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WHAT ABOUT the WILD ANIMALS? Wild Animal Species in Community Forestry in the Tropics

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WHAT ABOUT the WILD ANIMALS? Wild Animal Species in Community Forestry in the Tropics COMMUNITY FORESTRY NOTE 13 WHAT ABOUT THE WILD ANIMALS? Wild animal species in community forestry in the tropics by Kent H. Redford Robert Godshalk Kiran Asher FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, t e r r i t o r y, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the D i r e c t o r, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1995 Preface Wild animals, from ants to elephants, represent a natural resource of great significance for most forest-dwelling communities, as well as for those living in many other rural contexts. In spite of this, most development projects ignore their role in subsistence as well as non-subsistence rural economies. The purpose of this Community Forestry Note is to fill the vacuum left by the fact that in community forestry, as well as in agroforestry and other development activities, the con- tribution of wildlife to rural livelihoods has been greatly undervalued. The intent is to raise wild animals to their rightful value in the community forestry development process, and to provide an input for designing projects in ways that better fit the reality of most rural people in the tropics. Community forestry is more than tree planting and woodlots for fuelwood. It is time for com- munity forestry and other development professionals to consider the significance of wildlife as another natural resource, both from the point of view of nutrition (mostly meat) and that of in- come generation, and to include wildlife among the resources which need to be managed sustain- ably for the benefit of local communities. By improving wildlife management and integrating it into development programmes, community forestry is better able to fulfil the dual objectives of improving the well-being of communities while simultaneously helping to preserve the diversity of the natural world. Dr. Kent Redford, who recently moved from the Department of Wildlife and Range Sciences of the University of Florida, where he was director of the Program for Studies in Tr o p i c a l Conservation, to an important U.S.-based NGO called The Nature Conservancy, has had exten- sive research experience in this field. Dr. Redford has concentrated his work mainly on Latin America, where he has studied the subsistence and commercial use of wild animals by both in- digenous groups and other rural populations. In this study, in addition to giving the conceptual background, he has prepared a list of examples of both indigenous and acquired wildlife man- agement practices from throughout the developing world. These can serve as a starting point for professionals interested in deepening their knowledge of this activity within the context of their own region. This study is part of the Community Forestry Note series, which is a compilation of concept papers that seeks to develop understanding of the major issues in community forestry. The publi- cation of this Note was funded by the multidonor trust fund that finances the Forests, Trees and People Programme (FTPP), which is devoted to increasing rural women’s and men’s livelihoods through sustainable self-help management of tree and forest resources. Within the FAO Forestry Department, FTPP is coordinated by Marilyn W. Hoskins, Senior Community Forestry Officer, Forestry Policy and Planning Division. PREFACE iii Table of contents PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................................................iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................3 R Values of forest wildlife..........................................................................................................4 R Wildlife use and management ..............................................................................................4 R Recent developments ............................................................................................................5 R Constructing the future ..........................................................................................................5 R Structure of the paper............................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1: BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE USE OF WILD ANIMAL SPECIES ................9 R Source faunas ......................................................................................................................9 Historical factors ........................................................................................................10 Physical factors ..........................................................................................................10 Biotic factors ..............................................................................................................10 R The indirect effects of loss of fauna ......................................................................................15 Vegetation structure ......................................................................................................15 Seed dispersal ............................................................................................................16 Predation ..................................................................................................................16 R Invertebrate wealth..............................................................................................................17 R Hunting patterns ................................................................................................................17 R Wildlife or domestic stock? ..................................................................................................18 R The nutritional advantages of wildlife....................................................................................19 CHAPTER 2: SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES OF WILDLIFE ....................................................................................21 R Religion, mythology and folklore ..........................................................................................21 R Taboos on the use of animals ..............................................................................................22 R Ceremonial uses of wild animals ..........................................................................................24 R The cultural significance of hunting ......................................................................................24 R Medicinal uses of wildlife ....................................................................................................25 R Gender factors: effects on traditional and potential wildlife use ..............................................25 R Effects of market involvement ..............................................................................................27 Market effects on subsistence hunters ..............................................................................27 Urban demand ..........................................................................................................29 TABLE OF CONTENTS v Estimating the extent of trade in wildlife meat ..................................................................29 International markets ....................................................................................................30 Community forestry and wildlife markets ..........................................................................32 CHAPTER 3: PROPERTY REGIMES AND WILDLIFE USE .................................................................................. 33 R Wildlife use and wildlife management ..................................................................................33 R Categories of property regimes ............................................................................................34 Common property ......................................................................................................34 State property ............................................................................................................35 Open access property..................................................................................................35 R Private ownership of wildlife ................................................................................................36 R The hazards of privatization ................................................................................................36 CHAPTER
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