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Clst 450 Citation and Style Guide STYLE GUIDE: CLST 450 Winter 2017 CLST 450 CITATION AND STYLE GUIDE The Writing Proficiency (WP) credit designation carries certain requirements and expectations, among which one finds the following statement: In writing proficiency courses, students learn the writing style and conventions of their disciplines, as well as the techniques for integrating evidence into scholarly papers. Every academic discipline has its own writing style and conventions. English, for example, tends to follow the MLA (Modern Language Association) style, while History follows the Chicago or Turabian style, and Biology follows the CBE Manual. Different classical journals and associations use different styles: the main American association, the Society for Classical Studies (formerly the American Philological Association), publishes the Transactions of the American Philological Association (TAPA) and with it the TAPA Style Guide. This course will follow the style and conventions of the TAPA style; this document outlines important points of that style and gives a few other pointers on good academic prose. Two appendices give you a wealth of abbreviations that you may wish to use. Primary and Secondary Sources Primary sources are ancient texts (speeches, histories, dialogues, plays, verses, novels, inscriptions, etc.). They were written in Latin and ancient Greek by ancient Romans and ancient Greeks who lived in antiquity and have been dead for a long time now. Secondary sources are modern scholarly works (articles, chapters, and monographs) written about ancient texts and the ancient world. Secondary sources interpret primary sources. You want to use recently written secondary sources so that you take the current state of scholarship into consideration: a paper full of references to books written in the seventies will come across as stale and out of touch with modern academic thought. The authors of your secondary sources should still be alive for the most part: try to stick to the twenty-first century as much as possible. Tertiary sources are compiled from primary and secondary sources. Timelines and encyclopedia entries are tertiary sources. You would never cite a tertiary source in a paper, since they do not provide an in-depth examination of any subject. When writing a research paper in classics, you write about primary sources by making arguments that also build upon or refute secondary sources. For example, you might write a paper about Vergil’s Aeneid (a primary source). In that paper, you would refer to scholarly articles and books (secondary sources) written recently about Vergil’s Aeneid, and you would draw upon those secondary sources when making arguments about how to interpret the primary source. In general, you will want to quote and discuss primary sources, but paraphrase or just briefly mention and discuss secondary sources. !1 STYLE GUIDE: CLST 450 Winter 2017 Citations Classicists now prefer inline citations over footnotes. When giving a simple reference to one text, whether primary or secondary, do not add a footnote, but use the appropriate format from the sections “Parenthetical Citation: Primary Sources” or “Parenthetical Citation: Secondary Sources” below. You will cite your primary and secondary sources differently: you may be used to the format for secondary sources, but the bewildering variety of formats for primary sources is a sin peculiar to classical studies. Inline Citation: Primary Sources You should quote or cite passages from primary sources to provide evidence for your arguments. Give the quotation in English enclosed in double quotation marks (remember to put periods or commas inside quotation marks but colons and semicolons outside them); then, in parentheses, cite the source according to the directions below. See the bottom of this section for directions on paraphrasing instead of quoting primary sources. Classical texts each have their own systems of divisions. Scholars use these as a standard form of citation; do not refer to page numbers of translations of primary sources. Each translation will have different pagination, but the standard citation format for the original text always remains constant: something in Plato Gorgias 447b, regardless of the translation you use, will always be found in a section labelled “447b,” although it will occur on a different page in each different translation and sometimes in different editions of the same translation. So, use the standard section numbering for each author, as outlined below. Furthermore, classicists also abbreviate authors’ names and titles of works in citations. You can find the standard abbreviations in the first Appendix to this style guide. Citations with abbreviated author and title names do not require any commas, just periods. IMPORTANT: Abbreviate the author’s name in citations; spell out the author’s name if you use it in a sentence, but abbreviate it if it belongs to the citation only. “Lucian wrote many works about cheese,” but, “Menippus even speaks with Cerberus (Luc. Dial. mort. 21).” The same applies to titles of books: abbreviate titles in citations, but write them out fully in a sentence. Stephanus pagination — When referring to Plato or Plutarch, use the title of the work and its Stephanus pagination, which consists of two elements: a number and a lowercase letter between “a” and “e.” No space falls between the number and letter. The Stephanus number- letter combination should be written out in the margin of your text. For example, if you wanted to refer to the opening sentence of Plato’s Gorgias, you would look to the margin and find 447a written. The next section is 447b, then 447c, and so on until 447e, which comes before 448a; the final sentence of the Gorgias falls in section 527e. When you cite Plato or Plutarch, give the author, title, a space, and the Stephanus number-letter combination. First sentence of Gorgias: Pl. Grg. 447a. Last sentence of Gorgias: Pl. Grg. 527e. Plato, Timæus Pl. Ti. Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus Plut. Lyc. Bekker numbering — This is like Stephanus pagination, but for Aristotle. For example, the Nicomachean Ethics begin in section 1094a, so you would cite: Arist. Eth. Nic. 1094a. !2 STYLE GUIDE: CLST 450 Winter 2017 Other Systems — Each primary source has its own traditional system of citation. These will be relevant to your interests this quarter: Apollodorus (Apollod.) — Some question whether the Bibliotheca (Bibl.) really belongs to Apollodorus (second century BC) or instead to an unknown author of the first or second century AD, but the work remains traditionally ascribed to him. The Bibliotheca comprises three books; the Epitome (Epit.) presents in digest form seven more sections that likely made up a fourth book. Apollodorus Bibl. 3.12.3 tells how the Palladium came to Troy. Telegonus arms himself with a spear fashioned from a sting-ray (Apollod. Epit. 7.36). Dares the Phrygian — Whoever (likely in the fifth century AD) wrote the De excidio Trojæ historia chose for himself the pseudonym of Dares, a Trojan priest mentioned in Homer’s Iliad. Few classicists read this author, so neither his name nor that of his work has a standard abbreviation. Luckily, since the De excidio Trojæ historia is the only work attributed to Dares, there is no need to mention the title in a citation, only the section number. Dares 44 claims to have written in Greek. Æneas had red hair and black eyes (Dares 12). Dictys of Crete — The six-book Ephemeris belli Τrojani seems to be a fourth century AD Latin translation of an earlier Greek work. As with Dares, neither Dictys nor his work has a standard abbreviation, but there is also no need to mention the title in any citation, since only this work is attributed to Dictys. Include the book number and section number. Dictys 2.7 claims that Agamemnon held Menelaus responsible for the sacrifice of Iphigenia. Philoctetes had not fully recovered but “was still rather sick and walked with difficulty” (Dictys 2.47). Euripides (Eur.) —The third of the three great Athenian tragedians, Euripides wrote the Hecuba (Hec.), the Helen (Hel.), and the Trojan Women (Tro.). Give the play and line number. Gorgias (Gorg.) — Gorgias of Leontini (483–376 BC) was a sophist. Of what survives of his work, we shall read the Praise of Helen (Hel.) and the Defense of Palamedes (Pal.). Each work has numbered sections. Gorgias Hel. 4 says that Helen possessed “godlike beauty.” Palamedes defines himself in terms of parents, friends, ancestors, religion, and country (Gorg. Pal. 19). Guido de Columnis — Guido delle Colonne was a thirteenth century judge in Sicily; in his spare time, he wrote a Historia destructionis Trojæ. Neither the author nor the work has a standard abbreviation. There also is no standard for section numbering, unfortunately: use the book and line numbers given in Meek 1974. Medea too is a battleground, but one of emotions: “Love and shame were at war within her” (de Columnis 2.306). !3 STYLE GUIDE: CLST 450 Winter 2017 Herodotus (Hdt.) — Herodotus, the first historian, lived in the fifth century BC. Since his only work was the Histories, you do not need to include the title in citations. Give the book number and section number. The Persians and Phœnicians told different stories of Helen’s abduction (Hdt. 1.5). Homer (Hom.) — The Iliad (Il.) and Odyssey (Od.) have twenty-four books each, and the books contain many lines. Refer to the book number PERIOD verse: “Sing, goddess, the wrath of Achilles” (Hom. Il. 1.1) “Tell me, Muse, about the man…” (Hom. Od. 1.1) Ovid (Ov.) — Ovid (43 BC – 17 AD) seems to have begun publishing shortly after Vergil’s death. Of his many works, we are reading the Heroides (Her.), which consists of 21 letters, and the Metamorphoses (Met.) in fifteen books. Give the letter or book number and the line number. The theme of “dying well” recurs in Medea’s letter to Jason: tum potui Medea mori bene (Ov.
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