PART II SYMPOSIUM ON "THE CHANGING PACIFIC OCEAN IN 1957 AND 1958" Edited by OSCAR E. SETTE, JOHN D. ISAACS Rancho Santa Fe, California lune 2-4, 1958 DEDICATION This Symposium is dedicated to TOWNSEND CROMWELL and BELL M. SHIMADA associates in research of many of the participants in this Symposium, who lost their lives, June 2, 1958, in an airplane crash near Guadalajara, Mexico, while en route to join the research vessel Horizoib to make further observations on the changing conditions in 1958. PREFACE In presenting these discussions of the surprising events of the years of change, the editors have attempted to retain the informality of the Symposium, altering the speakers’ words only for the purposes of clarity. In so doing, the editors have, of necessity, preserved not only informality, but a conspicuous irregularity of style. A few of the papers were read, some given from extensive notes, and some essentially extemporaneous. All unprepared papers were recorded as given, and all papers and discussions were submitted to the authors for review and revision. Some authors saw fit to delete vernacular expressions, others permitted them to remain. The editors have striven to see only that the thought was expressed clearly, and have made no attempts to alter the authors’ decisions in regard to the choice of degrees of formality. Impossible to retain in full was the spirit of a group of outstanding investi- gators from a wide range of disciplines attempting to understand the message from the incoherent mutterings of nakure stirring with obscure excitations. Following the Symposium the changes in the sea and atmosphere have con- tinued to manifest themselves in various waywthe authors and the editors have resisted the temptation to liberally sprinkle the presentations with per- tinent footnotes of these subsequent changes. OSCAR E. SETTE JOHND. ISAACS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS On behalf of the participants of the Symposium, the editors wish to extend their sincere thanks to those who made the Symposium possible:-to Dr. Roger Revelle, Director, and to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla, California, for their sponsorship and for the many arrangements for travel and accommodations; to Mr. Julian Burnette, Chairman, and to the Marine Re- search Committee of the State of California, for their sponsorship and their broad recognition of the importance of the subject of the Symposium; to Mr. Reginald Clotfelter, Manager, and the staff of the Inn at Rancho Santa Fe for their fine arrangements and for their hospitality to the group; to our secretaries and recorders, Mrs. Lorrayne Buck, Mrs. Patricia Bridger, Mrs. John Wyllie, and Miss Barbara Edwards and to Mr. Richard Schwartzlose for his valuable assistance in the arrangements for the Symposium and for his devoted help to the editors during the preparation of these proceedings. THE EDITORS PARTICIPANTS Ahlstrom, Elbert H. Fuplister, Fritz C. Radovich, John U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution California Department of Fish & Game Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Mass. Terminal Island, California La Jolla, California Haso, Francis T. Reid, Joseph I,., Jr. Arthur, Robert S. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California La Jolla, California La Jolla, California Hubbs, Carl L. Revelle, Roger R. Athay, R. G. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography High Altitude Observatory La Jolla, California La Jolla, California University of Colorado Isaacs, John D. Robinson, Margaret Roulder, Colorado Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bernrr, IROD. La Jolla, California La Jolla, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Johnson, Martin W. Iioden, Gunnar I. Ida aolla, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scrims Institution of OceanopraDhs- ._ Rrinton, Edward La Jolla, California La .?&la, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Klein, Hans T. Saur, J. F. T. La Jolla, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Charney, dule G. La Jolla, California BIassachusetts Institute of Technology Stanford, California Marr, John C. Sette, Oscar E. Camhridge, Mass. U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries navies, David H. Biological Laboratory Biological Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California Stanford, California J,a Jolla, California (Present address : Schaefer, Milner B. (I’resent address : U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Inter-American Tropical Tuna South African Association of Marine Honolulu, Hawaii) Commission Biological Research Munk, Walter H. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Durban, Union of South Africa) Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla. California Eckart, Carl H. La Jolla, California Stewart, H. B., Jr. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Murphy, Garth I. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey La Jolla, California 1J.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. Ewing, Gifford C. IIonolulu, Hawaii Stommel, Henry 11. Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Present address : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution La .Jolla, California California Cooperative Fisheries Woods Hole, Mass. Favorite, Felix Investigations Takenouti, Yositada U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Scripps Instituton of Oceanography Japanese Meteorological Agency Seattle, Washington La Jolla, California) Tokyo, Japan Fleming, Richard H. Samias, Jerome von Arx, William S. Vniversity of \Vashington IJ.S. Weather Bureau Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Seattle, Washiupton TVashington, D.C. Woods Hole, Mass. Fofonoff, Xicholas 1’. Pattullo, June Wooster, Warren S. Pacific Oceanographic Group Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Nanaimo. British Columbia, Canada La .Jolla, California La Jolla, California CONTENTS Page Page INTRODUCTION .......................... 21 Coastal Water Temperature and Sea Level- California to Alaska ..................... 97 PROCEEDINGS .......................... 25 H. B. Stewart, Jr. Introductory Statement .................... 25 Effects of Abnormal Wind Torque on the John D. Isaacs Circulation of a Barotropic Model of the North Pacific Ocean- ..................... 103 SECTION I-THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 29 W. S. von Arx Chairman’s Statement- ___________________ 29 Quaternary Paleoclimatology of the Pacific Jule G. Charney Coast of North America- _-_______________ 105 Carl L. Hubbs The Meteorological Picture 1957-1958___--- 31 Jerome Namias Solar Events and Effects of Terrestrial .- Meteorology ............................ 113 El Nino ................................ 43 R. G. Athay Warren S. Wooster E CT ION 11-T HE Recent Oceanographic Conditions in the S BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ............................. 125 Central Pacific ......................... 47 Garth I. Murphy Chairman’s Statement ___- _______-_______ 125 Oscar E. Sette Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Central North Pacific, January 1957-May The Changes in the Phytoplankton Popuh tion Off the California Coast ______________ 127 1958 _-__-__ .______-__ - _ .____-_-_____ 47 James W. McGary Enrique Balech Summary, 1955-1957 Ocean Temperatures, Unusual Features in the Distribution of Pe- lagic Tunicates in 1957 and 1958__________ 133 Central Equatorial Pacific-_ _ ___________ 52 Thomas S. Austin Leo D. Berner Changes in the Distribution of the Euphau- The Oceanographic Situation in the Vicin- siid Crustaceans in the Region of the Cali- ity of the Hawaiian Islands During 1957 fornia Current -- 137 with Comparisons with Other Years---_- 56 Edward Brinton Garth I. Murphy, Kenneth D. Waldron and Gunter R. Seckel The Offshore Drift of Larvae of the Califor- nia Spring Lobster Panulirus interricptzLs___ 147 Advection-A Climatic Character in the Martin W. Johnson Mid-Pacific - _ ____ _ - - _ _ - _ __ -_ - _- _ _ - __ __ 60 Gunter R. Seckel Redistribution of Fishes in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 1957 and 1958__-_- 163 The 1957-1958 Oceanographic Changes in the John Radovich Western Pacific ......................... 67 Fish Spawning in 1957 and 1958______ -___ 173 Yositada Takenouti Elbert H. Ahlstrom Oceanography of the Eastern North Pacific The Long Term Historical Record of Meteo- in the Last 10 Years _-____ _-____-_______-_ 77 rological, Oceanographic and Biological Data 181 Joseph L. Reid, Jr. Osxr E. Sette Description of the Northeastern Pacific GENERAL DISCUSSION ______ - _______ --_ 195 Oceanography _ _ _ _ -_ - _ _ _ - - -- __ ___- ---_ - - 91 Nicholas P. Fofonoff EDITORS’ SUMMARY -- _____________ -- 211 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Page Fig. 1. Station Plan, California Cooperative OcPanic Fig. 7. Fall 1957. Sea level and ’io0 mb charts, and Fisheries Investigations ............................. 22 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart -_--- _____ ---__ 36 Fig. 2. Mean Air Temperatures (spring, fall, annual). Fig. 8. Winter 1957-1958. Sea level and 700 mb charts, (A) Tatoosh Island: Washington. (B) San Francisco, and 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart ______-- ____ 37 California. (C) San Diego, California ________________ 27 Fig. 9. Spring 1958. Sea level and 700 mb charts, and 1,000-700 mb Thickness Anomaly chart ______________-- Fig. 3. Standard Deviation of mean sea level pressure 38 along latitudes for daily (solid) a6d monthly mean Fig. 10. 1,000-700 mb thickness anomaly change chart. (dashed) values for the Januarys from 1899 to 1939; Change of winter 1937-1958 from winter 1956-1957