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RUMPF MONADIZADEH S.Pdf AN ASSESSMENT OF PROTOCOLS AND GUIDELINES THAT ADDRESS THE EXPOSURE OF HUMANS TO EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (ELF-EMF) RADIATION IN BUILDINGS By SHABNAM RUMPF-MONADIZADEH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Shabnam Rumpf-Monadizadeh To my husband, Tilman Rumpf, our daughter, Hana Rumpf, and my parents, Tooran and David Monadizadeh ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest thanks to Dr. Charles Kibert for his guidance and vision to support me along my doctoral path and especially in realizing the value of this research. I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by Dr. Jon Dobson who helped me to understand and be critical to the biological aspects of this research. Also, my special thanks to my committee members from Rinker School of Construction Management, Dr. Ian Flood, Dr. Ravi Srinivasan and Dr. Damon Allen who gave me educational and technical support to make this research possible. I also thank other Rinker school academic and administrative staff for their help and their support. I wish to acknowledge the help provided by a friend, Andreas Blank, who offered a valuable resource to accomplish the testing equipment. Finally, I would like to express my innermost gratitude to my family, Tilman and Hana Rumpf, who stood by me to seek my doctoral path and accomplish this eventful journey. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 18 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 22 1.2 Design and Regulation ...................................................................................... 23 1.3 Research Objectives ......................................................................................... 24 1.4 Limitation and Scope of Work ........................................................................... 24 1.5 Research Contributions .................................................................................... 25 1.6 Future Applications ........................................................................................... 25 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 26 2.1 Introduction to EMF and Its Effect ..................................................................... 26 2.1.1 Review of Physical Attributes of EMF ...................................................... 26 2.1.1.1 Fundamentals of electromagnetism ............................................... 26 2.1.1.2 Weak range radiation ..................................................................... 29 2.1.1.3 Midrange radiation ......................................................................... 31 2.1.1.4 Nonionizing optical radiation .......................................................... 35 2.1.1.5 Ionizing high frequency range radiation ......................................... 38 2.1.2 EMF Effect in the Biological Environment ................................................ 39 2.1.2.1 Non-thermal and thermal effects of EMF on the living organism .... 39 2.1.2.2 Biology ........................................................................................... 43 2.1.2.3 EMF radiation affecting the human body ........................................ 49 2.1.2.4 Diagnostic and therapeutic value of EMF ....................................... 58 2.2 Regulations and Standards ............................................................................... 59 2.2.1 International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)........................................................................................................ 59 2.2.1.1 ICNIRP reference levels ................................................................. 60 2.2.1.2 ICNIRP rationale for the maximum exposure levels to EMF radiation .................................................................................................. 60 2.2.2 International Electro-Technical Commission (IEEE) Standards ............... 62 2.2.2.1 IEEE reference levels ..................................................................... 64 2.2.2.2 Chronological establishment of IEEE standards ............................ 64 5 2.2.2.3 Difference between the ICNIRP and national (US) guidelines and standards ......................................................................................... 64 2.2.3 Baubiologie .............................................................................................. 64 2.2.4 Power Frequency Regulations ................................................................ 66 2.2.5 Threshold Levels ..................................................................................... 67 2.3 Traces of Electromagnetic Field in the Built Environment ................................. 68 2.3.1 Indoor Sources ........................................................................................ 68 2.3.2 Outdoor Sources ..................................................................................... 70 2.3.3 RF-MF Near-field and Far-field Radiation ................................................ 71 2.3.4 UV Radiation ........................................................................................... 73 2.3.5 Space Typologies .................................................................................... 74 2.4 Manipulation and Mitigation of EMF .................................................................. 75 2.4.1 Measuring and Monitoring ....................................................................... 75 2.4.2 Mitigation Strategies and Field Management .......................................... 80 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 125 3.1 Methodology ................................................................................................... 125 3.2 Approach ........................................................................................................ 125 3.2.1 Consolidating Regulations ..................................................................... 125 3.2.2 Biological Data Input.............................................................................. 126 3.2.3 Strength and Weaknesses of the Protocols ........................................... 126 3.2.4 Uncertainties in the Proposed Study ..................................................... 127 3.3. Data Collection and Analysis Method ............................................................ 127 3.3.1 Dependent and Independent Variables ................................................. 127 3.2.2 Justification of Variables ........................................................................ 129 3.3.3 Rankings of the Variables ...................................................................... 131 3.4 Experimentation .............................................................................................. 132 3.4.1 Designing a Set of Experiment (Mapping) ............................................. 132 3.4.2 Designing a Set of Experiment (Measurement Procedure) ................... 132 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 139 4.1 Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................... 139 4.2 Overview of Data ............................................................................................ 139 4.2.1 Regulation ............................................................................................. 139 4.2.2 Source of Exposure ............................................................................... 140 4.2.3 Biological Area of Concern .................................................................... 140 4.3 Experimentation .............................................................................................. 142 4.3.1 Experimentation A-User and Indoor and Outdoor ................................. 144 4.3.1.1 General statistical information ...................................................... 145 4.3.1.2 On and off status comparison and analysis ................................. 145 4.3.1.3 X, Y, and Z values: Comparison and analysis .............................. 146 4.3.2 Experimentation B - Grids ..................................................................... 146 4.3.2.1 Height 1.00 m (above ground level): ............................................ 146 4.3.2.2 Height 1.50 m (above ground level): ............................................ 146 6 4.3.2.3 Quadratic mean magnetic field spread of 60 Hz sections on grids 1-8: ..............................................................................................
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