2. Identifikasi Dan Analisa Data

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2. Identifikasi Dan Analisa Data 2. IDENTIFIKASI DAN ANALISA DATA 2.1. Landasan Teori 2.1.1. Fotografi 2.1.1.1. Sejarah fotografi Dalam seni rupa, fotografi merupakan proses pembuatan lukisan dengan menggunakan media cahaya. Istilah fotografi berasal dari bahasa Inggris. Photo yang berarti cahaya dan graphis yang berarti gambar karena itu fotografi dapat diartikan sebagai proses atau metode untuk menghasilkan gambar atau foto dari suatu obyek dengan merekam pantulan cahaya yang mengenai obyek tersebut pada media yang peka cahaya. Dalam perjalanan sejarahnya fotografi bermula jauh sebelum Masehi. Dalam buku The History of Photography karya Alma Davenport, terbitan Universitas of New Mexico Press tahun 1991, disebutkan bahwa pada abad ke-5 Sebelum Masehi (SM) seorang pria bernama Mo Ti sudah mengamati gejala. Apabila pada dinding ruangan yang gelap terdapat lubang kecil (pinhole), maka di bagian dalam ruang itu akan terefleksikan pemandangan di luar ruang secara terbalik lewat lubang tadi. Mo Ti adalah orang pertama yang menyadari fenomena camera obscura (“sejarah photography”, par 1 ) . Pada tahun 1558, seorang ilmuwan Italia, Giambattista della Porta menyebut “camera obscura” pada sebuah kotak yang membantu pelukis menangkap bayangan gambar (“sejarah photography", par 4). Pada awal abad ke-17 seorang ilmuwan berkebangsaan Italia bernama Angelo Sala menemukan, bila serbuk perak nitrat dikenai cahaya, warnanya akan berubah menjadi hitam. Demikian pula Professor anatomi berkebangsaan Jerman, Johan Heinrich Schulse, pada 1712 melakukan percobaan dan membuktikan bahwa menghitamkan pelat chloride perak yang disebabkan oleh cahaya dan bukan oleh panas merupakan sebuah fenomena yang telah diketahui sejak abad ke-16 bahkan mungkin lebih awal lagi. Ia mendemonstrasikan fakta tersebut dengan menggunakan cahaya matahari untuk merekam serangkaian kata pada 11 Universitas Kristen Petra pelat chloride perak; sayang ia gagal mempertahankan gambar secara permanen. (“sejarah photography”, par 5). Kemudian sekitar tahun 1800, seorang berkebangsaan Inggris bernama Thomas Wedgwood, bereksperimen untuk merekam gambar positif dari citra pada camera obscura berlensa (pada masa itu camera obscura lazimnya pinhole camera yang hanya menggunakan lubang kecil untuk untuk cahaya masuknya), tapi hasilnya sangat mengecewakan. Akhirnya ia berkonsentrasi sebagaimana juga Schulse, membuat gambar-gambar negative (sekarang dikenal dengan istilah fotogram) dengan cahaya matahari, pada kulit atau kertas putih yang telah disaputi komponen perak. (“sejarah photography”, par 6). Akhirnya, pada tahun 1824, seorang seniman lithography Perancis, Joseph Nicephore Niepce (1756-1883), setelah delapan jam meng-exposed pemandangan dari jendela kamarnya, melalui proses yang disebut Heliogravure (proses kerjanya mirip lithograph) di atas pelat logam yang dilapisi aspal, berhasil melahirkan sebuah imaji yang agak kabur, berhasil pula mempertahankan gambar secara permanent. Kemudian ia pun mencoba menggunakan kamera obscura berlensa, proses yang awal disebut “heliogravure”pada tahun 1826 inilah yang akhirnya menjadi sejarah awal fotografi yang sebenarnya. Foto yang dihasilkan itu kini disimpan di University of Texas di Austin, AS.( “sejarah photography”, par 7). Meras kurang puas, tahun 1827 Niepce mendatangi desainer panggung opera yang juga pelukis, Louis-Jacques Mande’ Daguerre (1787-1851) untuk mengajaknya berkolaborasi. Dan jauh sebelum eksperimen Niepce dan Daguerre berhasil, mereka pernah meramalkan bahwa: “fotografi akan menjadi seni termuda yang dilahirkan di zaman.( “sejarah photography”, par 8). Sayang, sebelum menunjukkan hasil yang optimal, Niepce meninggal dunia. Baru pada tanggal 19 Agustus 1839, Daguerre dinobatkan sebagai orang pertama yang berhasil membuat foto yang sebenarnya: sebuah gambar permanen pada lembaran plat tembaga perak yang dilapisi larutan iodine yang disinari selama satu setengah jam cahaya langsung dengan pemanas mercuri (neon). Proses ini disebut daguerreotype. Untuk membuat gambar permanen, pelat dicuci larutan garam dapur dan air suling (“sejarah photography”, par 10). 12 Universitas Kristen Petra Fotografi mulai tercatat resmi pada abad ke-19 dan lalu terpacu bersama kemajuan-kemajuan lain yang dilakukan manusia sejalan dengan kemajuan teknologi yang sedang gencar-gencarnya. Pada tahun 1839 yang dicanangkan sebagai tahun awal fotografi. Pada tahun itu, di Perancis dinyatakan secara remi bahwa fotografi adalah sebua)h terobosan teknologi. Saat itu, rekaman dua dimensi seperti yang dilihat mata sudah bisa dibuat permanen.(“sejarah photography”, par 10). Januari 1839, penemu fotografi dengan menggunakan proses kimia paa pelat logam, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, sebenarnya ingin mematenkan temuannya itu. Akan tetapi, Pemerintah Perancis, dengan dilandasi berbagai pemikiran politik, berpikir bahwa temuan itu sebaiknya dibagikan ke seluruh dunia secara cuma-cuma. Maka, saat itu manual asli Daguerre lalu menyebar keseluruh dunia wlau diterima dengan setengah hati akibat rumitnya kerja yang harus dilakukan (“sejarah photography”, par 4). Fotografi kemudian berkembang dengan saat cepat. Menurut Szarkowski (Hartoyo 22), arsitek utama dunia fotografi modern adalah seorang pengusaha, yaitu George Eastman mengembangkan fotografi dengan menciptakan serta menjual roll film dan kamera boks yang praktis, sejalan dengan perkembangan dalam dunia fotografi melalui perbaikan lensa, shutter, film dan kertas foto. Tahun 1950 mulai digunakan prisma untuk memudahkan pembidikan pada kamera Singke Lens Reflex (SLR), dan pada tahun yang sama Jepang mulai memasuki dunia fotografi dengan produksi kamera NIKON. Tahun 1972 mulai dipasarkan kamera Polaroid yang ditemukan oleh Edwin Land. Kamera Polaroid mampu menghasilkan gambar tanpa melalui proses pengembangan dan pencetakan film. (“sejarah photography”, par 4) Setelah itu muncullah fotografi digital. Fotografi digital aadalah proses fotografi menggunakan media perekaman digital, berbeda dengan film analog yang menggunakan media film sebagai media pengambilan gambar. Dalam fotografi digital, media film telah digantikan peranannya oleh sensor elektronik yang berfungsi sebagai media peneriman gambar, kemudian diolah untuk selanjutnya disimpan dalam data biner (Syndicate 13). Apabila ditinjau dari tinjauan umum, fotografi dibedakan menjadi: 13 Universitas Kristen Petra a. Fotografi komersial Fotografi komersial lebih banyak dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industry dalam periklanan, penjualan, peragaan untuk kebutuhan pada suatu obyek media massa ataupun publikasi khusus tajam yang tujuan akhirnya adalah komersial. Di dalam prosesnya selalu berhubungan dengan klien. Fotografi komersial ini meliputi antara lain: Fotografi Konseptual, Beauty Shot, Advertising, Editorial, Produk atau Still Life, Food and Beverages, Architectural, Interior, Landscape dan Wedding. b. Fotografi Jurnalistik Fotografi jurnalistik sebenarnya juga selalu berhubungan dengan klien seperti fotografi komersial namun berbeda tujuannya. Apabila fotografi komersial dilakukan untuk kebutuhan komersial, fotografi jurnalistik dilakukan untuk kebutuhan dokumentasi. c. Fotografi Fine Art Kelas Fotografi ini mengutamakan citarasa dan kepuasan subyektif pada fotografer. Pada prosesnya tidak berhubungan dengan klien. 2.1.1.2. Alat dan Perlengkapan Fotografi 1. Kamera Kamera adalah perangkat atau media untuk menghasilkan karya fotografi. Di era digital ini kamera film sudah mulai ditinggalkan beralih ke kamera digital. Kamera digital sendiri pada umumnya terbagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu kamera pocket (kamera saku), dua lensa (reflex lensa kembar) dan kamera DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex atau reflek lensa tunggal). Berikut ini beberapa penjelasan mengenai jenis-jenis kamera: - Kamera saku (pocket camera), merupakan kamera berukuran kecil dan mudah dimasukkan ke dalam saku. Kedua lensa yang dimiliki oleh kamera saku mempunya fungsi yang berbeda. Salah satunya berfungsi sebagai lensa pengintai dan yang lainnya berfungsi sebagai pengekspos obyek. Kamera ini harganya lebih terjangkau dibanding dengan kamera SLR. Selain harga yang relatif terjangkau, kamera saku sekarang ini juga memiliki sebuah keunggulan lain yakni menjamin siapapun untuk dapat 14 Universitas Kristen Petra memotret objek dengan mudah tanpa perlu khawatir melakukan kesalahan yang dapat mengurangi nilai foto. Kini kamera saku tersedia dalam berbagai ukuran, kelas dan spesifikasi serta berbagai keunggulan yang variatif berdasarkan harga yang ditawarkan. Orang-orang dapat dengan leluasa memilih jenis kamera yang diinginkann sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan selera (Sugiarto 3). - Kamera DSLR ( Digital Single Lens Reflex), kamera SLR (Single Lens Reflex) merupakan kamera yang memungkinkan fotografer untuk dapat melihat obyek melalui kamera persis sama seperti obyek yang dilihatnya. Hal ini berbeda dengan kamera non-SLR, yang membedakan tampilan di viewfinder dapat berbeda dengan apa yang ditangkap oleh film. Kamera SLR menggunakan pentaprisma yang ditempatkan di atas jalur optikal melalui lensa ke lempengan film. Cahaya yang masuk kemudian dipantulkan ke atas oleh kaca cermin pantul dan mengenai pentaprisma. Pentaprisma kemudian memantulkan cahaya beberapa kali hingga menjadi jendela bidik. Pada saat tombol dilepaskan, kaca membuka jalan bagi cahaya sehingga cahaya dapat langsung mengenai film. Perkembangan dari SlR adalah kamera DSLR. Pada prinsipnya Kamera SlR dan DSLR memiliki prinsip yang sama. Yang membedakan adalah penggunaan film. Kamera SLR menggunakan film sebagai media penangkap gambar, sedangkan kamera DSLR menggunakan
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