A Constructivist Grounded Theory Analysis of How Counselling Psychologists Experience AMP
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A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience AMP A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience Anti Muslim Prejudice Author: Majida Bibi Supervisor: Catherine Athanasiadou-Lewis In partial fulfilment of a Professional Doctorate in Counselling Psychology London Metropolitan University Page 1 of 253 A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience AMP Contents List of appendices ………………………………………………………………………... 6 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………......... 7 Reflexive statement (part 1) ……………………………………………………………… 8 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………... 10 Literature Review ………………………………………………………………………… 12 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………......... 12 Prejudice in society: an introduction to it, where it comes from, how does it manifest 14 in society? ……………………………………………………………………………. Stereotyping at the core of prejudice ……………………………………………........ 16 Intrapsychic processes around hate: a psychoanalytic perspective ………………….. 19 Intrapsychic processes around hate: from order to disorder …………………………. 23 Anti-Muslim Prejudice ………………………………………………………………. 25 Hate crimes related to AMP practices ……………………………………………….. 26 AMP in the media ……………………………………………………………………. 28 Impact of AMP in the global sphere …………………………………………………. 30 AMP and psychological well being ………………………………………………….. 32 Counselling psychology and the individual ………………………………………….. 35 Social Justice and counselling psychology ………………………………………....... 37 Counselling Psychology, Social Justice and AMP…………………………………… 39 Research rationale and aims ……………………………………………………………… 41 Methodology …………………………………………………………………………. 46 Design ……………………………………………………………………………... 46 Rationale for qualitative research methodology ……………………………….. 46 Rationale for a grounded theory methodology ………………………………… 46 Research Paradigm and epistemological framework …………………….......... 50 Methodological Self-Consciousness …………………………………………... 52 Procedure ………………………………………………………………………….. 53 Participant information ………………………………………………………… 53 Recruitment ……………………………………………………………………. 53 Sampling considerations ………………………………………………………. 54 Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria ……………………………………….. 55 Data collection …………………………………………………………………. 55 Page 2 of 253 A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience AMP Ethical considerations …………………………………………………………. 56 Analytical procedure …………………………………………………………………. 58 Coding …………………………………………………………………………….. 58 Memo-writing …………………………………………………………………….. 59 Theoretical Sampling……………………………………………………………… 60 Model Development ……………………………………………………………… 62 Results ………………………………………………………………………………......... 65 Analysis overview …………………………………………………………………… 65 The research model ………………………………………………………………....... 66 Table 1: Summary of model categories and participants who contributed ………….. 67 Category 1: AMP finding counselling psychologists ……………………………....... 68 Higher order category 1.1: Media related influencing factors of anti-Muslim 68 practices …………………………………………………………………………... Lower order category 1.1.1: Implicit influencing factors of anti-Muslim 68 practices ………………………………………………………………………... Lower order category 1.1.2: Explicit influencing factors of anti-Muslim 70 practices ………………………………………………………………………... Higher order category 1.2: Societal influencing factors of Anti-Muslim practices 71 Lower order category 1.2.1: Implicit influencing factors of AMP practices 72 Lower order category 1.2.2: Explicit influencing factors of AMP practices 74 Higher order category 1.3: Experiencing AMP in early years ……………………. 79 Lower order category 1.3.1: Being negatively reinforced by external 79 expressions of AMP …………………………………….................................... Lower order category 1.3.2: Becoming uncertain about one's sense of 81 belonging in the world …………………………………………………………. Category 2: Experiencing AMP ……………………………………………………… 82 Higher order category 2.1: Experiencing Psycho-emotional cost to self ……….. 82 Lower order category 2.1.1: Identifying with the projected negative 82 characteristics of Muslims ……………………………………………………. Lower order category 2.1.2: Obstructing self-actualisation leading to identity 83 disturbances ……………………………………………………………………. Lower order category 2.1.3: Living in a state of embodied anxiety…………… 84 Page 3 of 253 A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience AMP Higher order category 2.2: Experiencing systemic cost to self …………………... 86 Lower order category 2.2.1: Experiencing marginalisation in the external 86 environment ……………………………………………………………………. Lower order category 2.2.2: Competing for positive discrimination within a 87 work context …………………………………………….................................... Lower order category 2.2.3: Experiencing a cultural promotion of repression 88 of vocalised opinions of AMP …………………………………………………. Category 3: Processing experience of AMP ………………………………………..... 90 Higher order category 3.1: Disconnecting from AMP……………………………. 90 Lower order category 3.1.1: Mirroring attachment figures style of processing 91 AMP …………………………………………………........................................ Lower order category 3.1.2: Trying to defend against reality of difference …... 92 Higher order category 3.2: Acknowledging AMP ………………………………... 93 Lower order category 3.2.1: Rejecting attachment figures style of processing 93 AMP …………………………………………………........................................ Lower order category 3.2.2: Embracing reality of difference …………………. 94 Category 4: Pathways to manage impact of AMP ………………………………........ 96 Higher order category 4.1: Reflecting pathway …………………………............... 96 Lower order category 4.1.1: Engaging resources effectively to aid 96 management of AMP ……………………………………………...................... Lower order category 4.1.2: Active reflecting on the cost to self of expressing 98 one’s views …………………………………………………………………… Lower order category 4.1.3: Consciously processing boundaries to safeguard 99 one's sense of self…………………………………………………………… Higher order category 4.2: Deflecting pathway ………………………………….. 100 Lower order category 4.2.1: Refraining from using one’s voice for “brownie 100 point collection” ………………………………………...................................... Lower order category 4.2.2: Embodying negative altruistic tendencies to 101 mitigate conflict ………………………………………………………………... Category 5: Resulting outcomes of employed pathways to manage impact of AMP 104 Higher order category 5.1: Cost to self in going down deflective pathway ……… 104 Lower order category 5.1.1: Experiencing repression of the self due to fear of 104 rejection ………………………………………………………………………... Page 4 of 253 A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience AMP Lower order category 5.1.2: Fighting assimilation at a cost to sense of 105 belonging within the counselling psychology community……………………... Lower order category 5.1.3: Experiencing a fractured sense of self in the face 105 of inability to meet the perceived duty of challenging AMP ………………….. Higher order category 5.2: Benefits to going down reflective pathway ………….. 106 Lower order category 5.2.1: Enforcing boundaries to safeguard one’s sense of 106 self ……………………………………………………………………………... Lower order category 5.2.2: Making use of the implicit protective factor 107 provisions in the workplace to validate sense of self ………………………….. Lower order category 5.2.3: Effectively managing to contain one's experience 108 of AMP within one’s pre-conceived ideologies of a counselling psychologist... Lower order category 5.2.4: Gaining self-acceptance within the context of 109 exposure to presence of AMP …………………………………………………. Lower order category 5.2.5: Experiencing affective reward for actively 110 holding the external world accountable for AMP ………................................... Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………... 112 Limitations of research …………………………………………………………………… 147 Considerations and implications for future practice ……………………………………... 150 Directions for further research …………………………………………………………… 155 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………... 157 Reflexive statement (part two) …………………………………………………………… 158 References ………………………………………………………………………………... 162 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………….. 197 Page 5 of 253 A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience AMP List of Appendices A: Advert for participants B: Interview schedule C: Information sheet D: Consent form E: Debrief F: Distress Protocol G: Ethical approval H: Quotes to further illustrate lower order categories I: Mini model examples J: Example of diagramming K: Drafts of model L: Examples of memoing M: Examples of extracts from transcribed and coded interviews N: Example of focused codes Page 6 of 253 A constructivist grounded theory analysis of how counselling psychologists experience AMP Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to all the participants in this study who so generously offered their time and I hope I have given their experience the recognition and justice it deserves. Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Catherine Athanasiadou- Lewis who has provided invaluable support and guidance in steering me through this research journey. Thirdly, I would like to thank my sisters, Ameena, Maryam and Zahida, for accommodating my academic and clinical work and supporting me by providing food and encouragement to keep going and without you, I would not be where I am today. And last but not least,