Technological Challenges for the Humanitarian Legal Framework Les

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Technological Challenges for the Humanitarian Legal Framework Les Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium Technological Challenges for the Humanitarian Legal Framework 11th Bruges Colloquium 21-22 October 2010 Actes du Colloque de Bruges Les défis technologiques posés au cadre juridique humanitaire 11ème Colloque de Bruges 21-22 octobre 2010 Delegation of the ICRC to the Kingdom of Belgium, the EU and NATO Délégation du CICR auprès du Royaume de Belgique, de l’UE et de l’OTAN Emilie Camus Stéphane Kolanowski Members of the Editorial Board, College of Europe/ Membres du Comité d’édition, Collège d’Europe Annelies Deckmyn Elitsa Mincheva Ciara Murphy Philippe Perchoc Notice The proceedings of this Colloquium have been written by the speakers or by the Delegation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Brussels on the basis of audio recordings of the Colloquium. These texts were then reviewed by the speakers. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of College of Europe nor the International Committee of the Red Cross. Avertissement Les Actes de ce Colloque ont été rédigés par les orateurs ou par la Délégation du Comité inter- national de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) à Bruxelles sur base d’enregistrements audio du Colloque. Ces textes ont alors été revus par les orateurs et n’engagent que ces derniers. Tous droits réservés. Ils ne représentent pas nécessairement les vues ni du Collège d’Europe ni du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge. N° 41, Autumn/Automne 2011 I. PROCEEDINgs Of ThE BRUgEs COllOqUIUM/ACTEs DU COllOqUE DE BRUgEs p. 5 Opening Remarks Prof. Dominik hanf, Professor at the College of Europe WELCOME ADDRESS/DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE Mr. françois Bellon, Chef de la délégation du CICR auprès du Royaume de Belgique, de l’Union européenne et de l’OTAN p. 5 DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE Ms. Christine Beerli, Vice-President of the ICRC p. 9 KEYNOTE ADDRESS session 1 New Technology on the Battlefield Chair person: Marten Zwanenburg, Ministry of Defence The Netherlands Jann Kleffner, Swedish National Defence College p. 13 CURRENT CHALLENGES IN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MEANS OF WARFARE Theo Boutruche, Consultant in international human Rights and humanitarian Law p. 21 CURRENT CHALLENGES IN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE METHODS OF WARFARE DISCUSSION (EN) p. 30 session 2 Cyber Warfare Chair person: Knut Doermann, ICRC Geneva herb lin, US National Research Council p. 33 THE Technology OF OFFENSIVE CYBER Operations Noam lubell, National University of Ireland, Galway p. 41 CYBER Warfare AS ARMED Conflict Robin geiss, ICRC Geneva p. 47 THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CYBER ATTACKS IN TIMES OF ARMED CONFLICT DISCUSSION (EN) p. 54 3 session 3 Remote-Controlled and Autonomous Weapons systems Chair person: stéphane Kolanowski, ICRC Brussels Jack Beard, University of California, Los Angeles p. 57 REMOTE-CONTROLLED WEAPONS SYSTEMS AND THE APPLICATION OF IHL Ronald Arkin, Georgia Institute of Technology p. 62 ROBOTS ON THE BATTLEFIELD: ARMED Autonomous Systems AND Ethical Behaviour Daniel Reisner, Formerly Israel Defence Force (IDF) International Law Department p. 71 AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS SYSTEMS AND THE APPLICATION OF IHL DISCUSSION (EN) p. 78 session 4 Outer space – a new conflict theatre? Chair person: Marco sassoli, University of Geneva luca Del Monte, Space Security Office, European Space Agency, France p. 81 SPACE WEAPONS – WHAT’S POSSIBLE, WHAT’S NOT? steven freeland, University of Western Sydney and University of Copenhagen p. 87 LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MILITARY USE OF OUTER SPACE DISCUSSION (EN) p. 98 Panel Discussion how will technological development challenge Ihl in the 21st century? Chair person: Eric David, Université Libre de Bruxelles Marco sassoli, University of Geneva p. 101 Jack Beard, University of California, Los Angeles p. 103 Knut Doermann, ICRC Geneva p. 106 Daniel Reisner, Former Israel Defence Force (IDF) International Law Department p. 109 Concluding Remarks and Closure Christine Beerli, Vice-President of the ICRC p. 112 REMARQUES FINALES II. LisT Of Participants/lIsTE DEs participants p. 115 III. PROgRAMME (EN) p. 121 IV. Speakers’ BIOs/BIOgRAPhIEs DEs orateurs p. 124 4 PROCEEDINgs Of ThE BRUgEs COllOqUIUM ACTEs DU COllOqUE DE BRUgEs Opening remarks REMARQUES DE BIENVENUE françois Bellon Chef de la délégation du CICR auprès du Royaume de Belgique, de l’Union européenne et de l’OTAN Mesdames et Messieurs, J’ai l’honneur et le plaisir, au nom du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR), de vous accueillir pour ce 11ème Colloque de Bruges, qui sera consacré à l’étude des défis que posent les avancées technologiques au cadre juridique humanitaire. La collaboration qui s’est établie entre le Collège d’Europe et le CICR a déjà mené à de nom- breux colloques de Bruges qui ont traité de sujets essentiels et d’actualité. Vous en avez la liste dans votre dossier de documentation. Le sujet qui nous occupera ces deux jours ne fait pas exception, preuve en est l’importance qu’y accorde un grand nombre d’analystes. Le Colloque de Bruges est devenu, en un peu plus de dix ans, un événement annuel incontour- nable dans le domaine de la réflexion et la recherche en droit international humanitaire, et je m’en réjouis. Il est en effet très important de pouvoir discuter à un haut niveau d’expertise de sujets liés au droit international humanitaire qui est un droit vivant, en constante évolution et dont l’interprétation doit être adaptée à la réalité des conflits et des développements du monde moderne. Alors que nous allons commencer nos travaux qui nous amèneront à discuter de «technolo- gies», il ne faut pas perdre de vue que le cadre dans lequel ces technologies sont appelées à être utilisées est celui des conflits armés qui s’accompagnent de nombre de souffrances humaines. Il est essentiel de garder à l’esprit le but ultime du droit international humanitaire qui est de conserver un peu d’humanité dans ces conflits armés. 5 Ce Colloque de Bruges nous permettra d’examiner les nouvelles technologies présentes sur le champ de bataille et les défis qu’elles posent quant à la réglementation des méthodes et des moyens de combats. Nous aborderons ensuite le très vaste et difficile domaine de la guerre cybernétique. L’utilisation de l’espace cybernétique à des fins hostiles offre en effet un im- mense potentiel de nuisance dont il est difficile d’imaginer, aujourd’hui, tous les contours. Les armes télécommandées et automatiques seront ensuite abordées avant d’explorer dans quelle mesure l’espace extra-atmosphérique pourrait devenir un théâtre de conflit armé. Enfin nous conclurons ce Colloque par une table ronde dont le but sera de discuter de la manière dont ces nouvelles technologies vont défier le DIH dans les décennies à venir. Les nouvelles technologies posent très certainement un bon nombre de défis que nous exa- minerons pendant ces deux jours, défis qui ne sont pas théoriques. On se souviendra, par exemple, du vol Iran Air 655 abattu par erreur le 3 juillet 1988. Alors que le système automa- tisé d’un navire de guerre croisant dans le Golf persique l’avait pris pour un chasseur F-14, le militaire responsable du système de détection a eu un doute sur la nature militaire de l’avion détecté, mais a malheureusement fait une confiance aveugle au système informatisé plutôt qu’à son jugement. 290 personnes ont péri dans cet incident. Il faut souligner que le recours aux nouvelles technologies s’inscrit dans un cadre juridique existant. En effet, des règles plus ou moins précises ou laissant place à une interprétation évolutive sont contenues dans les instruments du DIH actuels. Ainsi, par exemple, en ce qui concerne les armes nouvelles, le droit international humanitaire contient une clause intéressante qui exige que dans la mise au point, le développement ou l’acquisition d’armes nouvelles, les Etats s’assurent que leur emploi ne serait pas interdit dans certaines circonstances, ou en toutes circonstances. Il s’agit de l’article 36 du Protocole I de 1977 qui a, d’ailleurs, été examiné lors du 8ème Colloque de Bruges en 2007, dont vous trouve- rez les actes sur la table de documentation. Par ailleurs, étant conscients de l’imprédictibilité des avancées de la science et de la tech- nologie, des juristes spécialisés en droit international humanitaire ont élaboré une clause permettant d’anticiper ces développements tout en conservant un minimum de protection pour ces victimes. En effet, il y a déjà plus de cent ans, plus précisément en 1899, le Pro- fesseur Frédéric de Martens, délégué russe à la conférence de la paix à La Haye, a proposé une clause, aujourd’hui connue sous le nom de «clause de Martens» qui s’énonce comme suit: «En attendant qu’un code plus complet des lois de la guerre puisse être édicté, les Hautes Parties contractantes jugent opportun de constater que, dans les cas non compris dans les dispositions réglementaires adoptées par elles, les populations et les belligérants restent sous la sauvegarde et sous l’empire des principes du droit des gens, tels qu’ils résultent des usages 6 établis entre nations civilisées, des lois de l’humanité et des exigences de la conscience publique». Cette clause est aujourd’hui reprise à l’article 1 du 1er Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève. Enfin, il est certain que toutes technologies, anciennes et nouvelles, doivent respecter les règles et principes établis du DIH tels que la distinction entre les combattants et les non-com- battants ainsi qu’entre les objectifs militaires et ce qui n’en est pas. De même, les principes de proportionnalité et de précaution dans l’attaque s’imposent bien entendu sur le champ de bataille. Il n’est cependant pas toujours aisé d’appliquer ces principes à des technologies qui ne sont pas tout à fait maîtrisées ou dont les effets ne sont pas encore tout à fait connus.
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