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A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students' Academic Adaptation at The ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Supervisors: Dr. Ibis M. Alvarez Dr. Crista Weise Candidate: Lin Cai Submitted for the Annual Report of the Doctoral Project Faculty of Education Psychology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra September 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain . ii A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Supervisors: Dr. Ibis M. Alvarez Valdivia Dr. Crista Weise Candidate: Lin Cai Faculty of Education Psychology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra September, 2016 iii A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain iv A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express the most honest gratefulness to Dr. Ibis M. Alvarez, and Dr. Crista Weise, my supervisors of Ph.D. study, who gave me an opportunity to carry out the scientific work under their guidance and support, giving me endless and selfless help and knowledge all the time with their patience and professional guidance. My sincere and special thanks go to Dr. Ibis M. Alvarez , for her valuable directions, enlightening suggestions, understanding and encouragement, and for her generosity in spending her precious time in reading, discussing and improving my thesis over and over again. Secondly, I am grateful to my family, who supported me from beginning to end. Without their understanding and support, I could not have completed my study. I also would like to thank Ph.D. Chinese students for participating in the study. The time and knowledge they generously contributed to this study is greatly appreciated. I am grateful to Mr. Jonathan Patches, Xihua Cai. They kindly helped me to collect data for this research. v A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain vi A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain DEDICATION To my son Mo Chen and husband, Yuantao Chen, for their unending love And To my parents, for their unending support vii A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain viii A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT An increasing number of students from China participate in the global educational market nowadays. However, due to the large cultural disparity between Western and Asian countries, their adaptation is particularly challenging. As there is a lack of research exploring Confucian-heritage students’ academic adaptation, especially Chinese Ph.D. students in Europe. Focusing on Chinese Ph.D. students’ adaptation to new academic challenging experience, this study reflects the experience of a number of them in a particular new environment: at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), in Spain. It attempts to investigate the significant challenges in their interpersonal relations and coping strategies for a better academic and social adaptation during their stay. Additionally, this study also aims to explore what adaptation strategies have been applied to the new academic environment by the Chinese students. Twenty Chinese Ph.D. students were voluntarily involved in this study. Based on the critical incidents methodology, qualitative and quantitative methods were applied. The data were collected through Questionnaires and interviews, regarding specific critical incidents, with brief descriptions of vivid events and selected coping strategies that students remember as being meaningful in their academic, psychological and social experience. The questionnaires designed were based on bibliography about factors and strategies related to critical incidents. The interview thereafter developed focused on the most relevant aspects of questionnaire, encouraging participants to reflect on their unique experience and efforts to adjust their behavior to the academic and social demands of the UAB, during their stay. For the data analyses, the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19.0 and ATLAS.Ti Qualitative Data Analysis Software 6.2 were used. Data analysis has ix A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain indicated many factors that have influenced their immersion and individual, personal experience in the UAB. The most important ones covered the critical incidents from the academic, sociocultural and psychological dimension. These factors intertwined and influenced Chinese Ph.D. student’s participation into the Catalan life. Results highlight that the biggest challenges for Chinese Ph. D. students are in the academic dimension and related to language abilities, teacher and teaching relationship and adaptation / getting used to the new education system at the UAB. In addition, for this group, the teacher and teaching relationship became extremely important situation during adaptation to the new academic environment. It may influence Chinese Ph. D. students’ abilities for coping due to teacher and teaching relationship in academic dimension. Moreover, the analysis also highlights that the interaction with host nationals was found the root of problems influencing Chinese students in the sociocultural and psychological dimension. It may also influence their abilities for coping due to interpersonal connectedness and emotional interdependence in Catalan culture. Based on these findings, the study suggests some meaningful implications for both educators and students. Keywords: Higher Education, Foreign Students, Student Adjustment, Academic Cultural Differences, Stress Management, Interpersonal Communication, Critical Incidents Method. x A Study on Ph.D. Chinese Students’ Academic Adaptation at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Index INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 1 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 35 1.1 An Overview of intercultural communication competence (ICC) .................................. 37 1.2 Cross- cultural adaptation ............................................................................................... 38 1.3 Cross-cultural adaptation in communication situation .................................................... 40 1.4 Models of cross- cultural adaptation ............................................................................... 41 1.5 The factors influencing international students to adapt in university ............................. 42 1.5.1 Spanish and Chinese culture communication .......................................................... 47 1.5.2 Linguistic competence ............................................................................................. 50 1.5.3 Cultural distance ...................................................................................................... 51 1.5.4 New educational system .......................................................................................... 52 1.5.5 Social network ......................................................................................................... 54 1.6 Strategies used to cope critical incidents in new academic environment ........................ 55 1.7 Previous research on adaptation to a new educational systems ...................................... 59 CHAPTER 2 Research Methodology ....................................................................................... 61 2.1 Research Questions and Objectives ................................................................................ 63 2.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 64 2.2.1 Research Approach: Qualitative and Quantitative studies ....................................... 64 2.2.2 Research Methodology: Critical incidents methodology ......................................... 65 2.3 Research Design.............................................................................................................. 67 2.3.1 Context and Participants .......................................................................................... 67 2.3.2 Survey instruments and measures Instruments for Data Procedure ......................... 69 2.3.3 Procedure for Data Collection ................................................................................. 76 2.3.4 Procedure for Data Analysis
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