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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The qualhy of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 942T824 Origin and development of classifiers in Chinese Wang, Lianqing, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1994 Copyright ©1994 by Wang, Lianqing. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSIFIERS IN CHINESE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lianqing Wang, B. A., M. A. ***** The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: Approved by James H-Y. Tai Yan-shuan Lao âto, ulfM Adviser) Department of Maijorie K. M. Chan Bast Asian Languages & Literatures Copyright by Lianqing Wang 1994 To my parents, Huibi Wang & Mingrong Feng 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincere thanks first go to Professor James H-Y. Tai for encouraging me to work on classifiers, for sharing his valuable ideas with me, and for his guidance throughout the study. Without his patient guidance, it would not have been possible to complete the dissertation at this time. I am also grateful for Professor Yan-shuan Lao and Professor Maijorie K. M. Chan for their carefully reading my first draft and giving valuable comments to improve the quality of this dissertation. There are many people who helped me in different ways throughout the study. Professor Wang Fushi had sent me some valuable data on classifier uses in minority languages in southern China. Dr. Song Zhengchun, Mr. Lin Hong-en and Mrs. Zhang Shuyun assisted me in collecting classifier data on spoken Beijing Mandarin. I also thank The Graduate School of The Ohio State University for granting me an Alumni Research Award which allowed me to return to Beijing to check my Beijing language data. I owe a special thanks to Mr. Jack Rouzer and Mrs. Jeanne Bartholomew for their kind editorial assistance. Needless to say, I am solely responsible for any possible errors that remain. I l l VITA June 3, 1944 .......... Bom - Hainan, China 1963-1968 .......... B, A., Beijing University. Major: Vietnamese lang. & Lit. 1971-1978 .......... English teacher, Liuzhou Railway School, China 1978-1981 .......... M. A., Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing (CASS). Major: Anthropo-linguistics 1981-1985 .......... Research Associate, Institute of Anthropology, CASS 1987 ....................... M. A., The Ohio State University. Major: Chinese phonology PUBLICATIONS 1993 “Why Chinese needs classifiers? - A diachronic survey” To appear in Proceedings of the 26th International Conference of Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. Osaka, Japan. 1990 ■‘A semantic study of the classifier tiad'. Journal of Chinese Language Teaching Association. Vol. XXV. 1: 35-56. (Co-authored with James Tai) 1984 “Phonetic comparison between Hanoi dialect and Sandao Jing”. Wuhan: Yuvan Yaniiu (Language Study). 2: 194-204. 1983 “A brief description of the Jing language in southern China”, Beijing: Minzu Yu wen (Minority Languages and Linguistics). 1: 65-80. FUELDS()FSTTnTY Major field: East Asian Languages and Literatures. Studies in Chinese linguistics (semantics, phonology and historical syntax), Vietnamese linguistics and anthropological linguistics. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................................ iii VITA........................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................... vi CHAPTER PAGE Î. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1. Significance and purpose of this study .............................................................. 1 2. Organization of the dissertation .......................................................................... 4 H. Background ........................................................................................................... 5 I. Theoretical framework .......................................................................................... 5 1.1. Cognitive grammar .................................................................................... 5 1.2. Categorization ............................................................................................ 7 1.2.1 Prototype theory of categorization .......................................................... 7 1.2.2 Classifiers and categorization ................................................................... 9 1.3. An overview of the literature of classifier languages .............................. II 1.3.1 Studies of the classifier languages in the world ..................................... 11 1.3 .2. Studies of classifiers in Chinese ........................................................... 14 1.4. Sources and data base of the present study ............................................. 17 1.4.1, Sources in regard to the origin and historical development of classifiers in Chinese ............................................................................. 17 1.4.2. Data used in differentiating classifiers from measure words .................. 19 2. Distinction between classifiers and measure words ............................................ 19 2.1. Terms for classifiers in Chinese grammar ................................................ 21 2.1.1. In literature written in Chinese........................................................... 21 V 2.1.2. In literature written in English .................................................................. 24 2.2. Semantic distinction between classifiers and measure words ................... 25 2.3. Syntactic/semantic features differentiating classifiers from measure words .......................................................................................... 27 2.3.1. deletion ............................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Substitution by ge and liangr................................................................. 27 2.3.3 Positions of adjective modifiers .............................................................. 30 2.3.4. Classifier deletion in listing items ............................................................ 33 2.3.5 Conjoined head nouns ............................................................................... 34 2.3.6. Whether duo is allowed to precede the head noun ............................... 34 2.4. Gradation from classifiers to measures ...................................................... 36 2.4.1 Prototypical classifiers and prototypical measure words ....................... 38 2.4.2 Overlapping of classifiers and measures ................................................ 39 2.4.3 Borderline classifiers ................................................................................ 40 2.5. Fuzziness of classifiers in Beijing Mandarin ........................................... 42 2.5.1. Quantifying function of classifiers ........................................................... 42 2.5.2. Distinction between mass and count noun .............................................. 43 2.5.3. The notion of'unit' and fuzziness between classifiers and measures 45 2.5.4. Fuzziness and reality in the everyday world ........................................... 47 2.6. Theoretical and typological observations ................................................. 48 2.6.1. Theoretical observation ........................................................................... 48 2.6.2. Typological observation .......................................................................... 50 Notes to Chapter II ..................................................................................................... 52 ÎIÎ. Origin of classifiers in Froto-Chinese .............................................................. 65 1. Introduction
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