"The Changing Pacific Ocean in 1957 and 1958"

PART II SYMPOSIUM ON

"THE CHANGING PACIFIC OCEAN IN 1957 AND 1958"

Edited by OSCAR E. SETTE, JOHN D. ISAACS

Rancho Santa Fe, California

lune 2-4, 1958 DEDICATION This Symposium is dedicated to

TOWNSEND CROMWELL and BELL M. SHIMADA associates in research of many of the participants in this Symposium, who lost their lives, June 2, 1958, in an airplane crash near Guadalajara, Mexico, while en route to join the research vessel Horizoib to make further observations on the changing conditions in 1958.

PREFACE In presenting these discussions of the surprising events of the years of change, the editors have attempted to retain the informality of the Symposium, altering the speakers’ words only for the purposes of clarity. In so doing, the editors have, of necessity, preserved not only informality, but a conspicuous irregularity of style. A few of the papers were read, some given from extensive notes, and some essentially extemporaneous. All unprepared papers were recorded as given, and all papers and discussions were submitted to the authors for review and revision. Some authors saw fit to delete vernacular expressions, others permitted them to remain. The editors have striven to see only that the thought was expressed clearly, and have made no attempts to alter the authors’ decisions in regard to the choice of degrees of formality. Impossible to retain in full was the spirit of a group of outstanding investigators from a wide range of disciplines attempting to understand the message from the incoherent mutterings of nakure stirring with obscure excitations. Following the Symposium the changes in the sea and atmosphere have continued to manifest themselves in various waywthe authors and the editors have resisted the temptation to liberally sprinkle the presentations with per- tinent footnotes of these subsequent changes. OSCAR E. SETTE JOHND. ISAACS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS On behalf of the participants of the Symposium, the editors wish to extend their sincere thanks to those who made the Symposium possible:-to Dr. Roger Revelle, Director, and to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla, California, for their sponsorship and for the many arrangements for travel and accommodations; to Mr. Julian Burnette, Chairman, and to the Marine Re- search Committee of the State of California, for their sponsorship and their broad recognition of the importance of the subject of the Symposium; to Mr. Reginald Clotfelter, Manager, and the staff of the Inn at Rancho Santa Fe for their fine arrangements and for their hospitality to the group; to our secretaries and recorders, Mrs. Lorrayne Buck, Mrs. Patricia Bridger, Mrs. John Wyllie, and Miss Barbara Edwards and to Mr. Richard Schwartzlose for his valuable assistance in the arrangements for the Symposium and for his devoted help to the editors during the preparation of these proceedings. THE EDITORS PARTICIPANTS Ahlstrom, Elbert H. Fuplister, Fritz C. Radovich, John U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution California Department of Fish & Game Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Mass. Terminal Island, California La Jolla, California Haso, Francis T. Reid, Joseph I,., Jr. Arthur, Robert S. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California La Jolla, California La Jolla, California Hubbs, Carl L. Revelle, Roger R. Athay, R. G. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography High Altitude Observatory La Jolla, California La Jolla, California University of Colorado Isaacs, John D. Robinson, Margaret Roulder, Colorado Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bernrr, IROD. La Jolla, California La Jolla, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Johnson, Martin W. Iioden, Gunnar I. Ida aolla, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scrims Institution of OceanopraDhs- ._ Rrinton, Edward La Jolla, California La .?&la, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Klein, Hans T. Saur, J. F. T. La Jolla, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Charney, dule G. La Jolla, California BIassachusetts Institute of Technology Stanford, California Marr, John C. Sette, Oscar E. Camhridge, Mass. U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries navies, David H. Biological Laboratory Biological Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California Stanford, California J,a Jolla, California (Present address : Schaefer, Milner B. (I’resent address : U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Inter-American Tropical Tuna South African Association of Marine Honolulu, Hawaii) Commission Biological Research Munk, Walter H. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Durban, Union of South Africa) Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla. California Eckart, Carl H. La Jolla, California Stewart, H. B., Jr. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Murphy, Garth I. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey La Jolla, California 1J.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. Ewing, Gifford C. IIonolulu, Hawaii Stommel, Henry 11. Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Present address : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution La .Jolla, California California Cooperative Fisheries Woods Hole, Mass. Favorite, Felix Investigations Takenouti, Yositada U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Scripps Instituton of Oceanography Japanese Meteorological Agency Seattle, Washington La Jolla, California) Tokyo, Japan Fleming, Richard H. Samias, Jerome von Arx, William S. Vniversity of \Vashington IJ.S. Weather Bureau Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Seattle, Washiupton TVashington, D.C. Woods Hole, Mass. Fofonoff, Xicholas 1’. Pattullo, June Wooster, Warren S. Pacific Oceanographic Group Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Nanaimo. British Columbia, Canada La .Jolla, California La Jolla, California

CONTENTS Page Page INTRODUCTION ...... 21 Coastal Water Temperature and Sea Level- California to Alaska ...... 97 PROCEEDINGS ...... 25 H. B. Stewart, Jr. Introductory Statement ...... 25 Effects of Abnormal Wind Torque on the John D. Isaacs Circulation of a Barotropic Model of the North Pacific Ocean- ...... 103 SECTION I-THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 29 W. S. von Arx Chairman’s Statement- ______29 Quaternary Paleoclimatology of the Pacific Jule G. Charney Coast of North America- _-______105 Carl L. Hubbs The Meteorological Picture 1957-1958___--- 31 Jerome Namias Solar Events and Effects of Terrestrial .- Meteorology ...... 113 El Nino ...... 43 R. G. Athay Warren S. Wooster E CT ION 11-T HE Recent Oceanographic Conditions in the S BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ...... 125 Central Pacific ...... 47 Garth I. Murphy Chairman’s Statement ___- ______-______125 Oscar E. Sette Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Central North Pacific, January 1957-May The Changes in the Phytoplankton Popuh tion Off the California Coast ______127 1958 _-__-__ .______-__ - _ .____-_-_____ 47 James W. McGary Enrique Balech Summary, 1955-1957 Ocean Temperatures, Unusual Features in the Distribution of Pe- lagic Tunicates in 1957 and 1958______133 Central Equatorial Pacific-______52 Thomas S. Austin Leo D. Berner Changes in the Distribution of the Euphau- The Oceanographic Situation in the Vicin- siid Crustaceans in the Region of the Cali- ity of the Hawaiian Islands During 1957 fornia Current -- 137 with Comparisons with Other Years---_- 56 Edward Brinton Garth I. Murphy, Kenneth D. Waldron and Gunter R. Seckel The Offshore Drift of Larvae of the Califor- nia Spring Lobster Panulirus interricptzLs___ 147 Advection-A Climatic Character in the Martin W. Johnson Mid-Pacific - ______- - _ _ - _ __ -_ - _- _ _ - __ __ 60 Gunter R. Seckel Redistribution of Fishes in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 1957 and 1958__-_- 163 The 1957-1958 Oceanographic Changes in the John Radovich Western Pacific ...... 67 Fish Spawning in 1957 and 1958______-___ 173 Yositada Takenouti Elbert H. Ahlstrom Oceanography of the Eastern North Pacific The Long Term Historical Record of Meteo- in the Last 10 Years _-____ _-____-______-_ 77 rological, Oceanographic and Biological Data 181 Joseph L. Reid, Jr. Osxr E. Sette Description of the Northeastern Pacific GENERAL DISCUSSION ______- ______--_ 195 Oceanography _ _ _ _ -_ - _ _ _ - - -- __ ___- ---_ - - 91 Nicholas P. Fofonoff EDITORS’ SUMMARY -- ______-- 211

ILLUSTRATIONS Page Page Fig. 1. Station Plan, California Cooperative OcPanic Fig. 7. Fall 1957. Sea level and ’io0 mb charts, and Fisheries Investigations ...... 22 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart -_--- _____ ---__ 36 Fig. 2. Mean Air Temperatures (spring, fall, annual). Fig. 8. Winter 1957-1958. Sea level and 700 mb charts, (A) Tatoosh Island: Washington. (B) San Francisco, and 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart ______-- ____ 37 California. (C) San Diego, California ______27 Fig. 9. Spring 1958. Sea level and 700 mb charts, and 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart ______-- Fig. 3. Standard Deviation of mean sea level pressure 38 along latitudes for daily (solid) a6d monthly mean Fig. 10. 1,000-700 mb thickness anomaly change chart. (dashed) values for the Januarys from 1899 to 1939; Change of winter 1937-1958 from winter 1956-1957 in tens of fe~t____~-___~-__-_-~___-_____~-~-____-~____40 from data prepared by G. W. Brier______- ______32 Fig. 11. February values of average sea surface tempera- Fig. 4. Winter 1056-1957. Sea level and 700 mb charts, ture along the coast of Peru--______-- _____-___.____- 44 and 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart______33 Fig. 12. Surface temperature-salinity diagram for “Bondy” Fig. 5. Spring 1957. Sea level and 700 mb charts, and crhise of February-JIarch 1958 ...... 44 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart______34 Fig. 13. Average sea surface temperature along the coast Fig. 6. Summer 1957. Sea level and 700 mb charts, and of Peru, based on one-degree square averages for the 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart ______-______35 period 1939-19.33 from Mapas ~~ensuaZes--_____----_-_44

( 17 ) I LLUSTRATIONS-Contin ued Page Page Fig. 14. January 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface Fig. 42. Surface temperature and salinity at Koko Head, temperature ("F.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. Oahu _--_-_--_-_-_--_--_-______----_ 57 225. _----_--___-_-_-_------~~------47 Fig. 43. Mean seasonal locations of 35 O/o0 and 34 O/o~ Fig. 15. February 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface isopleths (approximately 700 surface observations 1957 temperature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225 48 data not included) __---__--_-_------_------_-57 Fig. 16. March 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Fig. 44. Mean surface salinity by latitude at the longi- perature (OF.)from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225-- 48 tude of Oahu during the period April to July 1957---_- 57 Fig. 17. April 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Fig. 45. Monthly skipjack landings and mean monthly perature ("F.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225_- 48 salinity at Koko Head.-- -__--___--_------______58 Fig. 18. May 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Fig. 46. Spring of 1958. Weekly skipjack landings and perature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225-- 48 weekly salinities, Koko Head, Oahu 58 Fig. 19. June 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Fig. 47. Characteristic heat advection curves .---__---__61 perature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225 .- 49 Fig. 48. A. Mean and observed surface temperatures, Fig. 20. July 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Oahu, Hawaii. B. Characteristic and observed rates of perature ("F.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225_- 49 change of surface temperature, Oahu, Hawaii .-__-----_61 Fig. 21. August 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Fig. 49. Comparison of the two types of Kuroshio Cur- perature ("F.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225-- 49 rent 1955 warm, 1957 cold. 200 meter temperature-_---_ 67 Fig. 22. September 11-20, 19.57. Anomaly of sea surface Fig. 50. Comparison of the two types of Kuroshio Cur- temperature ("F.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. rent 1955 warm, 1957 cold. Dynamic height anomalies 225 -----_-----__------~--~~_----~--~---_------49 (0 over lo00 decibars) -_-_ - _--_-_--_---_---____----_ 67 Fig. 23. October 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Fig. 51. Comparison of the two types of Kuroshio Cur- perature ("F.)from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225_- 49 rent 1955 warm, 1957 cold. Dynamic height anomalies Fig. 24. November 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface (400 over 1000 decibars)-_--__--_------_------68 temperature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. Fig. 52. Monthly differences from averages sea surface 225 --_--__---__---__-----~_-~~------_---~--_-_ 49 temperature (degree Centigrade) -__---_---__-__-----_ 68 Fig. 25. December 11-20, 1957. Anomaly of sea surface Fig. 53. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- temperature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. ond 10 days of April 1956 (A) from the mean of all data 225 --____-----_------______----_-- 50 previous to 1942, and (B) from April 1955-__-___----- 69 Fig. 26. January 11-20, 1958. Anomaly of sea surface Fig. 54. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- temperature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. ond 10 days of July 1956 (A) from the mean of all data 225 ---___-_------_------_------50 previous to 1942, and (B) from July 1955_-----_---_-- 69 Fig. 27. February 11-20, 1958. Anomaly of sea surface temperature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. Fig. 55. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- 225 __---_--_____-----_------_--~--_~~~-~_---_--_-- 50 ond 10 days of October 1956 (A) from the mean of all Fig. 28. March 11-20, 1958. Anomaly of sea surface tem- data previous to 1942, and (B) from October 1955----- 70 perature ("F.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225_- 50 Fig. 56. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- Fig. 29. April 11-20, 1958. Anomaly of sea surface tem- ond 10 days of January 1957 (A) from the mean of all perature (OF.) from 30-year mean charts of H.O. 225-- 50 data previous to 1942, and (B) from January 1956----- 70 Fig. 30. May 11-20, 1958. Anomaly of sea surface tem- Pig. 57. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- perature ('F.) from 30-year mead charts of H.O. 225-- 50 ond 10 days of April 1957 (A) from-the mean of all data Fig. 31. January 11-20; 1958 minus 1957. Surface tem- previous to 1942, and (B) from April 1956-----_-_---_ 70 perature change ------_-_--___--__-_------_------51 Fig. 58. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- Fig. 32. February 11-20; 1958 minus 1957. Surface tem- ond 10 days of July 1957 (A) from the mean of all data perature change ------_------_-_---_----_-----_----51 previous to 1942, and (B) from July 1956 _--__-_----_- 70 Fig. 33. March 11-20; 1958 minus 1957. Surface temper- Fig. 59. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- ature change ---_--_--_----_-_------51 ond 10 days of October 1957 (A) from the mean of all Fig. 34. April 11-20; 1958 minus 1957. Surface tempera- data previous to 1942, and (B) from October 1956--_-- 71 ture change ----_-----_-----___------51 Fig. fN. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- Fig. 35. May 11-20; 1958 minus 1957. Surface tempera- ond 10 days of January 1958 (A) from the mean of all ture change ---__------_------_--51 data previous to 1942, and (B) from January 1957_---- 71 Fig. 36. Sea surface temperature anomalies calculated Fig. 61. Anomaly of sea surface temperature for the sec- from observations taken aboard the SS Monterey(M0) ond 10 days of April 1958 from the mean of all data and the SS J4ariposa (MA) during passage between Hon- previous to 1942----_------_------_ 71 olulu (H) and Pago Pago (PP) and Tahiti (T) and Fig. 62. Temperature-salinity diagrams along 144" E. for return -__---_--_-----_----______---- 52 1955 and 1957----_------______-72 Fig. 37. Five-day moving averages for daily sea surface Fig. 63. Location of the axis of the Kuroshio at the longi- temperatures recorded at Christmas Island (2" N., tude of 144" E. from 1933 to 1958--_--_-_-_----___-__ 72 157" W.), one of the Line Islands group. Observations Fig. 64. The relations between the anomaly of monthly are taken along the lee shore near the seaward edge of mean coastal water temperature in 1926. (Vertical axis the reef -_--_____-______----______--- 53 for Western Pacific and horizontal axis for Eastern Pa- Fig. 38. Thirty-day mean sea surface temperatures, cific.) __-____-_--______-___------_-----_------72 Christmas Island station _----_---_--_--_--_-______53 Fig. 65. The relations between the anomaly of monthly Fig. 39. Vertical temperature distribution (SO", 70", and mean coastal water temperature in 1931. (Vertical axis 60° (F.) isotherms) from BT sections made during for Western Pacific and horizontal axis for Eastern Pa- Commonwealth cruise 5, September 1955 and C. H. Gil- cific.) _-__-_-_----_----_------_-----73 bert cruise 35, October 2-7, 1957, 140" W.-150° W. longi- Fig. 66. The relations between the anomaly of monthly tude ---____-_--_------___54 mean coastal water temperature in 1955. (Vertical axis Fig. 40. Vertical temperature distribution (No,70", and for Western Pacific and horizontal axis for Eastern Pa- 60" (F.) isotherms) from BT sections made during cific.) _---___-__--_---._------_~------75 H. M. Smith cruise 31, December 1955 and C. H. GiZ- Fig. 67. Surface current off the western coast of North bert cruise 35, December 1957, 140" W.-15Oo W. longi- America in August 1955. Dynamic height anomalies, tude ___-___-_-__-----___------_---_-54 0 over 1,OOO decibars, in dynamic meters _-_---___-__-_ 77 Fig. 41. Surface temperature and salinity at Koko Head, Fig. 68. Ocean temperatures at 10 meters (degrees Centi- Oahu -_--_-__-__--_-_____---_------56 grade). (a) August 1955. (b) March (composite) __--__ 77 ILLUSTRATIONS-Continued Page Page Fig. 69. Salinitr at 10 meters, in parts per mille. Sngust Fig. 97. Neah Bay, Washington, ma water temperatures 19.):)-- ...... 77 and sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958----- 99 Fig. 70. Vertical profiles of temperature from the snrface Fig. 98. Ketchikan, Alaska, sea water temperatures and to 000 meters, August 195.7 -_ -_____--- ______--- ___ 78 sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958-_____---_ 99 Fig. 71. Vertical profiles of salinity, parts per mille, Fig. 99. Sitka, Alaska, sea water temperatures and sea from the surface to 000 meters, Angust 1955 ___-__-_- 79 level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958------99 Fig. 72. Vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen content, Fig. 100. Mean coastal water temperature and sea level milliliters per liter, from the surface to GOO meters, anomaly, La Jolla to Sitka, January 1957 through August 19.55 ______-______-_-_-______---____ 80 March 1958-_------,------_------_------100 Fig. 73. Seasonal variation of temperatnre and salinity Fig. 101. San Francisco (Presidio) California, monthly at the surface off the western coast of Sorth America __ 81 sea level anomaly August 1897 through March 1958 re- Fig. 74. Monthly differences from averages sea surface ferred to l9-gear monthly means 1938-1966 .______-_100 temperatures (tlerrees centigrade) at (1) 30"-35" IT., Fig. 102. A vision of the barotropic motions accompany- 116"-120" W., (2) Scripps Pier, and (3) 25"-30" N., ing high wind torques over a rotating model of the North 110"-116" 77'. : and (4) monthly differences from average Pacific ------___--_-_-___--_---_---___-_-- 103 northerly wind cnmponent (in meters per second) at Fig. 103. RIonthly means of sunspot numher, coronal radi- 30"R'., 110"-130"W. The period 1921-1038 was taken as ation, geomagnetic A,, index and flare activity_-----_-- 115 the average -__----______-______82 Fig. 104. Sumher of large troughs appearing in the Fig. 75. Average northerly wind componet and tempera- Alaska-Aleutian area before (-) and after (+) days ture in the recent period comnared to averages for of geomagnetic distorhances ____-_- _ ____ 119 1920-38. No data availahle 1939-48. (a) Northerly Fig. 10.5. Average values of the trough index (It): A. for wind component in meters per second at 30" N., llOo- 16 "key troughs" that followed niagnetic distnrhances 130" TI'. (h) Temperature in degrees centigrade at and 33 non-key tronghs. B. l\'ith three largest key 30"-35" N., ll.7"-120" W. (c) Temperature in degrees troughs and sis smallest non-key tronghs removetl______119 centigrade at 2.7"-30" N., 110"-115" TI'.___- ______- 83 Fig. 106. Average value of tlie counter index (I,,,,) for Fig. 7G. Temperature in 19.57 and 19.78 at six loc:itions days before (-) and days after (+) mnpneticnllp se- along the coast compared to long term means -_-_ 83 lected key days ---__--__ ...... 119 Fig. 77. Sea surface temperature anonxilies from the Fig. 107. Jlean value of the geomagnetic indes (.I~x)for CCOFI mean, in degrees centigrade .______-______84 (lays before (-) and (lays after (+) the 2.5 (lays Fig. 78. Ten-meter salinity anomalies from the CCOFI when trough type A or 13 (solid line) and the 28 (lays mean, in parts per mille ______8.5 when type C (hrolten line) first appeared in the test :rrw 120 Fig. 79. Temperature anomaly on a Tertical section PS- Fig. 108. Idealized 300 mh chart, Type A, 1)ap 1 ______120 tending 2.50 miles offshore. The values are those mens- Fig. 109. Idealized 300 nil) chart, Type A, I)ny 2 ______120 ured in January I958 less tlie CCOFI mean - ______80 Fig. 110. Idealized 300 nib chart, Type A, Ihy 3 ______120 Fig. 80. Difference in d.xnnmic height (0 over 500 deci- Fig. 111. Idealized 300 mb chart, Type A, Day 4._---__ 120 bars) hetween a station 140 miles offshore and one 20 Fig. 112. Idealized 300 nih chart, Type A, Ikip 5___--__ 121 miles offshore ______-__-_ _ -__-______._-_.___ 80 Fig. 11:X Occiirrence during 1938-1939 of dinoflagellates. Fig. 81. Surface currents in January 19.58. njnamic diatoms and tintinnitlae in the plankton at La Jolln 128 height anomalies 0 over 500 decibars ______-__.___86 Fig. 114. Occurrence during 1957-1958 of dinoflagellates, Fig. 82. Recoveries of some drift bottles released in Jan- diatoms and tintinnitlae in the plankton at La JolIa.__- 128 uary 1958 _--______--__-__-__-______87 Fig. 11.5. Distribution of micro-nannoplanktoii, March 29- Fig. 83. May sea surface temperature plotted against April 28, 193 (CCOFI Cruise 5804) ______129 May wind for the years 1916-38 and 1949-28. Tempera- Fig. 118. Distribution of some warm water dinoflagel- ture is measured in the five-degree square 30"-33" S., lates, March 29-April 28, 1938 (CCOFI Cruise 5804)_- 130 115"-120" W.Wind is computed from the pressure differ- Fig. 117. Distribution of Ceratia, March 29-April 28, ence between 110" aut1 130" W.along 30" N., and repre- 1958 (CCOFI Cruise 5804) --______---______130 sents the component of wind from the north -______87 Fig. 118. Per cent of successful hauls for nolioletta Fig. 84. Sea sniface temperature anomalies and sea level gegenbauri during March, June and September, 3949- atmospheric pressure anomalies from the long term Jan- 1952 ...... 133 uary mean^ in .Tanuary of 1931 and January of 1933 _- 88 Fig. 119. Per cent of successful hauls for Doliolrrm dew Fig. 85. Mean nionthly seawater temperatures during ticuhtttm during March, June and September, 1949-1062 133 19.76 and 1957 compared with grand monthly mean at Fig. 120. Distribution of Dolioletta gegeiibarrri during Langara Island ant1 Amphitrite I'oint _--______--___ 91 October to November 8, 1937 (CCOFI Cruise 5710)L 134 Fig. 80. Temperatare-salinity relationships hased on 4 means of alternnte sis-week periods at Weathership Fig. 121. Distribution of Doliolion denticulatirwz during October 4 to November 8, 19.ji (CCOFI Cruise 5710)_- 134 Papa 50" S., 145," W.,after S. Tahata _-______-___ 92 Fig. 87. Surface ant1 70 meter temperatiires in 1957 com- Fig. 122. Distribution of DolioZrtrn denticulatum during pared with the 1950-1056 mean at Weathership Pnpa, ,\larch 29 to April 28, 1938 (CCOFI Cruise .5804) _____ 135 nftrr S. Tnhnta ______-_ __-______-_ _-______- 93 Fig. 123. Distribution of Dolioletfn gegeiihnrtri iluriug Fig. 88. Drift hottle returns from Weathership Papa-__ 94 Jlarch 29 to April 28, 1958 (CCOFI Cruise 5804)_-_-_ 135 Fig. 89. Drift bottle returns from SORPAC Cruises ___ 93 Fig. 124. Distribution and ahniitl:~nce of the euljhausiitl Fig. 90. La Jolla, California, sea water temperatures and Euphaitsia pacifica during 1~'ebruary G to 20, 19.57 sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958-__-_-____ 98 (CCOFI Cruise 5702) ____ _--_-______-_-______158 Fig. 91. Los Angeles, California, sea water temperatures Fig. 125. Distribution and abundance of Kirphnzr.uiu pa- and sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958___-- 98 cifica during February G to 24, 19.58 (CCOFI Cruise Fig. 92. Santa Monica, California, sea water tempera- 5802) ...... 138 tures and sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958 98 Fig. 126. Distribution and abuntlance of Brcphnttsia pu- Fig. 93. Port Hueneme, California, sea water tempera- cifica during March 30 to april 2i, 1938 (CCOFI Cruise tures and sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958 98 5804) ...... 138 Fig. 94. Avila Beach, California, sea water temperatures Fig. 127. Distribution and abundance of central offshore and sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958-__-_ 98 euphausiid species dnring Fehruary 6 to 20, 1037 Fig. 95. San Francisco, California, sea water tempera- (CCOFI Cruise 5702) ______--____ _ --_-_ ____----___ 139 tures and sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958 98 Fig. 128. Distribution and abundance of central offshore Fig. 96. Crescent City, California, sea water tempera- euphansiitl species during February 6 to 24, 1988 tures and sea level anomalies, January 1957-March 1958 99 (CCOFI Cruise 5802) _____---__ _ __---______---__-_ 139 ILLUSTRATIONS-Continued Page Page Fig. 129. Distribution and abundance of central offshore Fig. 153. Graph showing a comparison of the relative euphausiid species during March 30 to April 27, 1958 average daily boat catches of (A) barracuda, (B) yel- (CCOFI Cruise 5804) ______139 lowtail ______-____------_---_- 166 Fig. 130. Distribution and abundance of the euphausiid Fig. 1%. Party boat catch per angler day (1936-1940) Euphausia exirnia during February 6 to 20, 1957 of (A) harracuda off Southern California and (B) yel- (CCOFI Cruise 5702) ______--___-______140 lowtail off the Los Coronados Islands, and (C) the aver- Fig. 131. Distribution and abundance of Euphausia ages of the January to .June deviations of sea surface eximia during February 6 to 24, 1958 (CCOFI Cruise temperatures a-t La Jolla from the 1917-1955 mean--__ 167 5802) ...... 140 Fig. 155. Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs, Fig. 132. Distribution and abundance of the euphausiid 1931-1934 ...... 174 Nyctiphanes simplex during Fehruary 6 to 20, 1957 Fig. 156. Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs, (CCOFI Cruise 5702) ...... 142 1955-1958 ...... 175 Fig. 133. Distribution and abundance of Nyctiphanes Fig. 157. Seasonal distribution of sardine spawning, as simplea during February 6 to 24, 1958 (CCOFI Cruise indicated by the monthly mean number of eggs for the 5802) ...... 142 six-sear period 1951 to 1956, by major areas ______176 Fig. 134. Distribution and ahunciance of Nyctiphanes Fig. 158. Location chart showing points, marked by open simples during March 30 to April 27, 1958 (CCOFI circles, between which pressure differences were read in Cruise 5804) ______143 deriving wind indices. Arrows indicate the positive direc- Fig. 135. Seasonal occurrence and duration of larval tion of the geostrophic wind component associated with stages of Panulirus interruptus, with indication of the each point pair ______182 intensity of sampling ______-______149 Fig. 159. Wind index values for Westerly (locations 3-7), Fig. 136. Summary of geographic distrihution of Stage I Trade (locations 11 to le), Oyashio (locations 21 to phyllosoma larvae of Pnnulirus interruptus for the hatch- 23) and California (locations 34 to 36) wind fields for ing periods June-November of 1949-1935 inclusive ._____150 the three winter months : December, January and Feb- Fig. 137. Summary of geographic distribution of Stages V ruary, 1926 to 1938______-__--______-183 and VI larvae of Panulirus interruptus, 1949-19.5.5 in- Fig. 160. Total commercial catch, in millions of pounds, clusive ______-_ 1.51 of the four principal coastal pelagic fish species of the Fig. 138. Locality records for Panulirits interruptus Pacific Coast, 1916 to 1957 ______-______185 larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over .500 deci- Fig. 161. Total United States commercial catch, in mil- bars) during May 6-24, 19.54 (CCOFI Cruise 5403)____152 lions of pounds, of the four principal coastal pelagic Fig. 139. Locality records for Pnniilirits interruptus lar- fish species of the Pacific Coast, 1916 to 1957 ______185 vae and surface isotherms in the Channel Islands area Fig. 162. Annual mean catch per standard vessel per day (luring September 12-18, 19.55 (CCOFI Cruise 5509) ___ 153 of skipjack and yellowfin tuna by the California live-hait Fig. 140. Locality records for Panulirua interruptus lar- fishery and the anomaly from “expected catch” of yellow- vae and surface isotherms in the Channel Islands area fin tuna, 1934 to 1933____-______-_____-___-183 during September 18-23, 19<55 (CCOFI Cruise 5509) ___ 154 Fig. 163. Logarithmic plot of the Pacific mackerel and Fig. 141. Locality records for Panzilirus interruptus the jack mackerel catches shown in figure 161______186 larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over 1,000 deci- Fig. 164. Logarithmic plot of the sardine and anchovy bars) during April 28 to May 14, 1949 (RILR Cruise 3) 1.55 catches shown in figure 161_-______-______186 Fig. 142. Locality records for Panulirus interruptus Fig. 16.5. Total annual commercial catch, in millions of larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over 1,000 deci- pounds, of Pacific herring by Japan, 1915 to 1953, and bars) during May 28 to June 9, 1949 (AILR Cruise 4) 1.56 hy Canada and the United States, 1915 to 195.5______187 Fig. 143. Locality records for Pnnulirus interruptus Fig. 166. Mean winter (December, January and Feb- larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over 1,000 deci- ruarj ) surface sea water temperature (OF,) at La Jolla, bars) during August 2 to 22, 1949 (MLR Cruise 6)_-- 157 1925 to 19.57, mean winter (Decemher, January and Feb- Fig. 144. Locality records for Panulirus intat-ruptus ruary) and meail summer (Jiine, .July and August) larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over 1,000 deci- wind indices (millibars) for the relative year-class bars) during September 4 to 18, 1949 (XLR Cruise 7) 1.58 strength of sardines as indicated by the total number, Fig. 145. Locality records for Pannlirus interruptus in billions of sardines over two years old, landed during larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over 1,000 deci- the life of each of the year-classes 1930 to 19,50-_____-_180 bars) during October 4 to 19, 1949 (XLR Cruise 8)_- 1.59 Fig. 167. Total commercial catch in California of chinook Fig. 146. Locality records €or Panuliriis interruptus salmon, in millions of pounds, 1919 to 1953; mean catch larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over 1,000 deci- of chinook salmon per boat per season, in thousands of bars) during November 8 to 25, 1949 (RILR Cruise 9) 160 pounds, by California trollers, 1946 to 19.55; and mean Fig. 147. Locality records for Panulirns interruptus catch of chinook salmon per boat per day, in hundreds larvae and dynamic height anomaly (0 over 500 deci- of pounds, by California trollers, 19.53 to 1937 ______192 bars) during July 8 to August 3, 1957 (CCOFI Cruise Fig. 168. Schematic representation of: (A) fishing areas ; 5707) ...... 161 (R) spawning areas of the Pacific sardine _____-__-__ 193 Fig. 148. Location chart of the coast of California___-__163 Fig. 169. Straw man I (Revelle) ...... 196 Fig. 149. Location chart of the Pacific Coastsof Alaska, Fig. 170. Straw man I1 (Isaacs) ...... 196 Canada, United States, and Raja California, hxexico __ 164 Fig. 171. Straw man I11 (Rlunk) ...... 197 Fig. 150. Party boat catch per angler day (1947-1957) Fig. 172. Temperature anomalies at 200 meters, Atlantic of (A) barracuda off Southern California, and (B) yel- Ocean ...... 198 lowtail off the Los Coronados Islands, Baja California 164 Fig. 173. Current survey during March 1938, offshore Fig. 151. Average monthly deviations of sea surface tem- from Monterey, California ...... 201 peratures from January to June at (A) La Jolla, and Fig. 174. Sea level atmospheric pressure anomaly (A mb) (B) five degree square 23”-30” North Latitude, 110”- in the Korth Pacific in December 1936______204 -______- _ _ 115” West Longitude ______163 Fig. 173. Idealized model of density distrihiition______205 Fig. 152. Party boat catch per angler day (1947-1958) of Fig. 176. Rossby’s Model ...... 205 (A) barracuda off Southern California, and (R)yellow- tail off the Los Coronados Islands, Baja California, and Fig. 177. Sea level atmospheric pressure momaly (A mb) (C) the average of the January-June deviations of sur- in the Korth Pacific in October 1956______212 face temperatures from the 1917-1955 mean at La Jolla 163 Fig. 178. Salinity anomalies at Scripps Pier, 1916-1959__ 215 INTRODUCTION

By the fall of 1957, the coral ring of Canton Island, the California Cooperative Oceanic Fishery, Investiga- in the memory of man ever bleak and dry, was lush tions (CCOF1)-a group effort under the aegis of the with the seedlings of countless tropical trees and vines. Marine Research Committee of California, in which Two remarkable and unprecedented events gave rise also participate the South Pacific Fishery Investiga- to this transformation, for during 1957 great rafts of tions of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), sea-borne seeds and heavy rains had visited her barren the Pelagic Fish Investigations of the California De- shores. Qartment of Fish and Game (CF&G), the California One is inclined to select the events of this isolated Academy of Sciences and Stanford IJniversity ’s Hop- atoll as epitomizing the year, for even here, on the kins Marine Station. Of particular significance to the remote edges of the Pacific, vast concerted shifts in Symposium are the CCOFI observations of physical the oceans and atmosphere had wrought dramatic oceanography, plankton populations and fish spawning change. in the waters along the eastern margin of the Pacific Elsewhere about the Pacific it also was common Ocean abreast of California and Baja California by knowledge that the year had been one of.extraordinary monthly visits to the grid of stations charted in fig- climatic events. Hawaii had its first recorded typhoon ; ure 1. the seabird-killing Et Nido visited the Peruvian Coast ; With interest to the south, in the eastern tropical the ice went out of Point Barrow at the earliest time Pacific, is the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Com- in history; and on the Pacific’s Western rim, the mission (IATTC) with headquarters on the SI0 tropical rainy season lingered six weeks beyond its Campus and coastal field stations in Costa Rica and appointed term. Panama. Further south is the Consejo de Investigaci- The meteorology of the North Pacific was most un- ones Hidrobiol6gica of Peru. usual, with intensification of the North Pacific low and To the north is the Department of Oceanography of slackening of the winds along the California Coast. the University of Washington and the Pacific Ocean- In regions of the Pacific where intensive oceanographic ographic Group (POG) of Canada, carrying on exten- measurements were being carried out, investigators sive observations in the subarctic waters of the Pacific, were sharply aware of changes. Over much of the supplemented by further observations made in connec- eastern North Pacific water temperatures were as tion with the North Pacific Fishery Convention by the much as three degrees centigrade higher than normal, 1J.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from its Pacific Salmon and in the California current, more than four times Investigations at Seattle and by the Fishery Research the solar heat actually received, would have been nec- Board of Canada from its Biological station at essary to account for the warming. Nanaimo. This widespread variation in the weather manifested In the central North Pacific, the Pacific Oceanic itself dramatically on a local scale. At La Jolla, for Fishery Investigations (POFI) has been studying example, the temperature of the sea surface reached physical and biological oceanography from the tropics the highest averages during July, August, and Sep- to the subarctic; while from the western margin of tember of 1957 in 21 years. Southern California had the Pacific, the Japanese Meteorological Agency, to- one of its rainiest autumns in several years. Through- gether with the central and prefectural fishery agen- out the summer reports came in of the appearance in cies have been recording and studying events in the quantity of fishes that in recent years had been caught Northwest Pacific ocean. Less directly oriented to the only as stragglers: by the end of September 1957 the Pacific but adding to the store of Pacific information party boats off Southern California had landed 2,805 are the ,gmrvey and observation programs of the U.S. dolphinfish against a previous high of 15 in 1947. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Of special pertinence to Some of these events, related as anecdotal, might for- this Symposium have been the records of the U.S. ever remain so, were it not that recent years have seen Weather Bureau and the studies by its Extended- an upsurge in man’s interest in the atmospheric and Forecast Section. oceanic environment. This interest has been expressed Where programs of these organizations required by growth in research organizations motivated to re- cognizance of and coordination with each other’s ac- cord, study and understand the environment and its tivities, the scientific leaders of projects concerned perturbations. have met annually as the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Con- Beginning with organizations nearest the site of this ference (EPOC). These meetings pave rise to joint Symposium,. the University of California, Scripps In- oceanographic surveys in of stitution of Oceanography (SIO), in addition to its 1955 the Pacific Ocean studies of the sea in all its aspects, has its Marine Life north of the 20th parallel of north latitude (NOR- Research Program (MLR) devoted particularly to un- PAC) and of the eastern tropical Pacific (Eastropic) derstanding the sea as the environment for important and in 1956 of the central and western equatorial marine food resources. This division participates in Pacific (Equapac). 22 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS

FIGURE 1. Station Plan, California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. REPORTS VOLUME VII, 1 JANUARY 1968 TO 30 JTJNE 1959 23

With the information gained from the widespread had not been fully processed and none of which had activities of these organizations by probing the ocean been comprehensively studied. Therefore, the findings properties and sampling the ocean biota over vast must of necessity be regarded as preliminary. These areas, it was thought that, for the first time perhaps, proceedings, documenting the evidence and the ideas there may exist a background adequately comprehen- brought together in this Symposium, and bringing sive and having depth and resolution sufficient to dis- about interdisciplinary awareness of interrelation- cern the grand pattern underlying the remarkable ships between atmosphere and hydrosphere and be- events of 1957. This Symposium was conceived to tween living organisms and their environments, should bring together the evidence for joint examination by increase the effectiveness of further research as to scientists from disciplines of biology, zoogeography, what happened in 1957. This in turn should prepare oceanography, meteorology and even astrophysics. the way for more discerning observations of future Much of the evidence consists of observations changes and a more penetrating study of their causes recorded just prior to the Symposium, many of which and implications.

PROCEEDINGS

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT JOHN D. ISAACS It is very good to see all of you here. You have re- I am snre that Dr. Jiile G. Charney is known to ceived some summaries of the changes that the oceans many of you as Professor of Meteorology at Massa- and atmosphere have undergone in the last year. I chusetts Institute of Technology and recently of the have been looking forward to seeing the day when this Institute of Advanced Studies at Princeton, Dr. group discusses these important events. Charney is a native son of California-one of the few Everyone invited has been able to come with the who has wandered to the East Coast. He is the chair- exception of Dr. von Arx, who is on an expedition. He man of our session today. originally planned to row ashore, fly back here and Dr. David Davies came from South Africa a little attend, but it was a bit too complicated for him, I take over a year ago to join the Scripps staff, and has a it. I have a message from him and a short paper, long history of important work in fisheries as related which Fritz Fuglister will read. to oceanography. He has carried out a comprehensive Dr. Revelle is not able to be here today, as he had study of the South African pilchard, a fish closely to fly back to Washington on a congressional hearing related to our sardine. on IGY. veexpect him back tomorrow. Dr. Grant Athay is a guest from the High Altitude Observatory of the University of Colorado. Some time We hope you will have a pleasant, stimulating, and ago I inquired of Dr. Roberts, Director of the prosperous session, and that an informal spirit will Laboratory, hoping that he or one of his staff could prevail. address an evening session on solar events as inter- I will begin immediately with introductions, using related to meteorology. In this letter, I suggested that the somewhat alphabetical list on the agenda, which I quite possibly the stretch from biology to astrophysics think each of you have. was a little wide, and that they might not want to First is Dr. Elbert Ahlstrom, Assistant Chief of participate in the whole Symposium. However, I South Pacific Investigations of the Fish and Wildlife found that they felt no barrier, and thought it would Service on the Scripps Campus. He is associated with be a valuable Symposium from all standpoints. much of the work at Scripps, and particularly in the Dr. Carl Eckart is known to most of you I am sure. last ten years with the distribution of fish spawning, He is Professor of Geophysics at Scripps. To enumer- eggs and larvae in the Eastern North Pacific with the ate his honors would sound as if I were bragging that Cooperative California Fisheries Inveitigations, I knew him. Dr. Robert Arthur is next on the list, Associate Pro- Dr. Nicholas Fofonoff is a guest from the Pacific fessor of Oceanography at Scripps, and Chairman of Oceanic Group at Naniamo, British Columbia. He is the Department of Marine Geophysics, teaching and concerned with dynamic oceaiiography and he will tell doing other very important work in meteorology and us of the north Eastern Pacific oceanographic con- oceanography. ditions in today’s session. Felix Favorite is from the Seattle Laboratories of Dr. Richard Fleming is certainly known to all of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and has been you. He is Professor of Oceanography and head of studying the variations in the locations of the north- the Department of Oceanography at the University of ern fishes, mainly the salmon, and the relaled oceano- Washington. He won his medals as coauthor of The graphic and meteorological conditions. There is a sort Oceans and other important contributions. of international problem, I understand, as to the Fritz Puglister, from Woods Hole, has long been Asiatic and North American salmon population, interested in dynamic oceanography. I am glad that which the salmon do not quite understand. the Atlantic is not acting up to such an extent that Dr. Leo Berner is a member of Scripps staff in Dr. the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution staff is Martin Johnson’s Division. Leo is a zoogeographer unable to spend its time worrying about the Pacific. studying the distribution of the salps, and tomorrow Dr. Harris Stewart is with the U.S. Coast and he will discuss the distributions of the salps in the Geodetic Survey in Washington. He has been study- Eastern North Pacific and their variations. ing Pacific sea levels and tide records and will report Dr. Edward Brinton, a zoogeographer also, is study- on this. He is a former student of Scripps, and was a ing the distribution of the euphausiids as related to shipmate of mine on Capricorn Expedition. the physical conditions uf the oceans. He will tell us Dr. Francis Haxo, member of the Scripps staff, As- tomorrow of some biological evidence from the distri- sociate Professor pf Marine Botany and head of the bution of the euphausiids. Division of Marine Botany. Tomorrow Francis is 26 CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGA4TIONS going to tell us about Dr. Balech’s findings as to what eastern North Pacific. Joe and Gunnar have pollabo- the phytoplankton has been doing off the California rated in a comprehensive paper on this subject. Coast. Ted Saur is from Dr. Sette’s laboratory in Palo Dr. Carl Hubbs, head of the Division of Marine Alto, and has a long history of important work in Vertebrates at Scripps, has been keeping tab on the oceanography at Scripps, and in the Navy as Aero- Pacific for many years ; fishes, birds, whales, tem- logical Officer, and with the Naval Electronics peratures, and prehistoric man. Some years ago he Laboratory as a Research Oceanographer. initiated a temperature survey and carried out ex- Dr. Elton Sette is with us as sort of a father con- tensive studies of coastal temperatures along the Baja fessor for all those who think they have found a California Coast. Today he is going to discuss the relationship between meteorology, oceanography, and Quaternary history of Pacific climates. fisheries in general. He already has thought of all Next is John Isaacs, Associate Professor of Oceanog- these relationships many years ago. Dr. Sette, the raphy and Program Director of Marine Life Research. head of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Ocean Re- A naive, enthusiastic sort of person. search at Stanford, has spent his time exclusively with Dr. Martin Johnson, well known to many of you. these relationships in the last few years. It is a com- also is eo-author of The Oceans, and Professor of pliment to the Symposium that he has come here. Marine Biology in the Division of Marine Inverte- Dr. Milner B. Schaefer is in charge of Inter-Ameri- brates. He has stimulated the work on zoogeography can Tropical Tuna Commission, a Pan American or- that Dr. Berner and Dr. Brinton will discuss tomor- ganization, located on the La Jolla Campus, and is row, His own work on the phyllosoma larvae of the studying oceanography in association with high seas spiny lobster, is important evidence for us to consider. fisheries-mainly tuna. John Marr, Chief of South Pacific Investigations of Henry Stommel is a staff member of the Woods the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, has a long history Hole Oceanographic Institution, whom we can think of thoughtful research in oceanography as related to of as an East Coast Walter Munk. fisheries. With John Radovich and myself, he sits on Dr. Yositada Takenouti is a guest from the Jap- an advisory committee of the California Cooperative anese Meteorological Agency. Dr. Takenouti will tell Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. about what is happening on his side of the ocean. Dr. Walter Munk is Professor of Geophysics at Another visitor, Dr. Warren Wooster, Oceanogra- Scripps, and at this moment is writing a book on his pher at Scripps, has just retired to Estados Unidos subject. He does not like to be called the “world’s after a couple of years with the Consejo in Peru. greatest living oceanographer, ” which reminds me of I would also like to introduce Dick Schwartzlose, the Pacific Proving Grounds where they have a secretary of this Symposium, and an important mem- regulation that you cannot send a congratulatory ber of the Marine Life Program; and our fair re- message home, so we commonly send a message say- corders, Barbara Edwards and Virginia Wyllie. Mrs. ing “Regulations forbid me to send a message con- Buck, who is hostess, will take care of any letters you gratulating you on your birthday. ” Garth Murphy from Honolulu, is Director of the want typed, arrangements, telephone calls, etc.” Fish and Wildlife Service’s Pacific Oceanic Fisheries Shortly I will turn this session over to Dr. Charney, Investigations. Garth is responsible for some of the but I wish to say one or two words about this Sympo- charts that I enclosed with the prospectus. He is going sium. You have listened to these introductions and, to discuss Central Pacific conditions. of course, realize that there is a very wide interdisci- Jerome Namias of the Weather Bureau, Chief of plinary representation of participants. This is really the Extended Forecast Section, will lead off the ses- not a requirement that we imposed, but one that was sion this morning with the meteorological picture of dictated by the oceans. I hope we can, indeed, look 1957-58. In a recent letter, he said that he has become across these interdisciplinary boundaries and find more and more excited about what is going on in the all existing shreds of evidence that might place re- Pacific. strictions upon the model that we erect. John Radovich of the California Fish & Game is I hope that we can have a free and easy session head of the Pelagic Fishes Investigations at Terminal here. People can wander up and look at the charts Island. I am sure that John is going to try to show and feel free to ask for explanations that will make that fishes are better oceanographers than we are when things clearer,’ and I hope that discussion will be he tells about the redistribution of fishes in the last general. year. I think to a great extent that this change we are Joseph Reid, member of the Scripps staff, has for looking at may be a matter of increased attention some years been oceanographer for the Marine Life in the last 15 years. The amount of attention given to Research group, carrying out important work in the the oceans, to meteorology, indicates a world-wide in- eastern North Pacific. He will tell us about the con- terest in these matters. Reports of unusual happenings ditions in this area over the last decade. come from wide places. More people are in more strange places, writing letters about more strange Dr. Roger Revelle cannot be here today, as I have said. * The following staff members of Scripps Institution also at- tended the Symuosium on the 2d and 3d davs: Dr. June Gunnar Roden is associated with Joe Reid in the pattullo, Assistant Research Oceanographer ; Margaret Hob- inson Chief, Bathythermograph Section. and Hans Klein, studies on the meteorology and oceanography of the Head: Data Collection and Processing Grbup. Eds. REPORTS VOLUME VII, 1 JANUARY 1958 TO 30 JUNE 1959 27 happenings. We easily could break this Symposium This chart (Fig. 2) starts in 1926 and continues to into a series of anecdotes about these changes. But the present. It gives the air temperature at San Diego much of this is the result of interest and attention. as fall means, annual means, and spring means. We Despite the unusual appearances of many of these see that in the last ten years, spring means and annual changes, I feel that this is not a thousand-year change means have been singularly unchanging. Before then nor a fifty-year change, but perhaps a ten-year change. we had wide fluctuations year after year up to 1948. Before I turn this over to Dr. Charney, I wish to The other marine stations, figure 2, display similar mention another bit. I have been looking at air temp- trends. Thus we are looking in this Symposium from eratures along the coast with the idea that for selected the base line of a recent decade that was relatively marine stations they were a rough integration of the changeless. That is, it so happens that the most inten- oceanographic temperatures, which were not so much sively investigated decade was a monotonous one, year determined by the conditions at one point, but rather after year, compared with the previous two decades, reflected the conditions over a rather larger area. and possibly compared with the last five.

FIGURE 2. Mean Air Temperotures (Spring, Fall, Annual). A) Totoorh Island, Washington. B) Son Francisco, California. C) Son Diego, California.