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A Study of Netball in Scotland

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A Study of Netball in Scotland The historical and contemporary role of physical activity and sport for women: a study of netball in Scotland Elinor Steel Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Stirling January 2020 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis has been composed by myself, and that it embodies the results of my own research. I acknowledge that to the best of my knowledge this thesis contains no material written or published by another person, except where due reference to such is made. Signature: Date: ABSTRACT This thesis examines the area of female physical activity and competitive team sport, in particular, netball as a means to support lifelong female physical activity and participation in sport. This study is the first to investigate the historical and contemporary place of netball and therefore provides a new perspective on Scottish female physical activity and sports participation through netball. The research underpinning this thesis used a mixed methods approach: self- completion survey questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. These methods are supplemented by a review of literature pertaining to the substantive themes that underpin this study (e.g.: sociological and historical aspects of women's sport; critical social and historical analysis of sport in Scotland; the development of netball in Scotland). This thesis also utilises important data collected via survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The survey questionnaires were completed by 143 women over 16 years of age who have played and/or coached netball. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 women to explore in greater depth individuals’ personal accounts of netball alongside a range of topics outlined in the survey questionnaire. In doing so, this study gives a voice to these women and uniquely provides a record of their experiences and insights. The findings from this study offer insight into the role of primary school, family and friends and other social factors that influence these women’s desire to play netball. It is of significance that this study reveals that the traditionally accepted barriers to female participation do not appear significant to this group. Therefore, it may be inferred that the reasons for participation are more complex than traditionally assumed. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 RESEARCH TOPIC .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 RESEARCH METHOD .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 6 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THESIS ......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: FEMINISM, EDUCATION AND SPORTS PARTICIPATION ................................. 9 2.1 FEMINISM AND WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS ................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 First wave of feminism ............................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Second wave of feminism .......................................................................................... 14 2.1.3 Third wave of feminism .............................................................................................. 15 2.2 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PARTICIPATION ISSUES ................................................................... 16 2.3 EDUCATION, SCHOOL AND CURRICULUM IN THE UK ............................................................... 19 2.3.1 School playgrounds ................................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 The 1918 Education (Scotland) Act ........................................................................... 23 2.4 COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION AND SCHOOL FACILITIES ......................................................... 24 2.5 INTRODUCTION OF PHYSICAL TRAINING IN BRITAIN ................................................................ 26 2.6 MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY AND SPORTS PARTICIPATION ......................................................... 26 2.7 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SCHOOL ...................................................... 28 2.7.1 The effect of physical education and sports participation .......................................... 29 2.7.2 Gender, physical education and sports participation ................................................. 33 2.8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND NETBALL IN THE UK .................................................................... 37 2.9 FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIOUR AND SPORTS PARTICIPATION ..... 38 2.9.1 Group dynamics and sports participation .................................................................. 40 2.9.2 Self-perception, physical competence and sports participation ................................. 41 2.10 FACTORS WHICH REINFORCE SPORTS PARTICIPATION BEHAVIOURS .................................... 43 2.11 SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON FEMALE SPORTS PARTICIPATION AND FEMININITY ....................... 46 2.11.1 Ethnicity and sports participation ............................................................................. 47 2.12 THE RELEVANCE OF INFLUENCES ON SPORTS PARTICIPATION ............................................. 48 2.13 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3: THE PLACE OF SPORTING FEMALES IN BRITISH AND WESTERN SOCIETY .................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 SPORTS HISTORY IN THE UK ................................................................................................ 51 3.2 VICTORIAN VALUES ............................................................................................................. 55 3.3 WOMEN IN WESTERN SOCIETY ............................................................................................. 58 3.4 WOMEN AND SPORTS HISTORY ............................................................................................ 60 3.4.1 Women, sport and the media .................................................................................... 67 3.5 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NETBALL AS A FEMALE SPORT ........................... 71 4.1 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NETBALL ....................................................................... 71 4.1.1 What is netball? ........................................................................................................ 73 4.1.2 The codification of netball ......................................................................................... 74 4.1.3 The development of basketball in the USA ............................................................... 75 4.1.4 The development of netball in England .................................................................... 79 4.1.5 The All England Women’s Netball Association (AENA) ............................................ 81 4.1.6 The development of netball in Scotland .................................................................... 83 4.1.7 The Irish-Scots Catholic population and netball ....................................................... 84 4.1.8 The Scottish Netball Association .............................................................................. 85 4.2 CLOTHING AND NETBALL PARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 87 4.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCOTTISH INTERNATIONAL MATCHES ................................................ 88 4.3.1 International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA) ........................................... 96 4.4 NETBALL WORLD YOUTH GAMES AND THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES ..................................... 99 4.5 WOMEN, NETBALL AND THE OLYMPICS GAMES ................................................................... 100 4.5.1 Netball and the Olympic Games ............................................................................. 101 4.5.2 Male participation in netball .................................................................................... 102 4.5.3 Netball and television .............................................................................................. 102 4.6 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NETBALL ................................................................................ 103 4.7 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 104 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHODS ............................................. 107 5.1 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES ...................................................................................... 107 5.1.1 Positivist approach .................................................................................................. 109 5.1.2 Interpretive approach .............................................................................................. 110 5.1.3 Critical approach ....................................................................................................
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