A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Lajeunesse, Adam; Manicom, James; Lasserre, Frédéric Book — Published Version China's Arctic ambitions and what they mean for Canada Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series, No. 8 Provided in Cooperation with: University of Calgary Press Suggested Citation: Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Lajeunesse, Adam; Manicom, James; Lasserre, Frédéric (2018) : China's Arctic ambitions and what they mean for Canada, Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series, No. 8, ISBN 978-1-55238-903-4, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, http://dx.doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/34634 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/200718 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre ISBN 978-1-55238-902-7 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. 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Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre CHINA’S ARCTIC AMBITIONS and What They Mean for Canada CHINA’S ARCTIC AMBITIONS BEYOND BOUNDARIES: CANADIAN DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES SERIES Rob Huebert, Series Editor ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online) Canada’s role in international military and strategic studies ranges from peace building and Arctic sovereignty to unconventional warfare and domestic secur ity. This series provides narratives and analyses of the Canadian military from both an historical and a contemporary perspective. No. 1 ∙ The Generals: The Canadian Army’s Senior Commanders in the Second World War J.L. Granatstein No. 2 ∙ Art and Memorial: The Forgotten History of Canada’s War Art Laura Brandon No. 3 ∙ In the National Interest: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll No. 4 ∙ Long Night of the Tankers: Hitler’s War Against Caribbean Oil David J. Bercuson and Holger H. Herwig No. 5 ∙ Fishing for a Solution: Canada’s Fisheries Relations with the European Union, 1977–2013 Donald Barry, Bob Applebaum, and Earl Wiseman No. 6 ∙ From Kinshasa to Kandahar: Canada and Fragile States in Historical Perspective Michael K. Carroll and Greg Donaghy No. 7 ∙ The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen No. 8 ∙ China’s Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre CHINA’S ARCTIC AMBITIONS and What They Mean for Canada P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online) © 2018 P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre University of Calgary Press 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4 press.ucalgary.ca This book is available as an ebook which is licensed under a Creative Commons license. The publisher should be contacted for any commercial use which falls outside the terms of that license. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Lackenbauer, P. Whitney, author China’s Arctic ambitions and what they mean for Canada / P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Adam Lajeunesse, James Manicom, and Frédéric Lasserre. (Beyond boundaries : Canadian defence and strategic studies, ISSN 1716-2645 ; no. 8) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-55238-901-0 (softcover).—ISBN 978-1-55238-902-7 (Open Access PDF).— ISBN 978-1-55238-903-4 (PDF).—ISBN 978-1-55238-904-1 (EPUB).— ISBN 978-1-55238-905-8 (Kindle) 1. Arctic regions—Foreign relations—China. 2. China—Foreign relations—Arctic regions. 3. Arctic regions—Politics and government. I. Lajeunesse, Adam, 1982-, author II. Manicom, James, 1979-, author III. Lasserre, Frédéric, 1967-, author IV. Title. V. Series: Beyond boundaries series ; no. 8 G606.L33 2018 919.8 C2017-907112-2 C2017-907113-0 The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. This book has been published with the support of St. Jerome’s University Aid to Scholarly Publishing Grant. Copyediting by Kathryn Simpson Cover image: Timo Palo, “Drift ice camp in the middle of the Arctic Ocean as seen from the deck of icebreaker Xue Long [Snow Dragon],” 2010, Photograph. Wikimedia Commons. Cover design, page design, and typesetting by Melina Cusano Table of Contents Illustrations vii Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Situating the Arctic in China’s Strategy 27 2 The Snow Dragon: China, Polar Science, and 47 the Environment 3 Sovereignty and Shipping 73 4 Arctic Resources and China’s Rising Demand 99 5 China and Arctic Governance: Uncertainty 131 and Potential Friction 6 The Way Ahead 153 Notes 175 Bibliography 225 Index 255 Biographies 261 v Illustrations 0.1 Canada’s International Focus in the Arctic 0.2 Least Preferred Partner from Rethinking the Top of the World 0.3 Support for Inclusion of Non-Arctic States from Rethinking the Top of the World 0.4 Canadian Opinion on China 2.1 Investments in Antarctic Research 2.2 The Impact and Specialization of Canada’s Arctic Research 3.1 World Map from a Chinese Perspective 3.2 Distances between Major Ports