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China's Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2018-01 China's Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Lajeunesse, Adam; Manicom, James; Lasserre, Frédéric University of Calgary Press http://hdl.handle.net/1880/106384 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca CHINA’S ARCTIC AMBITIONS AND WHAT THEY MEAN FOR CANADA by P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre ISBN 978-1-55238-902-7 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission. If you want to reuse or distribute the work, you must inform its new audience of the licence terms of this work. For more information, see details of the Creative Commons licence at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ UNDER THE CREATIVE UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE YOU COMMONS LICENCE YOU MAY NOT: MAY: • gain financially from the work in any way; • read and store this • sell the work or seek monies in relation to the distribution document free of charge; of the work; • distribute it for personal • use the work in any commercial activity of any kind; use free of charge; • profit a third party indirectly via use or distribution of • print sections of the work the work; for personal use; • distribute in or through a commercial body (with • read or perform parts of the exception of academic usage within educational the work in a context where institutions such as schools and universities); no financial transactions • reproduce, distribute, or store the cover image outside take place. of its function as a cover of this work; • alter or build on the work outside of normal academic scholarship. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre CHINA’S ARCTIC AMBITIONS and What They Mean for Canada CHINA’S ARCTIC AMBITIONS BEYOND BOUNDARIES: CANADIAN DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES SERIES Rob Huebert, Series Editor ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online) Canada’s role in international military and strategic studies ranges from peace building and Arctic sovereignty to unconventional warfare and domestic secur ity. This series provides narratives and analyses of the Canadian military from both an historical and a contemporary perspective. No. 1 ∙ The Generals: The Canadian Army’s Senior Commanders in the Second World War J.L. Granatstein No. 2 ∙ Art and Memorial: The Forgotten History of Canada’s War Art Laura Brandon No. 3 ∙ In the National Interest: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll No. 4 ∙ Long Night of the Tankers: Hitler’s War Against Caribbean Oil David J. Bercuson and Holger H. Herwig No. 5 ∙ Fishing for a Solution: Canada’s Fisheries Relations with the European Union, 1977–2013 Donald Barry, Bob Applebaum, and Earl Wiseman No. 6 ∙ From Kinshasa to Kandahar: Canada and Fragile States in Historical Perspective Michael K. Carroll and Greg Donaghy No. 7 ∙ The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen No. 8 ∙ China’s Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre CHINA’S ARCTIC AMBITIONS and What They Mean for Canada P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online) © 2018 P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre University of Calgary Press 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4 press.ucalgary.ca This book is available as an ebook which is licensed under a Creative Commons license. The publisher should be contacted for any commercial use which falls outside the terms of that license. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Lackenbauer, P. Whitney, author China’s Arctic ambitions and what they mean for Canada / P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre. (Beyond boundaries : Canadian defence and strategic studies, ISSN 1716-2645 ; no. 8) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-55238-901-0 (softcover).—ISBN 978-1-55238-902-7 (Open Access PDF).— ISBN 978-1-55238-903-4 (PDF).—ISBN 978-1-55238-904-1 (EPUB).— ISBN 978-1-55238-905-8 (Kindle) 1. Arctic regions—Foreign relations—China. 2. China—Foreign relations—Arctic regions. 3. Arctic regions—Politics and government. I. Lajeunesse, Adam, 1982-, author II. Manicom, James, 1979-, author III. Lasserre, Frédéric, 1967-, author IV. Title. V. Series: Beyond boundaries series ; no. 8 G606.L33 2018 919.8 C2017-907112-2 C2017-907113-0 The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. This book has been published with the support of St. Jerome’s University Aid to Scholarly Publishing Grant. Copyediting by Kathryn Simpson Cover image: Timo Palo, “Drift ice camp in the middle of the Arctic Ocean as seen from the deck of icebreaker Xue Long [Snow Dragon],” 2010, Photograph. Wikimedia Commons. Cover design, page design, and typesetting by Melina Cusano Table of Contents Illustrations vii Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Situating the Arctic in China’s Strategy 27 2 The Snow Dragon: China, Polar Science, and 47 the Environment 3 Sovereignty and Shipping 73 4 Arctic Resources and China’s Rising Demand 99 5 China and Arctic Governance: Uncertainty 131 and Potential Friction 6 The Way Ahead 153 Notes 175 Bibliography 225 Index 255 Biographies 261 v Illustrations 0.1 Canada’s International Focus in the Arctic 0.2 Least Preferred Partner from Rethinking the Top of the World 0.3 Support for Inclusion of Non-Arctic States from Rethinking the Top of the World 0.4 Canadian Opinion on China 2.1 Investments in Antarctic Research 2.2 The Impact and Specialization of Canada’s Arctic Research 3.1 World Map from a Chinese Perspective 3.2 Distances between Major Ports 3.3 Overview of Responses to Survey According to Main Sector of Activity 3.4 Overview of Responses to Survey According to Home Region 3.5 Overview of Responses to Survey According to Type of Shipping 3.6 Risks of Arctic Shipping 3.7 Interests in Arctic Shipping 3.8 The Fednav Vessel Nunavik in the Prince of Wales Strait 3.9 The Polar Code and Ship Safety 4.1 Undiscovered Oil in the Arctic Basin 5.1 Arctic Council Criteria and Role for Observers 5.2 The Arctic Council, Changes at the Kiruna Meeting vii Abbreviations ADIZ Air Defence Identification Zone ARCTML Arctic Change and its Tele-impacts on Mid-Latitudes ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment CHARS Canadian High Arctic Research Station CAST China Association for Science and Technology CIMA China Institute for Marine Affairs CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation COSCO China Ocean Shipping Company CSCL China Shipping Container Lines CHINARE China’s National Arctic/Antarctic Research Expeditions CACPR Chinese Advisory Committee for Polar Research CAA Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration CCP Chinese Communist Party CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty DoC Declaration on the Conduct of the Parties EU European Union HPH Hutchison Port Holdings IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IMO International Maritime Organization ix IMF International Monetary Fund ITK Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)
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