Biologically-Inspired Systems Tetsuo Asakura Thomas Miller Editors Biotechnology of Silk i Biologically-Inspired Systems Volume 5 Series Editors Prof. Dr. Stanislav N. Gorb, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany Dr. Adam P. Summers, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8430 Tetsuo Asakura • Thomas Miller Editors Biotechnology of Silk 123 Editors Tetsuo Asakura Thomas Miller Department of Biotechnology Department of Entomology Tokyo University of Agriculture University of California – Riverside and Technology Riverside, CA Koganei, Tokyo USA Japan ISSN 2211-0593 ISSN 2211-0607 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-7118-5 ISBN 978-94-007-7119-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7119-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013951649 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Silks continue to attract attention of researchers in biology, biochemistry, bio- physics, analytical chemistry, polymer technology, textile technology and tissue engineering. Increase in the number of papers in spider silk research is remarkable today. Advances in silk research provide many new insights into silk proteins and the properties. This book is a snapshot of the current state of the art of research and development on the properties and characteristics of silk and their use in medicine and industry. The field encompasses backyard silk production from ancient time to industrial methods in the modern era and includes an example of efforts to maintain silk production in Madagascar. Once revered as worth its weight in gold, silk has captured the imagination from its mythical origins onwards. The latest methods in molecular biology have opened new descriptions of the underlying properties of silk. Advances in technological innovation have created silk production by microbes as the latest breakthrough in the saga of silk research and development. The application of silk to biomaterials is now very active on the basis of excellent properties of silks including recombinant silks. We thank the authors for their contributions. Thanks are also to Elisabete Machado, Editorial Assistant Springer Science C Business Media B.V. Life Sciences. Department of Biotechnology Tetsuo Asakura Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Koganei, Tokyo, Japan Department of Entomology Thomas Miller University of California-Riverside Riverside, CA, USA v Structure and function of biological systems as inspiration for technical developments Throughout evolution, organisms have evolved an immense variety of materials, structures, and systems. This book series deals with topics related to structure- function relationships in diverse biological systems and shows how knowledge from biology can be used for technical developments (bio-inspiration, biomimetics). vii Contents 1 Wild Silk Production to Support Farmers Excluded from Protected Areas in Madagascar .................................... 1 Robert S. Weber and Catherine L. Craig 2 Evolutionary Divergence of Lepidopteran and Trichopteran Fibroins................................................. 25 Kenji Yukuhiro, Hideki Sezutsu, and Naoyuki Yonemura 3 The Silk I and Lamella Structures of (Ala-Gly)15 as the Model of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Studied with Solid State NMR................................................................... 49 Tetsuo Asakura, Yu Suzuki, and Yasumoto Nakazawa 4 Application of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin as a Biomaterial for Vascular Grafts ......................................................... 69 Derya Aytemiz and Tetsuo Asakura 5 Evolution and Application of Coiled Coil Silks from Insects .......... 87 Tsunenori Kameda, Andrew A. Walker, and Tara D. Sutherland 6 Characterization of Underwater Silk Proteins from Caddisfly Larva, Stenopsyche marmorata ......................... 107 Kousaku Ohkawa, Takaomi Nomura, Ryoichi Arai, Koji Abe, Masuhiro Tsukada, and Kimio Hirabayashi 7 Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Silk from Spider Draglines, Capture-Web Spirals, and Silkworms ........ 123 Helen Greenwood Hansma ix x Contents 8 Modular Spider Silk Fibers: Defining New Modules and Optimizing Fiber Properties ......................................... 137 Michael B. Hinman, Florence Teule,´ David Perry, Bo An, Sherry Adrianos, Amy Albertson, and Randy Lewis 9 How to Pass the Gap – Functional Morphology and Biomechanics of Spider Bridging Threads ......................... 165 Jonas O. Wolff, Jutta M. Schneider, and Stanislav N. Gorb 10 The Power of Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins ....................... 179 Stefanie Wohlrab, Christopher Thamm, and Thomas Scheibel 11 Prey Capture Adhesives Produced by Orb-Weaving Spiders ......... 203 Vasav Sahni, Ali Dhinojwala, Brent D. Opell, and Todd A. Blackledge 12 Silk and Web Synergy: The Merging of Material and Structural Performance............................................... 219 Steven W. Cranford, Nicola M. Pugno, and Markus J. Buehler Index ............................................................................... 269 Chapter 1 Wild Silk Production to Support Farmers Excluded from Protected Areas in Madagascar Robert S. Weber and Catherine L. Craig Abstract To design a project to meet the economic needs of farmers whose livelihoods have been restricted by formation of protected areas, we modeled the potential of wild silk production to generate income while adding value to adjacent forest and agricultural zones. We project that farmers who plant 250 silkworm host plants can produce 10,000 cocoons per year and earn a median added income of 125–275 USD per year, depending on the type of silk moth reared. Income returns can increase to a median of 480 USD/household/year when other household members produce yarn and textile. Our projections for added income exceed a recent estimate for how much farmers, who have been economically displaced from the Makira Protected Area, need to maintain a subsistence lifestyle. Our findings suggest that wild silk could provide incremental income that invests local communities in forest protection and allows farmers to establish a legacy for their children. We propose that entrepreneurial approaches, such as the wild silk project described here, could be a component of an effective livelihood strategy for biodiversity conservation in areas where programs based on payments for ecosystem services cannot be effectively implemented due to extreme poverty, lack of economic infrastructure and/or political instability. Keywords Poverty alleviation • Silk • Enterprise • Madagascar • PES (Payments for Ecosystem Services) • REDD (Reduction in Emissions due Deforestation and Degradation) • Antherina suraka • Borocera madagascariensis R.S. Weber () Conservation Through Poverty Alleviation, International, 221 Lincoln Road, Lincoln, Massachusetts 01773, USA e-mail: [email protected] C.L. Craig Conservation Through Poverty Alleviation, International, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA T. Asakura and T. Miller (eds.), Biotechnology of Silk, Biologically-Inspired Systems 5, 1 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7119-2 1, © Springer ScienceCBusiness Media Dordrecht 2014 2 R.S. Weber and C.L. Craig 1.1 Introduction Madagascar is the 13th most impoverished country in the world according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (Alkire and Santos 2010) and 80 % of its population is engaged in subsistence agriculture (Kistler and Spack 2003). The predominant agricultural practice is tavy or swidden (Andriambolantsoa et al. 2007). Despite the fact that only about 16 % of Madagascar remains forested, deforestation continues. For example, between 1990