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Extended Lunar Orbital Rendezvous Mission

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Extended Lunar Orbital Rendezvous Mission https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19690008396 2020-03-12T07:18:05+00:00Z SD 68-850-1 Extended Lunar Orbital Rendezvous Mission VOLUME I - TECHNICAL ANALYSIS SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION S D m850- 1 A STUDY OF AN EXTENDED LUNAR ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS MISSION (ELOR) FINAL REPORT Volume 1 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS January 1969 ~ Contract NAS2-4942 Prepared by Study Manager SPACE DIVISION NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION FORE WORD This is Volume I of a three-volume report recording the results of a study of the Application of Data Derived under a Study of Space Mission Dura- tion Extension Problems to an Extended Lunar Orbital Rendezvous Mission, hereafter referred to as ELOR. The titles of the three volumes are as follows : Volume I Technical Analysis Volume I1 Supplemental Data Volume I11 Summary of Results This document contains a description of the technical analysis of the ELOR mission. The analysis was performed by the Systems Engineering Management Department of the Space Division, of the North American Rock- well Corporation. The study was performed for the Mission Analysis Division of the Office of Advance Research and Technology (OART), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, under Contract NAS2-4942. The work was performed under the direction of Roy B. Carpenter, Jr., the Study Manager. Substantial contributions were made to this study by the following subcontractors and personnel thereof, who provided the data at no cost to either this study or the earlier baseline study: 1. A. C. Electronics A1 Lobinstine . 2. Aerojet Generai* C. Teague 3. Air Research Division of Garrett Corp. Joe Riley 4. Allis Chalmers* John Hallenbeck 5. Allison Division of G. M. 9J J.C. Schmid 6. Bell Aerospace Systems* T. P. Glynn *Data supplied for baseline study. SD 68-850-1 SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION 7. Collins Radio R. Albinger 8. Dalmo Victor Gorp.* R.L. Straley 9. Eagle Pitcher Corp. Jeff Willson 10. General Time Gorp.*< Fred Schultz 11. Grumman Aircraft Corp. **< Hart Wagoner 12. Hamilton Standard Div. of UAC R. Gredorie 13. Honeywell Corp. Jerry Mullarky 14. ITT Industrial Prod. R. L. Weir 15. Marquardt Corp. 96 J.B. Gibbs 16. Motorola Corp Bill Crook 17. Northrop -Ventura T. Kanacke 18. Pratt and Whitney Div. of UAC Jay Steadman 19. Raytheon Mfg. Co. *< H.A. Prindle 20. RCA Corp (Camden and Burlington) J. Heavey/S. Holt 2 1. Radiation Inc. Wally Adams 22. Simmonds Precision Prod. zc W.E. Nelson 23. Westinghouse Corp. C . W. Chandler The study was based on data derived from the baseline study, a company-funded effort, documented under NASA Contract NAS2-4214, and from the mission systems design derived by the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company (LMSC) under Contract NAS8-21006. *Data supplied for baseline study. -Work funded under NAS 9-6608 - iv - SD 68-850-1 SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION CONTENTS Section Page ILLUSTRATIONS vii TABLES . xi GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS . xv 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose and Objectives . 2 1.3 Study Approach . 3 1.4 Ground Rules and Assumptions . 5 2 MISSION REQUIREMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS 9 2. 1 ELOR Mission Description . 9 2.2 Mission Timeline . 24 2. 3 Mission System Functional Requirements 24 2.4 System Functional Duty Cycle Estimates 42 2. 5 Quiescent Mode Operations . 42 2.6 Mission Success/Crew Safety and Abort Criteria . 47 2. 7 System Function Downtime Constraints 48 2. 8 Environmental Factors . 59 3 ELOR MISSION SYSTEM . 63 3. 1 Design Approach . 63 3. 2 Command Module Configuration . 63 3. 3 Service Module Configuration . 72 3.4 LM Ascent Stage . 72 3. 5 LM Descent Stage . 75 3.6 Lunar Shelter Interface . 76 4 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS , 85 ' 4. 1 Command Module Systems . 85 4.2 Service Module Systems . 161 4. 3 Lunar Module Ascent Stage Systems . 201 4.4 Lunar Module Descent Stage Systems . 253 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 277 5. 1 ELOR Mission Capability . 277 5.2 Mission System Weight Inferences . 286 5.3, Maintenance and Repair (M&R) Requirements and Ramifications e . 286 5.4 Development Requirements and Constraints . 289 5.5 Conclusions 291- REFERENCES 0 . I . 293 -v- SD 68-850-1 SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1-1 Study Logic, ELOR 4 1-2 Logic for Availability Analysis . 6 1-3 Identifying Crew-Sensitive Functions and Elements . 7 2-1 Apollo/ELOR Design Reference Mission Plan . 10 2-2 Functional Flow Logic, Top-Level Lunar Exploration Missions 12 2-3 Second-Level Functional Flow, 6.0 - Perform Lunar Area Operations , 13 2-4 Third-Level Functional Flow, 6.8 - CSM Unattended Operations . 15 2 -5 Third-Level Functional Flow, 6. 10 - Perform LM Storage Operations . 16 2-6 Third- Level Functional Flow, 6.11 - Conduct Lunar Base Operations . 17 2-7 Third-Level Functional Flow, 6. 18 - Transfer Crew to CSM . 19 2-8 Third-Level Functional Flow, 6. 19 - CSM Departure Preparations e 23 2- 9 Space Mission Maintenance Activities and Considerations ’ 25 2-10 Top-Level Timeline, ELOR Mission . 27 2-11 Second-Level Timeline, CSM Lunar Area Operations, ELOR Mission . 28 2- 12 Second-Level Timeline, LEM Lunar Area Operations, ELOR Mission . t 29 2-13 Effects of Dormancy Concept on the Probability of Safe Return, No Maintenance or Repair . , 46 2-14 Cabin Depressurization/Pressurization Rates, Apollo CSM . I 53 2-15 Carbon Dioxide Concentration as a Function of Removal Function Downtime . 56 3-1 Recommended ELOR Spacecraft Configuration as Modified from Apollo Block I1 (SD RTG Concept) . 65 3-2 Recommended ELOR Commaad Module Modifications (SD RTG Concept) . 67 3-3 Modification for Alternate ELOR Apollo SM (Fuel Cell Concept ) 75 - vii - SD 68-850-1 SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION Figure Page 3-4 G ener a1 Arrangement, Three-Man, Ninety- Day Lunar Module . 77 3-5 Inboard Profile, Three-Man, Ninety-Day Lunar Module 79 4- 1 CSM Electrical Power System Block Diagram, Functional Level . 87 4- 2 EPS Crew Safe-Return Logic . 91 4-3 Apollo CSM Environmental Control System for ELOR . 94 4-4 Reliability Diagram for Apollo ECS in Semiactive Status for Ninety-Day Unmanned ELOR . 103 4-5 G&N AV Modes 106 4-6 G&N Earth Entry Mode . 107 4-7 Proposed ELOR Stabilization System (ESS), Dormant Mode Only , 118 4- 8 Proposed ELOR Sun Sensor, Location, and Characteristics . 119 4-9 ELOR Quiescent-Phase Stability Control Reliability Logic . 121 4-10 Modified ESS and Resulting Reliability Logic . 122 4-11 Baseline ELOR Communications and Data Subsystem . 133 4-12 Baseline ELOR C&D Subsystem Reliability Logic Diagram 138 4-13 Up-Data Link, Function Requirements . 144 4-14 Reliability Tree, Up-Data Link . 147 4-15 Central Timing Equipment, Functional Block Diagram 149 4-16 Estimated CSM Power Requirements in Lunar Orbit (LMSC Estimates) . 162 4-17 Electrical Power Plant System (EPP) Schematic With SM EPS Radiator Cooling . 164 4-18 PC8B- 1 Cell Schematic 165 4-19 Bootstrap Start Data for PC8B-1 Power Plant 169 4-20 Reaction Control System Schematic, Service Module (SM RCS) . 175 4-21 Positive Expulsion Tank Assembly . 176 4-22 Positive Expulsion Tankage, Functional Block Diagram 177 4-23 Reaction Control Engine Reliability as a Function of Usage . 179 4-24 Service Module Reaction Control Quad Reliability Logic 182 4-25 Command / Service Module Propulsion System Schematic 184 4- 26 Reliability Logic Diagrams for Engine Start and Steady- State Operations . 185 4-27 Reliability Logic Diagram for Engine Shutdown Operations and Cost Periods 186 4-28 Reliability Logic, Propellant Gaging Function 191 - viii - SD 68-850-1 SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION Figure Page 4-29 Antenna Subsystem (DSA), Reliability Logic for Full-Time Operation . 194 4-30 ELOR Mission LM ECS Flow Diagram . 205 4-31 Environmental Contr ol Subsystem, Atmosphere Revitalization Section , , 207 4- 32 RTG Heat Pipe . 210 4-33 Vehicle Thermal Profile, Storage Phase . , 211 4-34 Reliab il it y Log ic D ia g r am, LM - E CS , Heat - T r ansp ort Loop Modified for ELOR . 214 4- 35 Primary Guidance and Navigation Subsystem Block Diagram. 217 4-36 Apollo LM Communications Functional Diagram . 227 4- 37 Proposed LM CSS Configuration and Interfaces for ELOR Mission (Preliminary) . 231 4-38 LM Vehicle Quiescent-Phase Checkout Configuration , . 235 4-39 LM/CM Command/Data Link . 238 4-40 Typical Thermal Shield Support A/S Cabin , 248 4-41 Three-Man, Ninety-Day LM Quiescent-Storage Power Profile for One Lunation (28 Days), RTG/Battery Configuration * 257 4-42 Three-Man, Ninety-Day LM Stored Energy Requirement Versus RTG Output Power . 258 4-43 SNAP-27 Power Supply . 259 4-44 G enerat or, Heat -Receiver Configuration . 262 4-45 Proposed LM Quiescent-State Solar Array . 264 4-46 Candidate Descent Propulsion Tank Designs . 269 4-47 Tank Feed Line Modification . * 270 4-48 Tank Helium Line Modification . * 271 5- 1 Assessing ELOR Mission Safety , * 272 5 -2 ELOR Mission Safe Return as Affected by Design Concept and Stay-Time . 285 5-3 ELOR Vehicle Development Program 290 - ix - SD 68-850-1 SPACE DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION TABLES Table Page 2-1 New Mission Functional Requirements 30 2 -2 CSM System Functional Requirements, Ninty-Day Storage in Lunar Orbit 32 2-3 LM System Functional Requirements Ninety-Day Storage on Lunar Surface . 33 2 -4 Lunar Shelter Functions, CSM and LM for ELOR 34 2 -5 CSM Function Duty Cycle Estimates, Operating Time in Hours 36 2-6 LM System Function Duty Cycle Estimates, Operating Time in Hours , 43 2 -7 Abort Criteria, CSM Dormant in Lunar Orbit 49 2 -8 Orbit Criteria, LM Stored on Lunar Surface .
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