Chapter One: Introduction
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View (FOV) 210, Number of in a Level C Recommendation for INALA for Acute Acquisitions 3; Sagittal T1 Weighted: TR Range 710, TE 10, Migraine Treatment [6]
Crespi et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain (2018) 19:14 The Journal of Headache https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0843-5 and Pain RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Measurement and implications of the distance between the sphenopalatine ganglion and nasal mucosa: a neuroimaging study Joan Crespi1,2,3* , Daniel Bratbak2,4, David Dodick2,5, Manjit Matharu6, Kent Are Jamtøy2,7, Irina Aschehoug2 and Erling Tronvik1,2,3 Abstract Background: Historical reports describe the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) as positioned directly under the nasal mucosa. This is the basis for the topical intranasal administration of local anaesthetic (LA) towards the sphenopalatine foramen (SPF) which is hypothesized to diffuse a distance as short as 1 mm. Nonetheless, the SPG is located in the sphenopalatine fossa, encapsulated in connective tissue, surrounded by fat tissue and separated from the nasal cavity by a bony wall. The sphenopalatine fossa communicates with the nasal cavity through the SPF, which contains neurovascular structures packed with connective tissue and is covered by mucosa in the nasal cavity. Endoscopically the SPF does not appear open. It has hitherto not been demonstrated that LA reaches the SPG using this approach. Methods: Our group has previously identified the SPG on 3 T–MRI images merged with CT. This enabled us to measure the distance from the SPG to the nasal mucosa covering the SPF in 20 Caucasian subjects on both sides (n =40ganglia). This distance was measured by two physicians. Interobserver variability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The mean distance from the SPG to the closest point of the nasal cavity directly over the mucosa covering the SPF was 6.77 mm (SD 1.75; range, 4.00–11.60). -
Radiological Localization of Greater Palatine Foramen Using Multiple Anatomical Landmarks
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology Research Article Open Access Radiological localization of greater palatine foramen using multiple anatomical landmarks Abstract Volume 2 Issue 7 - 2016 Identification of greater palatine foramen is of prime value for dentists and the oral and Viveka S,1 Mohan Kumar2 maxillofacial surgeons. The objective of present study was to radiologically localize greater 1Department of Anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, palatine foramen with multiple anatomical landmarks. All Computer Tomography scans India of individuals who have undergone paranasal sinus evaluation were obtained from the 2Department of Radiology, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, from April 2015 to April India 2016. Distance of greater palatine foramen from various known anatomical landmarks was measured across the CT slices. Forty-four CT scans were studied, mean age was 32(±2.3) Correspondence: Viveka S, Assistant professor, Department years. All scans were from individuals of south Indian origin. GPF was located at 38.38mm of Anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam, India, from incisive fossa, 17.6mm from posterior nasal spine, 18.38mm from intermaxillary Email [email protected] suture, 5.03mm from second molar and 5.28mm from third molar. Distances of GPF from incisive foramen and intermaxillary suture differed significantly on right and left sides. In Received: May 25, 2016 | Published: December 29, 2016 25(56.8%) cases GPF was located closer to third molar. In seven cases, it was closer to second molar and in 12 cases, GPF was located at the junction of second and third molar. Posterior location of GPF, posterior to third molar is not noted. -
NASAL CAVITY and PARANASAL SINUSES, PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA, and ORAL CAVITY (Grant's Dissector [16Th Ed.] Pp
NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES, PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA, AND ORAL CAVITY (Grant's Dissector [16th Ed.] pp. 290-294, 300-303) TODAY’S GOALS (Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses): 1. Identify the boundaries of the nasal cavity 2. Identify the 3 principal structural components of the nasal septum 3. Identify the conchae, meatuses, and openings of the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct 4. Identify the openings of the auditory tube and sphenopalatine foramen and the nerve and blood supply to the nasal cavity, palatine tonsil, and soft palate 5. Identify the pterygopalatine fossa, the location of the pterygopalatine ganglion, and understand the distribution of terminal branches of the maxillary artery and nerve to their target areas DISSECTION NOTES: General comments: The nasal cavity is divided into right and left cavities by the nasal septum. The nostril or naris is the entrance to each nasal cavity and each nasal cavity communicates posteriorly with the nasopharynx through a choana or posterior nasal aperture. The roof of the nasal cavity is narrow and is represented by the nasal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and a portion of the sphenoid. The floor is the hard palate (consisting of the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal portion of the palatine bone). The medial wall is represented by the nasal septum (Dissector p. 292, Fig. 7.69) and the lateral wall consists of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, portions of the ethmoid bone, the inferior nasal concha, and the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone (Dissector p. 291, Fig. 7.67). The conchae, or turbinates, are recognized as “scroll-like” extensions from the lateral wall and increase the surface area over which air travels through the nasal cavity (Dissector p. -
Lecture 7 Anatomy the PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
د.احمد فاضل القيسي Lecture 7 Anatomy THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA The pterygopalatine fossa lies beneath the posterior surface of the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. The pterygopalatine fossa contains the maxillary nerve, the maxillary artery (third part) and the pterygopalatine parasympathetic ganglion. Boundaries Anteriorly: posterior surface of maxilla. Posteriorly: anterior margin of pterygoid process below and greater wing of sphenoid above. Medially: perpendicular plate of palatine bone. Superiorly: greater wing of sphenoid. Laterally: communicates with infratemporal fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure Communications and openings: 1. The pterygomaxillary fissure: transmits the maxillary artery from the infratemporal fossa, the posterior superior alveolar branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and the sphenopalatine veins. 2. The inferior orbital fissure: transmits the infraorbital and zygomatic branches of the maxillary nerve, the orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion and the infraorbital vessels. 3. The foramen rotundum from the middle cranial fossa, occupying the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and transmit the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve 4. The pterygoid canal from the region of the foramen lacerum at the base of the skull. The pterygoid canal transmits the greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves (which combine to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal) and an accompanying artery derived from the maxillary artery. 5. The sphenopalatine foramen lying high up on the medial wall of the fossa.This foramen communicates with the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It transmits the nasopalatine and posterior superior nasal nerves (from the pterygopalatine ganglion) and the sphenopalatine vessels. 6. The opening of a palatine canal found at the base of the fossa. -
Morphology of the Human Hard Palate: a Study on Dry Skulls
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Firenze University Press: E-Journals IJAE Vol. 123, n. 1: 55-63, 2018 ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY Research Article - Basic and Applied Anatomy Morphology of the human hard palate: a study on dry skulls Masroor Badshah1,2,*, Roger Soames1, Muhammad Jaffar Khan3, Jamshaid Hasnain4 1 Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Scotland; 2 North West School of Medicine, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan; 3 Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; 4 Bridge Consultants Foundation, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Abstract To determine morphological variations of the hard palate in dry human skulls, 85 skulls of unknown age and sex from nine medical schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan were exam- ined. The transverse diameter, number, shape and position of the greater (GPF) and lesser (LPF) palatine foramina; canine to canine inter-socket distance; distance between greater palatine foramen medial margins; on each side, the distances between greater palatine foramen and base of the pterygoid hamulus, median maxillary suture and posterior border of the hard palate; pal- atal length, breadth and height; maximum width and height of the incisive foramen; and the angle between the median maxillary suture and a line between the orale and greater palatine foramen were determined. Palatine index and palatal height index were also calculated. An oval greater palatine foramen was present in all skulls, while a mainly oval lesser palatine fora- men was present in 95.8% on the right and 97.2% on the left. Single and multiple lesser pala- tine foramina were observed on the right/left sides: single 44.1%/50.7%; double 41.2%/34.8%; triple 10.2%/11.6%. -
An Anatomical Study of Incisive Canal and Its Foramen
An Anatomical Study of Incisive Canal and its Foramen Beatriz Quevedo Universidade de São Paulo Beatriz Sangalette ( [email protected] ) Universidade de São Paulo Ivna Lopes Universidade de São Paulo João Vitor Shindo Universidade de São Paulo Jesus Carlos Andreo Universidade de São Paulo Cássia Maria Rubira Universidade de São Paulo Izabel Regina Rubira-Bullen Universidade de São Paulo André Luis Shinohara Universidade de São Paulo Research Article Keywords: Anatomy, Anesthesia, Dental. Anesthesia, Local Posted Date: August 10th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-770424/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/15 Abstract Introduction: Anatomically, the incisive canals start on the nasal fossa oor, close to the septum, and open at the incisive foramen of the maxillary palatine process. The nasopalatine nerve passes through the incisive foramen as well as the septal artery and the sphenopalatine vein. Also, there may be accessory canals. Typically, the incisive foramen has two incisive canals. This work aimed to analyze the morphology and morphometry of the foramen and incisive canals in the macerated cephalic skeletons. Material and methods: For this purpose, we selected 150 samples of adult individuals, with no distinctions of sex and ethnicity. We analyzed the frequency of incisive canals in the foramen was analyzed as well the area, diameter, and communications of incisive canals with the fossa and nasal cavity. Results: The cephalic analysis results showed that most incisive foramina have at least two canals that communicate the nasal cavity with the oral cavity. -
Bone-Axial Skeleton
BIO 176: Human Anatomy Lab Bone Practical: Lecture Bone-Axial Skeleton Speaker: Heidi Peterson What you will see in the following presentation are all of the bones and features and markings you will need to know for your upcoming practical. We are going to start with the skull. On the skull you will see an anterior view, which is like looking at somebody face to face. On the anterior view the use of your regional terms is going to be necessary. You learned them for a reason and they are going to help you with bones. The first bone you are going to see is your forehead, but it is actually called the frontal bone. The next bone you see is the nasal bone. It also forms the bridge of your nose. You might know it as the cheek bone, but anatomically correct it is called the zygomatic. If you feel in between your two nostrils it might seem strange, but you are going to find a bony protuberance that is called the vomer. The vomer is the bone that gives shape to your lip. That little frenulum comes from the vomer. Also in the skull you will find two big jaw bones. The top jaw bone is the Maxillae. And the bottom jaw bone is the Mandible. There will be features on each of these bones but we will talk about those in just a bit. Starting with the markings or features you will see a circle around something above the orbit of your eye. Anything that is above something anatomically is called superior or supra. -
Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Pterygopalatine Fossa: Anatomical Study and Clinical Considerations
Neurosurg Focus 19 (1):E5, 2005 Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa: anatomical study and clinical considerations LUIGI M. CAVALLO, M.D., PH.D., ANDREA MESSINA, M.D., PAUL GARDNER, M.D., FELICE ESPOSITO, M.D., AMIN B. KASSAM, M.D., PAOLO CAPPABIANCA, M.D., ENRICO DE DIVITIIS, M.D., AND MANFRED TSCHABITSCHER, M.D. Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; Microsurgical and Endoscopic Anatomy Study Group, University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Image-Guided and Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Object. The pterygopalatine fossa is an area located deep in the skull base. The microsurgical transmaxillary–trans- antral route is usually chosen to remove lesions in this region. The increasing use of the endoscope in sinonasal func- tional surgery has more recently led to the advent of the endoscope for the treatment of tumors located in the pterygo- palatine fossa as well. Methods. An anatomical dissection of three fresh cadaveric heads (six pterygopalatine fossas) and three dried skull base specimens was performed to evaluate the feasibility of the approach and to illustrate the surgical landmarks that are useful for operations in this complex region. The endoscopic endonasal approach allows a wide exposure of the pterygopalatine fossa. Furthermore, with the same access (that is, through the nostril) it is possible to expose regions contiguous with the pterygopalatine fossa, either to visualize more surgical landmarks or to accomplish a better lesion removal. Conclusions. In this anatomical study the endoscopic endonasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa has been found to be a safe approach for the removal of lesions in this region. -
Biology 152 – Axial Skeleton Anatomy Objectives
Biology 152 – Axial Skeleton Anatomy Objectives For this assignment, we will be learning bone names, specialized structures, and left/right/medial aspects of the skull, vertebrae, and ribcage. You will want to learn the bone names first, and then practice the parts of the bones (sutures, foramina, processes, etc.). NOTE: The sides of a skull and ribcage (left versus right) are the patient's sides, not yours! SKULL BONES – learn their names and positions first ethmoid roof of nose and medial orbits frontal forehead inferior nasal conchae lateral to vomer; inferior in nasal cavity middle nasal conchae lateral to perpendicular plate; middle of the nasal cavity lacrimals with tear glands/ducts mandible lower jaw; fused single bone in adults maxillae upper jaw bones nasals bones at the bridge of the nose occipital inferior and posterior palatines roof of mouth - hard palate parietals superior and lateral sides of skull sphenoid keystone of brain; winglike projections under skull temporals temples zygomatics cheekbones vomer inferior and medial in nasal cavity hyoid anterior of neck; behind the mandible ossicles of ear malleus, incus, and stapes (MIS) inside temporal FORAMINAE – openings through bones for blood vessels and nerves to pass carotid canal for the carotid artery condyloid foramen behind the occipital condyle external acoustic (or sound waves enter skull to tympanic membrane auditory) meatus eye orbit entire region where the eye is housed greater palatine foramen on palatine bone; lateral edges hypoglossal foramen in front of the -
Pterygopalatine Ganglion
nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y جامعة تكريت كلية طب اﻻسنان مادة التشريح املرحلة الثانية أ.م.د. بان امساعيل صديق 6102/6102 nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y Pterygopalatine fossa: The pterygopalatine fossa is a cone-shaped depression , It is located between the maxilla, sphenoid and palatine bones, and communicates with other regions of the skull and facial skeleton via several canals and foramina. Boundaries : Anterior: Posterior wall of the maxilla. Posterior: Pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. Inferior: Palatine bone. At the bottom of the fossa, the pyramidal process of the palatine bone articulates with the lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla and forming the narrow floor of the pterygopalatine fossa. Superior: body of the sphenoid and the Inferior orbital fissure. Medial: Perpendicular plate of the palatine bone Lateral: Pterygomaxillary fissure Pterygopalatine fossa contain , 3rd part of maxillary artery, maxillary nerve and its branches and pterygopalatine ganglion. nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y Maxillary vessels The 3rd part of maxillary artery passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure, enters the pterygopalatine fossa in front of the ganglion and gives off its branches. Veins accompany the arteries and, passing through the fossa, emerge at the pterygomaxillary fissure to drain into the pterygoid plexus. Maxillary nerve The maxillary nerve arises from the trigeminal ganglion in the middle cranial fossa. It passes forward in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and leaves the skull through the foramen rotundum and crosses the pterygopalatine fossa to enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. -
UC Berkeley Paleobios
UC Berkeley PaleoBios Title Leidyosuchus (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian) of Utah, USA Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0q11x9vs Journal PaleoBios, 30(3) ISSN 0031-0298 Authors Farke, Andrew A. Henn, Madison M. Woodward, Samuel J. et al. Publication Date 2014-01-30 DOI 10.5070/P9303016247 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California PaleoBios 30(3):72–88, January 31, 2014 © 2014 University of California Museum of Paleontology Leidyosuchus (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian) of Utah, USA ANDREW A. FARKE,1* MADISON M. HENN,2 SAMUEL J. WOODWARD,2 and HEENDONG A. XU2 1Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA 91711 USA; email: afarke@ webb.org. 2The Webb Schools, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA 91711 USA Several crocodyliform lineages inhabited the Western Interior Basin of North America during the late Campanian (Late Cretaceous), with alligatoroids in the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah exhibiting exceptional diversity within this setting. A partial skeleton of a previously unknown alligatoroid taxon from the Kaiparowits Formation may represent the fifth alligatoroid and sixth crocodyliform lineage from this unit. The fossil includes the lower jaws, numerous osteoderms, vertebrae, ribs, and a humerus. The lower jaw is generally long and slender, and the dentary features 22 alveoli with conical, non-globidont teeth. The splenial contributes to the posterior quarter of the mandibu- lar symphysis, which extends posteriorly to the level of alveolus 8, and the dorsal process of the surangular is forked around the terminal alveolus. -
Morphometric Evaluation and Clinical Implications of the Greater Palatine
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (2019) 41:551–567 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-019-02179-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Morphometric evaluation and clinical implications of the greater palatine foramen, greater palatine canal and pterygopalatine fossa on CBCT images and review of literature İlhan Bahşi1 · Mustafa Orhan1 · Piraye Kervancıoğlu1 · Eda Didem Yalçın2 Received: 1 August 2018 / Accepted: 3 January 2019 / Published online: 8 January 2019 © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Introduction The pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) infiltration is performed to reduce blood flow during endoscopic sinus surgery and septorhinoplasty, as well as to control posterior epistaxis and provide regional anesthesia in dental procedures. PPF infiltration performed with consideration of the morphometrics of greater palatine foramen (GPF), greater palatine canal (GPC) and PPF would increase the success of the procedure and reduce the risk of complications. The aim of this study is to investigate the GPF, GPC, lesser palatine foramen (LPF), lesser palatine canal (LPC) and PPF morphology via the images obtained by CBCT, to provide information for interventional procedures. Materials and methods GPF, GPC, LPF, LPC and PPF were morphometrically evaluated retrospectively in CBCT images of 75 female and 75 male cases by Planmeca Romexis program. The 19 parameters were measured on these images. Results These parameters were evaluated statistically. The comparison of these parameters by genders revealed significant differences in distances between GPC–PC, PC–IOF, LPC–GPF, GPF–MS in the coronal and transverse planes, the distance between GPF and the occlusal plane of the teeth, GPF–PNS, GPF–IF and TD-GPF, and in the area of GPF.