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Etude Des Possibilites D'exploitation Des UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ------------------------------------------------- DOMAINE : SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES ------------------------------------------------ ECOLE DOCTORALE : SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT THESE DE DOCTORAT Spécialité : Biodiversité et Santé (Biochimie) ETUDE DES POSSIBILITES D’EXPLOITATION DES PROPRIETES TOXIQUES DES GRAINES DE Dodonaea madagascariensis RADLK. (SAPINDACEAE) DANS LE CONTRÔLE DES ORGANISMES NUISIBLES Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : RAZANATSEHENO Mihajasoa Stella Titulaire du DEA de Biochimie Appliquée aux Sciences Médicales Le 12 Décembre 2017 Devant le jury composé de : Président : Pr. RALAMBORANTO Laurence Rapporteur interne : Pr. RAZANAMPARANY Julia Louisette Rapporteur externe : Pr. ANDRIANASOLO Radonirina Lazasoa Examinateurs : Pr. RAKOTO Danielle Aurore Doll : Pr. RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna Directeur de thèse : Pr JEANNODA Victor Louis DEDICACE A mes parents, que ce travail soit un témoignage de ma reconnaissance pour votre affection et vos sacrifices. Je vous adresse ma profonde gratitude pour votre dévouement, vos encouragements et votre patience tout au long de mes études. A mon frère, je lui souhaite joie et réussite dans tout ce qu’il entreprendra. A toute ma famille. A tous mes collègues pour l’entraide qui n’a pas été vaine. A tous ceux qui me sont chers… Je remercie le plus Dieu qui m’a donné la force, la santé et le courage pour la réalisation de ce mémoire. TABLE DES MATIERES Pages TABLE DES MATIERES ........................................................................................................... i REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................... vi GLOSSAIRE ................................................................................................................................ viii LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... x LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................................ xii LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................... xiii INTRODUCTION GENERALE ................................................................................................. 1 CHAPITRE 1 : SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE......................................................... 4 1.1. UTILISATIONS DES PHYTOTOXINES .................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Utilisations empiriques des phytotoxines .............................................................. 4 1.1.2. Les phytotoxines dans l’exploration, l’élucidation de phénomènes biologiques 5 1.1.3. Les plantes toxiques pouvant etre exploitées comme altérnatives aux pesticides de synthèse ................................................................................................................ 6 1.1.4. Les phytotoxines utilisées dans le traitement de diverses pathologies ................ 8 1.2. DONNEES SUR LES ESPECES DE Dodonaea .......................................................... 9 1.2.1. Description botanique et répartition géographique ............................................. 9 1.2.2. Importance des Dodonaea ....................................................................................... 10 1.2.2.1. Importance économique et écologique ............................................................... 10 1.2.2.2. Usages thérapeutiques ........................................................................................ 10 1.2.2.3. Propriétes pharmacologiques ............................................................................. 13 1.2.2.4. Propriétés biologiques ........................................................................................ 13 1.2.2.4.1. Propriétés insecticides ................................................................................... 13 1.2.2.4.2. Pouvoir antimicrobien ................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2.4.3. Cytotoxicité envers les lignées cellulaires cancéreuses ....................................... 14 1.2.2.4.4. Activité allélopathique ................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2.4.5. Propriétés molluscicides ............................................................................................... 15 1.2.2.4.6. Pouvoir hémolytique ...................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2.4.7. Autres propriétés toxiques ............................................................................................ 15 1.2.3. Travaux phytochimiques antérieurs relatifs au genre Dodonaea........................ 15 1.3. GENERALITES SUR LES SAPONOSIDES .............................................................. 17 1.3.1. Définition .................................................................................................................. 17 1.3.2. Structure des saponosides ....................................................................................... 17 1.3.2.1. Structure des génines .......................................................................................... 17 1.3.2.1.1. Saponosides à génines stéroïdiques ............................................................... 18 1.3.2.1.2. Saponosides à génines triterpéniques ............................................................ 18 1.3.2.1.3. Les alcaloïdes stéroïdiques ............................................................................ 18 1.3.2.2. Structure de l’aglycone ....................................................................................... 18 1.3.3. Propriétes des saponines et leurs utilisations ........................................................ 18 i Pages CHAPITRE 2 : ETUDE CHIMIQUE ................................................................................ 20 2.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2. MATERIELS ET METHODES .................................................................................... 20 2.2.1. La plante utilisée ...................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1.1. Position systématique ......................................................................................... 20 2.2.1.2. Description botanique ........................................................................................ 20 2.2.1.3. Récolte et préparation du matériel végétal ......................................................... 22 2.2.1.4. Utilisations empiriques ....................................................................................... 22 2.2.2. Les consommables de laboratoire .......................................................................... 22 2.2.3. Méthode d’extraction .............................................................................................. 23 2.2.3.1. Préparation des extraits ...................................................................................... 23 2.2.3.2. Extraction des saponosides ................................................................................. 23 2.2.4. Méthodes de purification ........................................................................................ 23 2.2.4.1. Fractionnement par le n-butanol (extraction liquide-liquide) ............................ 23 2.2.4.2. Chromatographie sur colonne ............................................................................ 24 2.2.4.2.1. Chromatographie d’exclusion sur Sephadex LH-20 ..................................... 24 2.2.4.2.2. Chromatographie sur colonne de silice ......................................................... 24 2.2.5. Calcul du rendement d’extraction/ purification ................................................... 25 2.2.6. Méthode analytique : Chromatographie sur Couche Mince………………….... 25 2.2.7. Réactions de détection des familles chimiques ...................................................... 25 2.2.7.1. Détection des anthraquinones : tests de Borntrager ........................................... 25 2.2.7.2. Détection des triterpènes, stéroïdes et stérols insaturés ..................................... 26 2.2.7.2.1. Test de Lieberman-burchard .......................................................................... 26 2.2.7.2.2. Test de Salkowski ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.7.3. Détection des composés phénoliques : flavonoïdes, leucoanthocyanes, tanins et polyphénols .................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.7.3.1. Détection des flavonoïdes : test de Willstatter ............................................... 26 2.2.7.3.2. Détection des leucoanthocyanes : test de Bate-Smith ................................... 27 2.2.7.3.3. Détection des tanins et des polyphénols ........................................................ 27 2.2.7.3.3.1. Test à la gélatine ............................................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.7.3.3.2. Test à la gélatine salée .................................................................................................................................
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