Threatened of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book

Editors N. J. COLLAR (Editor-in-chief), A. V. ANDREEV, S. CHAN, M. J. CROSBY, S. SUBRAMANYA and J. A. TOBIAS

Maps by RUDYANTO and M. J. CROSBY

Principal compilers and data contributors ■ BANGLADESH P. Thompson ■ BHUTAN R. Pradhan; C. Inskipp, T. Inskipp ■ CAMBODIA Sun Hean; C. M. Poole ■ CHINA ■ MAINLAND CHINA Zheng Guangmei; Ding Changqing, Gao Wei, Gao Yuren, Li Fulai, Liu Naifa, Ma Zhijun, the late Tan Yaokuang, Wang Qishan, Xu Weishu, Yang Lan, Yu Zhiwei, Zhang Zhengwang. ■ HONG KONG Hong Kong Watching Society (BirdLife Affiliate); H. F. Cheung; F. N. Y. Lock, C. K. W. Ma, Y. T. Yu. ■ TAIWAN Wild Bird Federation of Taiwan (BirdLife Partner); L. Liu Severinghaus; Chang Chin-lung, Chiang Ming-liang, Fang Woei-horng, Ho Yi-hsian, Hwang Kwang-yin, Lin Wei-yuan, Lin Wen-horn, Lo Hung-ren, Sha Chian-chung, Yau Cheng-teh. ■ INDIA Bombay Natural History Society (BirdLife Partner Designate) and Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History; L. Vijayan and V. S. Vijayan; S. Balachandran, R. Bhargava, P. C. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhupathy, A. Chaudhury, P. Gole, S. A. Hussain, R. Kaul, U. Lachungpa, R. Naroji, S. Pandey, A. Pittie, V. Prakash, A. Rahmani, P. Saikia, R. Sankaran, P. Singh, R. Sugathan, Zafar-ul Islam ■ INDONESIA BirdLife International Indonesia Country Programme; Ria Saryanthi; D. Agista, S. van Balen, Y. Cahyadin, R. F. A. Grimmett, F. R. Lambert, M. Poulsen, Rudyanto, I. Setiawan, C. Trainor ■ JAPAN Wild Bird Society of Japan (BirdLife Partner); Y. Fujimaki; Y. Kanai, H. Morioka, K. Ono, H. Uchida, M. Ueta, N. Yanagisawa ■ KOREA ■ NORTH KOREA Pak U-il; Chong Jong-ryol, Rim Chu- yon. ■ SOUTH KOREA Lee Woo-shin; Han Sang-hoon, Kim Jin-han, Lee Ki-sup, Park Jin- young ■ LAOS K. Khounboline; W. J. Duckworth ■ MALAYSIA Malaysian Nature Society (BirdLife Partner); K. Kumar; G. Noramly, M. J. Kohler ■ MONGOLIA D. Batdelger; A. Bräunlich, N. Tseveenmyadag ■ MYANMAR Khin Ma Ma Thwin ■ NEPAL Bird Conservation Nepal (BirdLife Affiliate); H. S. Baral; C. Inskipp, T. P. Inskipp ■ PAKISTAN Ornithological Society of Pakistan (BirdLife Affiliate) ■ Haribon Foundation for Conservation of Natural Resources (BirdLife Partner); N. A. D. Mallari, B. R. Tabaranza, Jr. ■ RUSSIA Russian Bird Conservation Union (BirdLife Partner Designate); A. V. Andreev; A. G. Degtyarev, V. G. Degtyarev, V. A. Dugintsov, N. N. Gerasimov, Yu. N. Gerasimov, N. I. Germogenov, O. A. Goroshko, A. V. Kondrat’ev, Yu. V. Labutin, N. M. Litvinenko, Yu. N. Nazarov, V. A. Nechaev, V. I. Perfil’ev, R. V. Ryabtsev, Yu. V. Shibaev, S. G. Surmach, E. E. Tkachenko, O. P. Val’chuk, B. A. Voronov. ■ SINGAPORE The Nature Society (Singapore) (BirdLife Partner); Lim Kim Seng ■ SRI LANKA Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka (BirdLife Affiliate); S. Kotagama; S. Aryaprema, S. Corea, J. P. G. Jones, U. Fernando, R. Perera, M. Siriwardhane, K. Weerakoon ■ THAILAND Bird Conservation Society of Thailand (BirdLife Partner); U. Treesucon; R. Jugmongkol, V. Kongthong, P. Poonswad, P. D. Round, S. Supparatvikorn ■ VIETNAM BirdLife International Vietnam Country Programme; Nguyen Cu; J. C. Eames, A. W. Tordoff, Le Trong Trai, Nguyen Duc Tu.

With contributions from: S. H. M. Butchart, D. S. Butler (maps), P. Davidson, J. C. Lowen, G. C. L. Dutson, N. B. Peet, T. Vetta (maps), J. M. Villasper (maps), M. G. Wilson Recommended citation BirdLife International (2001) Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.

© 2001 BirdLife International Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1223 277318 Fax: +44 1223 277200 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.birdlife.net

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ISBN 0 946888 42 6 (Part A) ISBN 0 946888 43 4 (Part B) ISBN 0 946888 44 2 (Set)

British Library-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

First published 2001 by BirdLife International

Designed and produced by the NatureBureau, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury, Berkshire RG14 5SJ, United Kingdom

Available from the Natural History Book Service Ltd, 2–3 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN, UK. Tel: +44 1803 865913 Fax: +44 1803 865280 Email [email protected] Internet: www.nhbs.com/services/birdlife.html

The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. BROADBILL steerii

Critical — Endangered — Vulnerable A1c; A2c; C1; C2a

This species qualifies as Vulnerable because it has a small, seriously fragmented population and is declining rapidly as a result of lowland deforestation.

DISTRIBUTION The Mindanao (Wattled) Broadbill or Steere’s Broadbill (see Remarks 1) is endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs in two races on four main islands: mayri on Dinagat (plus the tiny island of Poneas midway to ), Siargao and Mindanao (excluding the Zamboanga Peninsula), and nominate steerii on plus the small offshore island of Malamaui, and the Zamboanga Peninsula on Mindanao. Lambert (1996) pointed out the apparent absence of records from the western part of southern Mindanao. On the other hand, the species seems very likely to occur on Bucas Grande island between Siargao and Mindanao. Records are from: ■ PHILIPPINES Dinagat Mt Kambinlio and Mt Redondo, Loreto, March and April 1972 (duPont and Rabor 1973b), with a specimen from Loreto, March 1900 (male in LACM); Plaridel, Albor, April 1972 (three specimens in DMNH); Poneas Dabo, July 1991 (two males in PNM); Siargao Vicente, Campo Nuevo, San Benito, December 1995 (BRT); Osmeña, Dapa, April 1972, and Antipolo, Numancia, May 1972 (seven specimens in AMNH, DMNH; also duPont and Rabor 1973b); Mindanao (eastern) Sibahay, Lanuza, , sea-level to 300 m, May 1963 (two specimens in USNM); Mt Hilong-hilong at Balangbalang, , 150–300 m, Siwod, 900–1,200 m, and Bondo-an, 450–750 m, April and May 1963 (37 specimens in DMNH, FMNH, UPLB, USNM, ZMH); Agay near Cabadbaran, , January 1952 (Salomonsen 1953) and March 1952 (specimen in ZMC); Mt Diwata, Diatagon, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, March 1976 (BRT); Limatok, Maguinda, Agusan del Norte, at 400–600 m, November–December 1976 (Sanguila and Tabaranza 1979); Sumile at 100–500 m, November– December 1976 (Sanguila and Tabaranza 1979); at the PICOP concession, 1983 (Krupa et al. 1984) and 1992–1997 (Evans et al. 1993a, B. Gee in litt. 1997, T. H. Fisher verbally 1997); Mt Mayo at Limot, Mati, 150–330 m, June and July 1965 (two specimens in USNM); (central) , November 1907 (McGregor 1909; male in FMNH); Malibato, Opol, 450– 600 m, December 1968 (male in DMNH); Manticao at Camp Dunque, March and April 1968 (specimen each in FMNH, USNM), Mahayahay, June 1968 (female in FMNH) and Mainit, May and June 1968 (six specimens in DMNH, FMNH, USNM); Tu-od, September 1951 (two specimens in ZMC: M. Heegaard in litt. 1989); Mt Kapiagan, Misamis Oriental, April and May 1963 (six specimens in PNM); Cabanglasan, Bukidnon, October 1951 (specimen in ZMC: M. Heegaard in litt. 1989); Mt Kitanglad, January 1952 (Salomonsen 1953); Tambo, Munai, Lanao del Norte, 600–750 m, July 1965 (female in USNM); Balintad, Munai, Lanao del Norte, May 1965 (two specimens in DMNH, UPLB); Davao, June and July 1889 (three specimens in MCML, RMNH; also Salomonsen 1953); Mt Apo at Mitondo, July 1997 (NADM, JMV); east slope of Mt McKinley, 900 m, August 1946 (three specimens in FMNH, PNM); Kibawalan, Malalag, Davao, 360–670 m, November 1963 and January 1964 (seven specimens in DMNH, UPLB, ZMH), February 1964 (two females in SUNSM), January 1965 (two males in UPLB); Mt Matutum at Kablon, Tupi, June 1966 (female in FMNH),

1887 Threatened birds of Asia with another specimen (male in AMNH) from Balisong, Kablon, Tupi, February 1962; Salot, Palkan, Potomolok, Cotabato, November and December 1962 (three specimens in PNM); Talagutong, Malita, Davao del Sur, sea-level to 300 m, January 1964 (female in USNM); Mt Tuduk at Tugal, Glan, 330–940 m, May 1966 (three specimens in FMNH, USNM), and at Datal-Bukay, Glan, May 1966 (male each in FMNH, UPLB, USNM); (western) Matam, Katipunan, May 1952 (six specimens in FMNH, MCZ and SUNSM); Mt Sugarloaf at Burakan Hill, April 1969 (two specimens in UMMZ), and Tandasag Hill, Diak, Midsalip,

LEYTE

1 DINAGAT 2 3 5 4 6 7 SIARGAO NEGROS 8 10 9 11 12 17 18 14 13 19 33 S U L U S E A 20 15 23 22 21 34 24

25 35 MINDANAO 26 36 27 16

37 39 28 38 40 BASILAN 29 30 31

CELEBA ES SE 32

S U L A W E S I S E A

The distribution of Mindanao Broadbill Eurylaimus steerii (sequence not as in text): (1) Mt Redondo; (2) Plaridel; (3) Mt Kambinlio; (4) Dabo; (5) Vicente; (6) Antipolo; (7) Osmeña; (8) Sibahay; (9) Mt Hilong-hilong; (10) Agay; (11) Butuan; (12) Sumile; (13) Mt Diwata; (14) Limatok; (15) Bislig; (16) Mt Mayo; (17) Mt Kapiagan; (18) Malibato; (19) Manticao; (20) Tu-od; (21) Cabanglasan; (22) Mt Kitanglad; (23) Tambo; (24) Balintad; (25) Davao; (26) Mt McKinley; (27) Mt Apo; (28) Kibawalan; (29) Mt Matutum; (30) Salot; (31) Talagutong; (32) Mt Tuduk; (33) Matam; (34) Mt Sugarloaf; (35) Baluno; (36) Ayala; (37) Malamaui; (38) Isabela; (39) Lamitan; (40) Maluso Historical (pre-1950) Fairly recent (1950–1979) Recent (1980–present) .

1888 Eurylaimus steerii

April–May 1969 (10 specimens in AMNH, FMNH, UMMZ, one labelled 750–900 m); Baluno, Zamboanga City, May and June 1993 (two specimens in PNM); Ayala, October and December 1887 and March 1898 (eight specimens in AMNH, BMNH, CM); Basilan Isabela, around November 1874 (Sharpe 1877), August and September 1891 (17 specimens in ANSP, CM, DMNH, MNHN, USNM and ZMB), April 1898 (two females in AMNH), and near Isabela, December 1906 to March 1907 (McGregor 1907a); Lamitan, March 1898 (male in AMNH); 15 km north-east of Maluso, April and May 1937 (Peters 1939); and Malamaui, a closely adjacent small island, February 1898 (two males in AMNH).

POPULATION On Basilan the original collector of the species only found it once, in a small flock of around seven (Sharpe 1877), but in 1906–1907 a “large series” was obtained (McGregor 1907a). The bird was fairly common (parties of up to six observed) on Dinagat and Siargao in 1972 (duPont and Rabor 1973b), and it probably now remains in low numbers on the latter island (BRT). It may be absent or at least scarce in the western part of southern Mindanao (Lambert 1996). It was fairly common in the lowland rainforest on Mt Diwata in 1976 (BRT). That it was at least until recently a moderately common bird can be gauged by the considerable number of specimens available to construct the Distribution account above, with three birds per day occasionally being collected. Overall, however, the Mindanao Broadbill gives the impression of being an uncommon and only patchily distributed species, possibly reflecting some habitat specialisation.

ECOLOGY Habitat The species frequents the under- and middle storeys of rainforest, i.e. original dipterocarp formations and adjacent or admixed secondary growth (Lambert 1996). It is usually found in “deep woods” (presumably the interior of primary forest) (e.g. Sharpe 1877), and was once recorded in a swamp (F. S. Bourns and D. C. Worcester in McGregor 1909–1910); Gonzales and Rees (1988) indicated its habitat as mangrove areas, secondary growth and primary forests. It is a lowland bird: the highest elevation recorded under Distribution is 1,200 m, and even this seems exceptional, the norm being well under 1,000 m. On Dinagat and Siargao, although occasionally found in 6–7 m high scrub forest growing on dry rocky substrates in exposed hills, the species was usually found inside dense patches of remnant original dipterocarp forest and in mixed dipterocarp and secondary forest, generally occupying the lowest level (“third story”) of vegetation (low trees, shrubs and bushes) within typical dipterocarp forest, with occasional sightings in scrub forest (duPont and Rabor 1973b). On Mindanao, birds have been recorded in lowland secondary forest close to pristine riverine forest (Evans et al. 1993a). Food The flock from which the type material was collected was feeding on fruit (Sharpe 1877), but the label of the male from Mt McKinley (in FMNH) is inscribed “follows flycatcher jumping from branch to branch chasing insects”, and birds were seen catching insects and beating them on a limb before swallowing (F. S. Bourns and D. C. Worcester in McGregor 1909–1910). Groups of up to six birds observed on Dinagat and Siargao would perch motionless on lower branches of the understorey, individual birds occasionally sallying after an insect, the group itself making slow progress through the forest (duPont and Rabor 1973b). An attribution of gleaning behaviour by Lambert (1996) cannot be traced, but a male in AMNH is labelled as having eaten beetles, which may more probably have been taken from a surface (possibly the ground) rather than in the air. Breeding Generally the evidence points to a main period of breeding activity in April– May. Thus two females from Mt Hilong-hilong, April, were in breeding condition, one being about to lay, and a male and female from Mainit, May, were also sexually developed (FMNH, USNM label data); a female from Zamboanga, May, was breeding (MCZ label data); a female on Basilan had an egg in its oviduct, May (Dickinson et al. 1991). Two juvenile males (in USNM) were collected on Basilan in August. However, there are specimens which suggest

1889 Threatened birds of Asia that the season may be less clear-cut and more variable, although the ages of the birds in question are difficult to gauge: there is an immature male (in DMNH) from Malibato, December, and well-grown immatures collected at Mt Hilong-hilong in April (USNM), at Ayala in December (USNM), and in Davao in January (USNM); there is also a half-grown juvenile (in DMNH) from Siargao, April, and an immature male (in FMNH) from Matam, May. The nest (in an account lumping this species with E. samarensis) is “large, elaborate [and] shaped like a hanging purse” (Gonzales and Rees 1988). Migration It is not known if this broadbill makes any seasonal movements.

THREATS Clearance of forest within the elevational range of the species on Mindanao and Dinagat (where chromite mining is a particular threat) has been substantial in recent years (BRT), as it has over longer periods on Basilan and Malamaui (D. Allen verbally 1997). The deliberate conflagration of forests on Mindanao—associated with insurgency—is a problem, particularly on the Zamboanga Peninsula (D. Allen verbally 1997), while at Bislig good primary forest is being clear-felled (under the PICOP logging concession) and the land planted with exotic trees for paper production (B. Gee in litt. 1997; also Caufield 1983).

MEASURES TAKEN The species is known from three CPPAP sites (Mts Kitanglad and Apo Natural Parks on Mindanao; Siargao Island; see Appendix). Mt Matutum (another “key site”) receives FPE funding for conservation-related activities. (the relevant “key site” being Kambinlio/Redondo) has been proposed for FPE funding (see Appendix). Some protection may be afforded by the watershed reserve at Mt Hilong-hilong.

MEASURES PROPOSED Apart from the areas targeted for conservation above, the species is known from five “key sites” (Mts Diwata, Dapiak, Sugarloaf and Mayo on Mindanao; Central Basilan; see Appendix) and these deserve further survey and, at least in part, formal designation under the NIPAS process. Field surveys are urgently needed to determine the bird’s current status in many of these areas. A conservation strategy for the threatened forest birds of Mindanao should incorporate the requirements of several threatened species reliant on primary lowland habitat in Mindanao and its satellites (see equivalent section under Blue-capped Kingfisher Actenoides hombroni). The species may well prove rather sedentary, like other broadbills (see Lambert 1996), and if so it would make an excellent target for a biological study, using marked birds taken in mist-nets, to determine the significant components of its ecology and annual cycle. Its reported use of bears further investigation, if this habitat survives within its range.

REMARKS (1) The name Eurylaimus steerii (and its common vernacular equivalent, “Wattled Broadbill”) is usually extended to cover the broadbills on the islands of , and Bohol (thus in Collar et al. 1994), but there are differences in size and coloration between the birds on these three islands and those to the south, such that Lambert (1996), overturning the opinion of Delacour and Mayr (1945b), judged them to merit specific separation: Eurylaimus samarensis is generally smaller, and has a mottled grey (not white) nuchal collar, purple (not dark grey) mantle, and white-and-lilac (not white-and-yellow) wing-bar. It is worth noting, however, that the two forms share a distinctness from other members of the genus Eurylaimus and might better be returned to the (endemic Philippine) genus established for one of them, Sarcophanops (Lambert 1996).

1890