseertunnuseid, väljalangevust, iseloomulike tunnuste avaldumist, istutusmaterjali va- nuse ja kasvutingimuste mõju puudele ning laasimise mõju fotosünteesiaktiivsusele. Saadud tulemuste põhjal antakse soovitusi maarjakase kultuuri rajamiseks ning majan- damiseks sarnastes tingimustes. Magistritöö käigus viidi läbi kordusmõõtmised pea 3000 istutuskohal, kus mõõdeti ük- sikpuude juurekaela- ja rinnasdiameeter, puu kõrgus ning viimase aasta kõrguse juurde- kasv. Samuti mõõdeti lähtekivimi sügavus ning kümnel mudelpuul fotosünteesi aktiiv- sust iseloomustavad parameetrid, mudellehtede mõõtmed ning õhulõhede tihedus. Töö hüpoteesiks seati väide, et maarjakase kasvu enim mõjutavaks teguriks on mullastik, millel puu kasvab. Uurimuses ilmnes, et maarjakaskede mõõtmed on mullaliikide lõikes statistiliselt erine- vad. Seisuga 2013 aasta sügis olid noore osa maarjakased õhukesel madalsoomullal rähksel gleimullal kasvavate puudega võrreldes kõrgemad (vastavalt 3,81±0,01 ja 3,35±0,01 m) ning juurekaeladiameetri juurest jämedamad (6,27±0,04 ja 4,83±0,03 cm). Väljalangevus õhukesel madalsoomullal oli suurem (36%) kui rähksel gleimullal (25%). Tunnuseid esines peaaegu kõigil uuritud puudel, enim oli neid õhukesel madalsoomul- lal. Vanas osas esinevast viiest mullast (leosunud gleimuld, rähkne gleimuld, õhuke madalsoomuld, koreserikas rähkne gleimuld ning küllastunud turvastunud gleimuld) olid puude kõrgused parimad kolmandal ning viiendal mullal (vastavalt 3,85±0,03 ja 3,83±0,05 m), sama oli juurekaeladiameetriga (6,02±0,09 ja 5,80±0,12 cm). Väljalan- gevus oli suurim leostunud gleimullal ning õhukesel madalsoomullal. Tunnuste esine- mise koha pealt oli enim paksendeid õhukesel madalsoomullal ja küllastunud turvastu- nud mullal kasvavatel puudel (100%), vähim oli tunnuseid leostunud gleimullal (72,2%) ning koreserikkal rähksel gleimullal (91,9%) kasvavatel puudel. Magistritöö põhjal võib väita, et uuritavatest mullaliikidest on parimad kasvutingimused õhukesel madalsoomullal ning küllastunud turvastunud gleimullal. Autor soovitab hoi- duda kultuuri rajamisest leostunud gleimullale kuna seal on maarjakaskede kasv tagasi- hoidlik ning esineb suur väljalangevus, mis on tingitud õhukesest huumushorisondist. Istutusmaterjali valikul tuleks eelistada pigem vanemaid taimi kuna noored puud võivad pärast istutust kergesti hukkuda. Märksõnad: Betula pendula var. carelica , fotosüntees, istandikud, kasvukäik, laasimine, maarjakask, mullastik, veerežiim. Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract of Master's Thesis Kreutzwaldi 1a, Tartu 51014 Author: Gunnar Morozov Speciality: forest management Title: The growth development of curly birch ( Betula pendula var. carelica ) plantation and its dependence on the conditions of the soil and water regime Pages: 115 Figures: 39 Tables: 19 Appendix: 10 Department: silviculture Field of research: silviculture Supervisors: Associate professor Ivar Sibul, PhD Professor Kalev Jõgiste, PhD Place and date: Tartu, 2014 This research was carried out in a curly birch (Betula pendula var. carelica ) plantation that was established in the year 2008 on a drained agricultural land located near village Kõmmaste, Padise parish, Harjumaa county. It consists of two parts: the old one, where two year old micropropagated saplings were planted; and the young one, where plants of same origin but of current year were used. The main task of this master’s thesis was to analyse taxonomical values, mortality, the exposion of traits common to the species, the influence of the age of saplings and the site type on trees and the effect of pruning on the photosynthesis activity. With the results of this thesis, it can be given advice to establish a curly birch plantation or to manage one similar to circumstances of the research area. During the master thesis research re-measuring was carried out on almost 3000 planting sites, where values of single trees were measured: diameter at stem and breast height, tree height and annual height increment. Also the depth of the substratum, the values of photosynthetic activity of ten model trees, the dimensions of model leaves and the density of stomata of the model leaves were measured. The hypothesis of this thesis was that the main factor affecting the growth of a curly birch is in fact the soil it grows on. The results showed that the measurements of curly birches differed according to the soil type. As of according to the year 2013 measurements in the young part showed that the curly birches growing on Sapric Histosol were higher, had a bigger diameter and with more often traits common to curly birch than those on Rendzic gleysol . Alas, the mortality of trees was bigger among trees growing on the first soil. In the old part, among the five soil types ( Calcari-Mollic Gleysol, Rendzic Gleysol, Sapric Histosol, Hypersceleti-Rendzic Gleysol and Molli-Histic Gleysol ) curly birches grew the best on third and fifth type. The mortality was the greatest on types one and three. The traits common to curly birch occured on all trees growing on soil types three and five, whereas on trees growing on soil types one and four it was moderate. According to the results of this thesis, the best conditions for the growth of curly birches among the five soil types was on Sapric Histosol and Molli-Histic Gleysol . The autor of the thesis recommends to avoid establishing a curly birch plantation on Calcari-Mollic Gleysol for the growth of trees was moderate and the mortality greatest, which can be linked to a thin humic layer. As for the choice of cultivation material, more mature plants should be preferred to avoid the mortality of very young saplings. Keywords: Betula pendula var. carelica , photosynthesis, plantations, stand development, pruning, curly birch, soils, water regime. Sisukord Sissejuhatus.......................................................................................................................7 1. Kirjanduse ülevaade....................................................................................................12 1.1. Maarjakase süstemaatiline kuuluvus ja uuritus....................................................12 1.2. Maarjakase dendroloogiline iseloomustus ...........................................................17 1.2.1. Maarjakase areaal ja kasvutingimused..........................................................17 1.2.2. Maarjakase morfoloogilised tunnused ..........................................................20 1.2.3. Maarjakase kasvuvormid ..............................................................................22 1.2.4. Puukujuliste maarjakaskede tüvevormid ......................................................25 1.3. Maarjakask Eestis.................................................................................................28 1.3.1. Maarjakase looduslik levik ...........................................................................28 1.3.2. Maarjakase kultiveerimistulemustest............................................................30 1.4. Maarjakase puit ja selle kasutamine.....................................................................34 1.5. Laasimise olemus ja selle mõju puudele..............................................................37 1.6. Fotosünteesimehhanism.......................................................................................40 2. Materjal ja metoodika .................................................................................................42
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