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Texto Completo Libro CENTRO SUPERIOR DE ESTUDIOS DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL MONOGRAFÍAS del 29 A: CESEDEN 1 CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE HISTORIA MILITAR EL EJÉRCITO Y LA ARMADA EN 1898: CUBA, PUERTO RICO Y FILIPINAS (1) MINISTERIO DEDEFENSA FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA DEL CENTRO DE PUBLICACIONES Congreso Internacional de Historia Militar (1v. 1998. Madrid-Avila) El ejército y la armada en 1898: Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas / 1 Congreso Internacional de Historia Militar. — [Madrid} : Ministerio de Defensa, Secretaría General Técnica, 1999. — 416 p. ; 24cm — (Monografías del CESEDEN 29). NIPO: 076-98-124-8. — D.L. M.-9619-99 ISBN: 84-7823-625-2 1. España. Ministerio de Defensa. Secretaría General Técnica, ed. II. Título III. Serie. Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación, son exclusiva responsabilidad del autor de la misma Edita: Ministerio de Defensa Secretaría General Técnica NIPO: 076-98-124-8 ISBN: 84-7823-626-0 (obra completa) ISBN: 84-7823-625-2 (tomo 1) Depósito Legal: M-9619-99 Imprime: Imprenta Ministerio de Defensa lirada: 1750 ejemplares Fecha de edición: marzo 1999 EL EJÉRCITO Y LA ARMADA EN 1898: CUBA, PUERTA RICO Y FILIPINAS (1) SUMARIO Página PRESENTACIÓN11 APERTURA15 EXCMO. SR. DON ANDRÉS MÁS CHAO General de división. Director del Congreso de Historia Militar CONSIDERACIONES POLÍTICAS SOBRE EL 98 ESPAÑOL21 EXCMO. SR. DON ANTONIO RUMEU DE ARMAS Doctoren Historia. Director de la Real Academia de la Historia. LA DIMENSIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE LA CRISIS DE 1898 EJÉRCITO Y POLÍTICA35 EXCMO. SR. DON MANUEL ESPADAS BURGOS Doctor en Historia. EL PENSAMIENTO ESTRATÉGICO NAVAL. CUBA Y PUERTO RICO EN LA GUERRA HISPANO-AMERICANA DE 189859 DON PEDRO GINER DE LARA Capitán de fragata. WAR PLANS AND PREPARATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON U.S NAVAL OPERATIONS IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR79 DR. MARK L. HAYES Naval Historical Center EL DESPLIEGUE NAVAL EN CUBA. AÑOS 1897-1 898103 EXCMO. SR. DON HUGO O’DONNELL Y DUQUE DE ESTRADA Doctor en Historia. —7— Página DE LA HABANA A SANTIAGO: DECISIONES OPERACIONALES DE ESTA DOS UNIDOS PARA CUBA, 1898131 DR. GRAHAM A. COSMAS Centro de Historia Militar del Ejército de Estados Unidos. LAS TROCHAS MILITARES CUBANAS. LA LÍNEA JÚCARO-MORÓN.... 147 EXCMO. SR. DON Luis DE SEQUERA MARTÍNEZ General de división del Ejército. MEMORIAS DE LA MANIGUA EL 98 DE LOS QUE FUERON A LA GUE RRA171 ILMO. SR. DON EMILIO DE DIEGO GARCÍA Doctor en Historia. VALORACIÓN DE LA PARTICIPACIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS MAMBISAS EN LOS COMBATES DEL 98209 ILMO. SR. DON GUILLERMO CALLEJA LEAL Doctor en Historia. Profesor de la Universidad Europea de Madrid. LA CAMPAÑA DE PUERTO RICO CONSIDERACIONES HISTÓRICO- MILITAR255 EXCMO. SR. DON Luis E. GONZÁLEZ VALES Mayor general. Director de la Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia Militar. UN ESPÍA LLAMADO WHITNEY271 EXCMA. SRA. DOÑA MILAGROS FLORES ROMÁN Doctora en Historia. THE BIRTH OF THE FILIPINO REVOLUTIONARY ARMY IN SOUTHERN TAGALOG, LUZÓN 1898281 EXCMO. SR. DON REYNALDO C. ILETO Doctor en Historia. LAS OPERACIONES EN LUZÓN ASEDIO Y DEFENSA DE MANILA. MAYO-AGOSTO 1898307 ILMO. SR. DON JESÚS DÁVILA WESOLOVSKY Coronel de Infantería DEM. EL APOSTADERO DE FILIPINAS: SUS AÑOS FINALES345 DON HERMENEGILDO FRANCO CASTAÑÓN Capitán de fragata. —8— Página LA CAMPAÑA MILITAR EN FILIPINAS: AÑO 1898375 EXCMO. SR. DON PEDRO ORTIZ ARMENGOL Embajador de España. EL FIN DE LA GUERRA HISPANO-CUBANO-NORTEAMERICANA. CON SECUENCIAS PARA EL EJÉRCITO ESPAÑOL385 EXCMO. SR. DON MIGUEL ALONSO BAQUER General de brigada del Ejército. CLAUSURA EXCMO. SR. DON ANDRÉS MÁS CHAO General de división. Director del Congreso de Historia Militar. ÍNDICE409 —9— PRESENTACIÓN PRESENTACIÓN Presentamos hoy el primer volumen de actas del Congreso Internacional de Historia Militar, El Ejército y la Armada en el 98: Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas. Se recogen en él las ponencias presentadas en Madrid y Áviia, entre los días 23 y 27 de marzo. La Comisión Española de Historia Militar quiere, al editar las conferencias, poner a disposición del estudioso o del aficionado, los trabajos de nuestros ilustres colaboradores, contribuyendo así a la divulgación de la historia militar. Deseamos también reiterar nuestro agradecimiento a cuantas personas, instituciones y entidades apoyaron desinteresada y eficazmante los tra bajos de la Comisión y rendir un entrañable recuerdo a nuestro compa ñero, el coronel don Longinos Criado Martínez, que fue el tenaz e ilusionado vocal inspirador de este Congreso. — 13 — APERTURA EXCMO. SR. DON ANDRÉS MÁs ChAo General de división. Director del Congreso de Historia Militar. APERTURA En el año que se celebra el centenario de 1898, de tanta resonancia bajo tantos aspectos de nuestra historia, culturales, políticos, económicos y de costumbres, el Ministerio de Defensa y las Fuerzas Armadas no podían estar ausentes de los actos con los que se intenta conmemorar dicha fecha; pues también para la historia particular de nuestros Ejércitos supone, como consecuencia de la guerra con Estados Unidos, el final de una etapa y el comienzo de otra; lo que reflejará don Ramón Alonso en su obra El Ejército en la sociedad española al decir: «El Ejército que tienen bajo su mando Polavieja, Weyler y Linares... es notablemente distinto al que conocerán La Cierva, Berenguer y Primo de Rivera.» En efecto, las Fuerzas Armadas que salieron derrotadas en aquella con frontación bélica, iniciaron con la entrada del siglo una transformación pro fundamente influenciada tanto por la derrota como por las repercusiones que tuvo sobre el pueblo español y su relación con los ejércitos, que las llevaría a una nueva estructura orgánica, doctrinal y muy especialmente mental, de la que surgiría el Ejército y la Armada de la primera mitad del siglo xx. Por citar sólo un ejemplo de la profundidad del cambio, puedo citar que el Ejército que inició la guerra de Cuba con una oficialidad pro gresista y totalmente inmersa en la sociedad civil, salió de ella con unos cuadros conservadores y considerándose los únicos detentadores del patriotismo, Igualmente en las mentes más claras de nuestras Fuerzas Armadas se marcó como un hito ineludible tras la derrota, la necesidad de evolucionar tomando como modelos los ejércitos más avanzados de Europa; de manera que la, corriente «regeneracionista» que caracterizó — 17 — este periodo en otros ámbitos de la vida española también estuvo presente en el militar. Pero además de este motivo, por sí sólo suficientemente importante para celebrar un Congreso en torno a su centenario, en el que los investigado res de nuestra historia militar puedan presentar sus aportaciones sobre esta transformación y sus razones, existe otro no menos importante que se relaciona con lo que disponen las Reales Ordenanzas de las Fuerzas Armadas, cuando recuerdan en su artículo 16 que: «El homenaje a los héroes... es un deber de gratitud y un motivo de estímulo para la continuación de su obra.» Esta exigencia aparece con una dimensión verdaderamente importante en esta conmemoración, al tratarse de un conflicto en el que la derrota hizo olvidar el heroísmo del que hicieron derroche nuestros cuadros de mando y soldados, que defendieron con sin igual gallardía los últimos florones de aquel Imperio del que un día se pudo decir «que no se ponía el Sol». Cierto es que en algunos casos excepcionales su valor fue reconocido —Martín Cerezo, Eloy Gonzalo, Cervera y Vara del Rey, por citar solamente algu nos nombres, son ejemplos imperecederos— pero en muchos más sería olvidado y anónimo. Las penalidades, sacrificios y la sangre generosa que derramaron sin tasa tantos soldados, no podían quedar olvidados en esta conmemoración y si hubo errores, corrupciones, frivolidad, ignorancia y oportunismo en algunos de los protagonistas del conflicto, esto no es óbice para que se ignore la entrega generosa de la mayoría de los que formaron parte de los Ejércitos españoles en Cuba y Filipinas. Junto a ellos no se puede olvidar tampoco los sacrificios y penalidades de cubanos, filipinos, puertorriqueños y norteamericanos que lucharon y murieron por su Patria y sus ideales. Fruto de su esfuerzo fue el nacimiento de dos nuevas nacio nes de la estirpe hispana: las Repúblicas de Cuba y Filipinas y la aparición de una emergente potencia, Estados Unidos; naciones todas con las que, superados aquellos enfrentamientos, nos une hoy una fraterna amistad. Con el deseo de presentar al público español la realidad de aquel conflicto y ayudar a comprenderlo la Comisión Española de Historia Militar ha pro gramado este Congreso con el título, El Ejército y la Armada en 1898: Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas, en el que durante una semana especialistas de diversos campos nos expondrán sus conclusiones sobre los diversos aspectos ideológicos, políticos y estratégicos en que lo enmarcaron, así como las características operativas y logísticas de las campañas desarro lladas en los teatros de operaciones en que se desenvolvió. Estoy seguro — 18 — que estas jornadas serán igualmente una aportación más al espíritu de superación de aquellos conflictos, que en buena parte fueron dolorosas guerras civiles, pues españoles lucharon con Maceo y Máximo Gómez en Cuba o con Aguinaldo en Filipinas y naturales de aquellas Islas formaron parte del Ejército español, combatiendo hasta el último instante al lado de sus hermanos europeos. Por todo ello hoy, superados los recuerdos amar gos y dentro de la plena asunción de nuestra historia común que debe pre sidir este centenario, como hermanos un día enfrentados y ya reconcilia dos cubanos, filipinos, puertorriqueños, americanos y españoles podemos analizar conjuntamente el conflicto que un día nos dividió, para que al tiempo que contribuimos a un estudio más detallado del mismo, nos sirva para sacar enseñanzas que nos ayuden en este nuevo camino de paz y comprensión en el que todos queremos profundizar. — 19 — CONSIDERACIONES POLÍTICAS SOBRE EL 98 ESPAÑOL EXCMO. SR. DON ANTONIO RUMEU DE ARMAS Doctor en Historia. Director de la Real Academia de la Historia. CONSIDERACIONES POLÍTICAS SOBRE EL 98 ESPAÑOL PlanteámientO general Alrededor del año 1830 pudo España hacer balance de la situación en los dominios y provincias diseminados por inmensas extensiones del conti nente americano.
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