DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY KHARTOUM, SUDAN IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ON MURI EMIRATE, 1903-1960 BY HARUNA MUHAMMAD SULEIMURI A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History SUPERVISOR PROFESSOR MAYMOUNA MIRGHANI HAMZA JANUARY, 2018 i Table of Contents Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………… i-vi Declaration ………………………………………………………………………………… vii Certification ………………………………………………………………………………. viii Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………….. ix Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………………. x-xii Abstract (English) ...……………………………………………………………………… xiii Abstract (Arabic) ...………………………………………………………………………. xiv INTRODUCTION 1.0 Preface ………………………………………………………………………………… 1-3 2.0 Background to the Study …………………………………………………………….. 3-5 3.0 Statement of the Research Problem ………………………………………………… 5-7 4.0 Scope of the Study ……………………………………………………………………. 7-8 5.0 Aim and Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………..... 8-9 6.0 Justification and Significance of the Study ………………………………………. 9-10 7.0 Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………… 10-14 8.0 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………….. 15-17 9.0 Literature Review …………………………………………………………………. 17-24 10.0 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………... 24-25 CHAPTER ONE LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY OF MURI EMIRATE 1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………... 26-27 1.2 Historical Background of Muri Emirate Area …………………………………... 27-29 1.3 Location of Muri Emirate ………………………………………………………… 30-32 I 1.4 Geographical Features, Climate and Vegetation of Muri Emirate …………….. 32-40 1.5 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 40-41 CHAPTER TWO THE PEOPLE, MIGRATION, POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN MURI EMIRATE 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………... 42-43 2.2 Migration and Settlement Pattern of Muri Emirate …………………………….. 43-46 2.3 Political Organisation and Peoples of Muri Emirate Area ……………………... 46-48 2.3.1 The Fulani and their Dominance in the Muri Emirate Area …………………. 48-53 2.3.2 The Mumuye People …………………………………………………………….. 53-56 2.3.3 The Kona People ………………………………………………………………… 56-57 2.3.4 The Jibu and the Chamba ………………………………………………………. 58-60 2.3.5 The Jenjo …………………………………………………………………………. 60-61 2.3.6 The Wurkun and Related Peoples ……………………………………………… 61-67 2.3.7 The Bandawa People ………………………………………………………………... 67 2.3.8 The Karimjo …………………………………………………………………………. 68 2.4 An Overview of Economic Activities in the Muri Emirate Area, 1903-1960 ….., 69-78 2.5 Agricultural Production in the Muri Emirate, 1903-1960 …………………….... 78-84 2.6 Pastoralism as an Important Economic feature of Muri Emirate ……………… 84-87 2.7 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………... 87 CHAPTER THREE BRITISH COLONIAL ACTIVITIES IN MURI EMIRATE 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 88 3.2 British Colonial Conquest of Muri Emirate, 1903 ………………………………. 89-93 II 3.3 Colonial Territorial Claims and Administrative Organization of Muri Emirate, 1903 ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 93-101 3.4 Structure of Muri Emirate and Colonial Administrative Re-organization, c. 1903 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 101-105 3.5 Evolution of British Colonial Agricultural Policies in the Muri Emirate, c. 1903-1960 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 105-110 3.6 Colonial Practice and Policies: A Comparative Study of Sudan and Muri …. 110-113 3.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 114-115 CHAPTER FOUR OVERVIEW OF BRITISH COLONIAL POLICIES ON AGRICULTURE 4.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………... 116-117 4.2 An Assessment of the British Colonial Economic Policies in Nigeria, 1903-1939 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 117-123 4.3 British Colonial Policy on Land, 1900-1960 …………………………………... 124-132 4.4 Colonial Labour Policy and Agricultural Development, 1903-1960 ………… 132-139 4.5 Colonial Transport Policy and Agricultural Development, 1903-1960 ……… 139-145 4.5.1 Waterways …………………………………………………………………….. 145-147 4.5.2 Roads …………………………………………………………………………... 147-150 4.5.3 Rail Network …………………………………………………………………... 150-154 4.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 154-156 CHAPTER FIVE BRITISH COLONIAL ORDINANCES IN MURI EMIRATE 5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 157 III 5.2 British Colonialism and Agricultural Production, 1903-1960 ……………….. 157-161 5.3 Overview of the Crops Cultivated in the Muri Emirate, 1903-1960 ………… 161-165 5.4 Post World War I British Economic Policies, 1919-1960 …………………….. 165-169 5.5 Colonial Taxation in Muri Emirate, 1903-1960 ………………………………. 169-175 5.6 Foreign Companies and Agricultural Production in Nigeria ………………... 175-178 5.7 Introduction of Colonial Mixed-Farming Scheme in Muri Emirate ………… 178-180 5.8 Expansion of Export Cash Crop Production and Marketing in Muri Emirate ………………………………………………………………………………………… 180-188 5.9 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 188-189 CHAPTER SIX EFFECTS OF BRITISH COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ON MURI EMIRATE 6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 190 6.2 General Economic Effects of Colonialism on Muri Emirate ………………… 190-196 6.3 Effects of Colonial Agricultural Policies on Land tenure system in Muri Emirate ………………………………………………………………………………………… 196-199 6.4 Effects of Colonial Agricultural Policies on Farmers and People of Muri ….. 199-203 6.5 Effects of Colonial Agricultural Policies on Food Production in Muri Emirate ………………………………………………………………………………………… 203-205 6.6 Effects of Colonial Agricultural Policies on Local Industries in Muri Emirate ………………………………………………………………………………………… 206-209 6.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 210-214 Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………. 215-226 Maps Map 1: Map of Sokoto Caliphate showing Muri Emirate …………………………… 215 IV Map 2: Map of Southern Adamawa Province showing parts of Muri Emirate and its peoples ……………………………………………………………………………………. 215 Map 3: Map of Muri Emirate showing rivers in the area …………………………….. 216 Map 4: Map of Jalingo the Muri Emirate capital showing neighbouring villages ….. 216 Map 5: Map of Northern Nigeria ……………………………………………………….. 217 Map 6: Map of parts of Nigeria and Cameroun Republics showing parts Muri, Gombe and Bauchi Emirates …………………………………………………………………….. 218 Map 7: Map showing some ethnic groups within Muri Emirate ……………………... 219 Tables Table 1: The population figure of Muri by the year 1933-1934 ………………………. 219 Table 2: SCHEDULE OF ROADS. (A) ………………………………………………… 220 Table 3: Schedule of Roads Constructed (B) …………………………………………... 221 Table 4: Tax Assessment Statistics ……………………………………………………... 221 Table 5: Jangali (Cattle) Tax Collection ……………………………………………….. 221 Table 6: Jangali (Cattle) Tax Collection ……………………………………………….. 221 Table 7: Appendix. 1. Yundam (Yandang?) Tribe ……………………………………. 222 Table 8: Appendix. 2. Waka Tribe ……………………………………………………... 223 Table 9: Appendix. 1. To Report on Zinna Pagan Assessment. Dec. 1910. ……... 224-225 Table 10: Muri Province Return of Customs Duties in the year 1912: Name of Customs Stations:- Takum & Mutum Biu ………………………………………………………... 225 Table 11: Return of exported by Firms established in Muri Province ………………. 226 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Unpublished Archival Materials …………………………………………... 227-230 2. PhD Theses ………………………………………………………………….. 230-231 3. M.A Theses ………………………………………………………………………. 231 V 4. Journal Articles ……………………………………………………………... 231-240 5. Books ………………………………………………………………………… 240-244 6. Conference Papers ……………………………………………………………….. 245 7. Oral Interviews ……………………………………………………………… 245-246 VI Declaration I declare that this dissertation has been written by me and is from the result of my own research. The dissertation has not been presented to any University for a higher degree. All sources have been fully and duly acknowledged by footnotes and references. _________________________ ____________ Haruna Muhammad Suleimuri Date VII Certification This thesis has been read and approved as meeting the requirements of the Graduate College, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History and hereby approved. ____________________ __________ Professor Maymouna Mirghani Hamza Date Supervisor ____________________ __________ Dr. Mohammed Sa’ad Salim Date External Examiner _____________________ __________ Professor Faisal Mohammed Musa Date Internal Examiner VIII Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Hamman Suleimuri and Rabi Muhammad, including my Children, Muhammad Haruna Suleimuri II (Al-Amin) and Abdulazeez Haruna Suleimuri, Rabi Haruna Suleimuri (Nahlat). IX Acknowledgments I wish to first of all thank the Almighty Allah for the strength to undertake this study. Though the following dissertation is an individual work, I could never have reached the heights or explored the depths without the help, support, guidance and efforts of a lot of people. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Professor Maymouna Mirghani Hamza, of Department of History, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, whose stimulating motivation and valuable ideas helped me to complete this work. I would like to express my deep gratitude to her, for her patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work. I wish to also appreciate my External Examiner Dr. Mohammed Sa’ad Salim and my Internal Examiner in person of Prof. Faisal Mohammed Musa. Special thanks to my love, Hindu, for her moral support and precious love, who was always standing by me in my hard times during this work, especially since I had to be out of the country for my studies and all those