DOCSLIB.ORG

Indigenous Mapmaking in Intertropical Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indigenous Mapmaking in Intertropical Africa 3 · Indigenous Mapmaking in Intertropical Africa THOMAS J. BASSETT Although [they are] also known for their mapmaking A third factor behind the meager historiography is that skills, the cartography of the peoples of Africa is less restricted definitions of "map" have excluded a range well known than that of the Indians [of North and of processes and artifacts from serious study. Even if South America].1 This chapter could not have been written without the contributions of many individuals who provided references, illustrations, and critical Our knowledge of African mapmaking has substantially comments at various stages of its preparation. In particular I thank improved since Bruno Adler's seminal survey of non­ Daniel Ayana, Edmond Bernus, Donald Crummey, Jim Delehanty, Western cartographic traditions in 1910. This is particu­ Henry Drewal, Kimbwandaende Kia Bunseki Fu-Kiau, Christraud larly true for North African mapmaking, which emerged Geary, Christian Jacob, Manfred Kropp, Jamie McGowan, Philip out of ancient Egyptian civilizations and Islamic cultures.2 Porter, Labelle Prussin, Allen Roberts, Mary (Polly) Nooter Roberts, Charles Stewart, Jeffrey C. Stone, Taddesse Tamrat, Claude Tardits, and However, our understanding of sub-Saharan mapmaking Jan Vansina. remains comparatively weak (see fig. 3.1 for a reference 1. Bruno F. Adler, "Karty pervobytnykh narodov" (Maps of primi­ map of Africa). The historiography is particularly scanty. tive peoples), Izvestiya Imperatorskago Obshchestva Lyubiteley Yeste­ When maps of Africa do receive attention, the focus is al­ stvoznanya, Antropologii i Etnografii: Trudy Geograficheskago Otde­ most exclusively on European maps of the continent.3 The liniya (Proceedings of the Imperial Society of the Devotees of National Sciences, Anthropology, and Ethnology: Transactions of the Division of dearth of studies of indigenous African mapmaking may Geography) 119, no. 2 (1910), esp. 177. be explained by a number of factors that have collectively 2. A. F. Shore, "Egyptian Cartography"; S. Maqbul Ahmad, "Carto­ served to marginalize the indigenous cartographic record. graphy of aI-Sharif al-IdrisI"; and Svat Soucek, "Islamic Charting in the First is the ethnocentric and pejorative view that Mediterranean," all in The History ofCartography, ed. J. B. Harley and Africans did not have the cognitive ability to make maps David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987-), 1:117-29, vol. 2.1 (1992): 156-74 and 263-92, and James A. Harrell the same way Europeans did. This was Adler's perspec­ and V. Max Brown, "The World's Oldest Surviving Geological Map: tive when he wrote, "We are all the more surprised that The 1150 B.C. Turin Papyrus from Egypt," Journal of Geology 100 the Negroes do not draw well considering the delicate (1992): 3-18. wood and metal carvings of which they are capable.... 3. Youssouf Kamal, Monumenta cartographica Africae et Aegypti, This lack of cartographic abilities leads us to impute that 5 vols. in 16 pts. (Cairo, 1926-51), facsimile reprint, 6 vols., ed. Fuat Sezgin (Frankfurt: Institut fur Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wis­ they have less intelligence than they do sharp eyesight, senschaften, 1987); John McIlwaine, Maps and Mapping of Africa: A hearing, and a sense of smell." 4 Though decreasingly ex­ Resource Guide (London: Hans Zell Publishers, 1997); Jeffrey C. Stone, plicit, similar assumptions tend to have persisted until ed., Maps and Africa: Proceedings ofa Colloquium at the University of fairly recently. This chapter seeks to chart a less Eurocen­ Aberdeen, April 1993 (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University African Studies tric course by drawing attention to how African peoples Group, 1994); R. V. Tooley, Collectors' Guide to Maps of the African Continent and Southern Africa (London: Carta Press, 1969); and [Os­ have mapped their worlds. Even so, the deliberate em­ car] 1. Norwich, Norwich's Maps of Africa: An Illustrated and Anno­ phasis placed on graphic representations is in itself a tated Carto-bibliography, bibliographical descriptions by Pam Kolbe, s Western bias. 2d ed., rev. and ed. Jeffrey C. Stone (Norwich, Vt.: Terra Nova Press, Another reason indigenous mapmaking has not re­ 1997). ceived the scholarly attention it deserves is the transfer of 4. Adler, "Karty pervobytnykh narodov," 186 (note 1). European mapmaking traditions to Africa during the 5. Personal communication, Labelle Prussin, 22 February 1995. Also See Labelle Prussin, African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place, and colonial period. Metropolitan and colonial states, profes­ Gender (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 34­ sional societies, and commercial mapmakers produced 37. maps to aid in the colonization and subsequent control of 6. Jeffrey C. Stone, A Short History of the Cartography of Africa conquered lands and peoples. 6 The subsuming of indige­ (Lewiston: E. Mellen Press, 1995), and Thomas J. Bassett, "Carto­ graphy and Empire Building in Nineteenth-Century West Africa," Geo­ nous African mapmaking by European maps helps to ex­ graphical Review 84 (1994): 316-35. plain why the sign systems illustrated in this chapter 7. Denis Wood, "The Fine Line between Mapping and Mapmaking," failed to develop and spread beyond their local settings. 7 Cartographica 30, no. 4 (1993): 50-60. 24 Indigenous Mapmaking in Intertropical Africa 25 20' o • <;fo O' 0' o ANGOLA o 250 500 750 miles 1 LI 1-1_--1...TI_ --,,';' o 500 l000km O' 20' FIG. 3.1. REFERENCE MAP OF INTERTROPICAL AFRICA. we employ the most general definition of a map as "a provide an overview of the range of maps one might en­ graphic representation of the geographical setting,''8 we counter in the historical record. By no means does it pre­ are bound to exclude the bulk of what may be justifiably tend to be an exhaustive study. Rather, one of its princi­ called mapmaking in the African context. Examples of pal objectives is to encourage further research and mapmaking that are excluded by this definition are analysis of this understudied subject. mnemonic maps, body art (scarification, tattoos), the lay­ out of villages, and the design and orientation of build­ COSMOGRAPHIC MAPS ings. Here we view maps as social constructions whose meaning lies as much in their making as in the interpre­ Graphic representations of a divine spatial order are ex­ tation of constituent elements. The approach considers pressed in a variety of schematic maps in which cardinal the making as well as the product. Just as art produces directions and geometric forms (crosses, diamonds, cir­ meaning by stimulating thought rather than by simply cles) are characteristic features. The power of these in- symbolizing the ideas of the individual or group that made it/ maps influence the social situations in which 8. Arthur H. Robinson et aI., Elements ofCartography, 6th ed. (New they are created. York: Wiley, 1995), 9. Given the extraordinary diversity of African cultures 9. Jean Laude, African Art of the Dogan: The Myths of the Cliff Dwellers (New York: Viking, 1973),21,30,45, and Allen F. Roberts, and societies, one can only point to examples of map­ "Tabwa Tegumentary Inscription," in Marks of Civilization: Artistic making as illustrating what is clearly a cross-cultural cre­ Transformations ofthe Human Body, ed. Arnold Rubin (Los Angeles: ative activity. Thus the rest of this chapter is organized to Museum of Cultural History, 1988),41-56, esp. 51. 26 Traditional Cartography in Africa signs, and where men and women sleep.ls This repetitive patterning of the cosmological order at ever-expanding scales is also found in other African societies. For exam­ ple, Blier shows how cosmological truths shape the spa­ tial patterning of everyday life in her study of Batammal­ iba architecture in northern Togo and Benin, where "the direction of openings and the positioning of parts often 10. Thomas A. Dowson and David Lewis-Williams, "Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research," in Contested Images: Diversity FIGS. 3.2 and 3.3. DOGON ROCK PAINTINGS. On the left in Southern African Rock Art Research, ed. Thomas A. Dowson and is the aduno kine or cosmographic map of the "life of the David Lewis-Williams (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, world." The cardinal directions are represented by the torso 1994), 1-8, and Whitney Davis, "The Study of Rock Art in Africa," in and arms of the sign painted on cave walls. North is at the top. A History of African Archaeology, ed. Peter Robertshaw (London: The rock painting on the right shows the cardinal directions James Currey, 1990), 271-95, esp. 284-85. and illustrates the moment in the Dogan creation myth when 11. For example, landscape features depicted in Khoisan rock art the god Amma stretched a ball of clay in four directions to from the Brandberg, Namibia, are believed to represent the natural form the earth. resources of a group's n!ore or "exploitation space"; see Andrew B. Left, after Marcel Griaule, "L'image du monde au Soudan," Smith, "Metaphors of Space: Rock Art and Territoriality in Southern Journal de la Societe des Africanistes 19 (1949): 81­ Africa," in Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art 87, esp. 81 (fig. 1A). Right, after Marcel Griaule and Ger­ Research, ed. Thomas A. Dowson and David Lewis-Williams (Johan­ maine Dieterlen, Signes graphiques soudanais, L'Homme, nesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994), 373-84, esp. 383­ Cahiers d'Ethnologie, de Geographie et de Linguistique 3 84. The paintings are thought to represent the out-of-body travel of (Paris: Hermann, 1951), 21 (fig. 40A). shamans in trances during which they drew power from the land and its beings. Thus the images are metaphors of such journeys and at the same time represent a group's construction of its social identity through its control over the natural resources of a territory; Whitney Davis, "Re­ scriptions lies in their mixing of sacred orientations with presentation and Knowledge in the Prehistoric Rock Art of Africa," the spatial patterning of everyday life, such as in the lay­ African Archaeological Review 2 (1984): 7-35, esp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mediterranean: One Sea, Many Names
    The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names The Mediterranean: One sea, many names Pokoly Bela (Senior Adviser, Committee on Geographical Names, Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development, Hungary) 1.An Important Sea 1.1. The Mediterranean Sea, covering an area of 2,5 million sq. kms, holds its importance in its geographical position. Wedged between Europe, Asia and Africa, it is lined by no less than 21 independent states. Of all countries of the world at least one in ten has a coastline along its shores. Fig. 1. The Countries around the Mediterranean Sea 1.2. Indeed the sea has, over the centuries, lost some of its overwhelming position. With the expanding contacts to the Far East and with the exploration of the „new” continents, it was realized that it is no longer the centre of earth. 1.3 With the opening of the Suez Canal, with the discoveries of vastly important oil and gas deposits in the Middle East, and with expanding international contacts and tourism it has witnessed a comeback in the past two centuries. 2. It is not possible to highlight all aspects of this sea however, so I need to look some aspects of its naming. 2.1. As with all seas, local people of ancient times, unaware of other seas called it The 324 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names Sea. Similarly with other seas, it was also called Great Sea by local peoples living along its shores. 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Classics Ancient Science Fair Religion, Philosophy, and Classics Spring 2020 The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device Jacob Stickel Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ancient_science_fair Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Military History Commons Repository Citation Stickel , J. (2020). The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device. Dayton, Ohio. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Religion, Philosophy, and Classics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Ancient Science Fair by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A philological examination of Eratosthenes’ calculation of Earth’s circumference Kelly Staver1 1 Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A. Introduction Errors in Eratosthenes ’ Assumptions Historical Inconsistencies of Eratosthenes’ Final Result • A Greek mathematician named Eratosthenes calculated an accurate measurement Two of Eratosthene’s five assumtpions are either mistaken or questionable at • Cleomedes and John Philophus state Eratosthenes’ result was 250,000, whereas of the Earth’s circumference, that being 250,000 stades or close to Earth’s actual best: many others such as Vitruvius, Martianus Capella, Strabo, and many others state circumference of 40,120 km,¹ in Hellenistic Alexandria, Egypt circa 240 B.C.E.² • Assumption (1) is incorrect. The longitudinal difference between it was 252,000 stades.¹⁴ • To do this, Eratosthenes’ utilized the distance between Alexandria and Syene and Syene and Alexandria is about 3 degrees.⁶ • Benefits of 252,000 stades: gnomon measurements taken in Syene and Alexandria at noon on the summer • Assumption (2) is questionable since we do not know how long a • Yields a clean 700 stades per circular degree.¹⁵ solstice.³ stadion is.
    [Show full text]
  • História (São Paulo) V.31, N.2, P. 146-170, Jul/Dec 2012
    História (São Paulo) A busca inglesa pelo curso do Rio Níger: do problema geográfico à possessão potencial The English’ search through Niger River course: from the geographical problem to potential possession ________________________________________________________________ Alexsander Lemos de Almeida GEBARA* Resumo: O artigo analisa o corpo de textos produzidos por expedições inglesas na região do rio Niger entre primeira viagem de Mungo Park (1795) e a expedição oficial britânica de 1841 procurando notar as semelhanças e diferenças nas representações ao longo do tempo. O período em questão apresenta grandes transformações no contexto atlântico, incluindo o final do tráfico de escravos pela Inglaterra, e marca também uma alteração no equilíbrio das forças na costa e no interior da África Ocidental. Desta forma, o trabalho procura mostrar como as ideias inglesas sobre escravidão e tráfico de escravos interferem nas dinâmicas de representação e nas práticas diplomáticas europeias para com as sociedades próximas ao curso do rio Niger. Finalmente, o artigo também aponta para a forma como as preocupações quase exclusivamente geográficas das primeiras viagens paulatinamente adquiriram o caráter intervencionista de um discurso de posse ao mesmo tempo em que as novas condições materiais e técnicas desequilibravam as relações de força em favor da Inglaterra. Palavras-chave: ingleses, Rio Níger, escravidão, diplomacia. Abstract: This paper analyzes a set of texts written during English expeditions in the region of the Niger River between first trip of Mungo Park (1795) and the 1841 official British expedition, looking for the similarities and differences in representations over time. The period in question encompassed transformations in the Atlantic context, including the end of the slave trade in England, and also assigns a change in the balance of forces on the coast and in the interior of West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cartography, Volume 3
    THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Volume Three Editorial Advisors Denis E. Cosgrove Richard Helgerson Catherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. Kagan Paula Findlen Martin Kemp Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra Mukerji Anthony Grafton Günter Schilder Stephen Greenblatt Sarah Tyacke Glyndwr Williams The History of Cartography J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Cartography in the European Renaissance PART 1 Edited by DAVID WOODWARD THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2007 by the University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America 1615141312111009080712345 Set ISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth) Part 1 ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth) Part 2 ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth) Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supported in part by grants from the Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program and Science and Society Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • What Did the 2011 Tunisian Revolution Mean at the Margins? Dates, Land, and the State in Jemna
    “The Oasis is ours”: What did the 2011 Tunisian Revolution mean at the Margins? Dates, Land, and the State in Jemna. By Ihsan Mejdi Submitted to Central European University Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology and Social Anthropology Supervisors: Prem Kumar Rajaram Jean-Louis Fabiani Budapest, Hungary (2019) CEU eTD Collection Abstract This thesis revisits the 2011 Tunisian Revolution to understand the event from the view point of the marginalized. Through an ethnographic research conducted in Jemna, a remote village in southern Tunisia, I analyze an act of reclaiming an oasis during the 2011 revolution and the meaningfulness of the act to the locals. The thesis situates the act of the villagers in a broader historical context and engages with questions of the history of land relations, marginalization, subalternity, and center-margin relations. Analyzing the Tunisian revolution at the margins reveals that through the act of reclaiming an oasis during revolutionary times, cultivating it collectively, and managing its revenues locally, the marginalized restore historical, social, and political agency CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Prof. Prem Kumar Rajaram and Prof. Jean- Louis Fabiani for their guidance and support throughout the academic year. I would also like to thank Professors André Thiemann and Alina-Sandra Cucu for their courses that helped me think about my thesis and write it. The great thanks goes to the people I met in Jemna and especially Taher, Abdelmajid, Walid, Ayedi, Ali Hamza, and Jamel.
    [Show full text]
  • Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914
    Delineating Dominion: Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert H. Clemm Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Alan Beyerchen Ousman Kobo Copyright by Robert H Clemm 2012 Abstract This dissertation documents the ways in which cartography was used during the Scramble for Africa to conceptualize, conquer and administer newly-won European colonies. By comparing the actions of two colonial powers, Germany and Britain, this study exposes how cartography was a constant in the colonial process. Using a three-tiered model of “gazes” (Discoverer, Despot, and Developer) maps are analyzed to show both the different purposes they were used for as well as the common appropriative power of the map. In doing so this study traces how cartography facilitated the colonial process of empire building from the beginnings of exploration to the administration of the colonies of German and British East Africa. During the period of exploration maps served to make the territory of Africa, previously unknown, legible to European audiences. Under the gaze of the Despot the map was used to legitimize the conquest of territory and add a permanence to the European colonies. Lastly, maps aided the capitalist development of the colonies as they were harnessed to make the land, and people, “useful.” Of special highlight is the ways in which maps were used in a similar manner by both private and state entities, suggesting a common understanding of the power of the map.
    [Show full text]
  • Black History 365.Pdf
    BLACK UNIT 1 ANCIENT AFRICA UNIT 2 THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE B HISTORY TRADE HTORY UNIT 3 AN INCLUSIVE ACCOUNT OF AMERICAN HISTORY THE AMERICAN SYSTEM — THE FORMING THEREOF UNIT 4 365 EMANCIPATION AND RECONSTRUCTION 365 UNIT 5 Type to enter text THE GREAT MIGRATION AND ITS AFTERMATH American history is longer, larger, UNIT 6 more various, more beautiful, and Lorem ipsum CIVIL RIGHTS AND AMERICAN more terrible than anything anyone JUSTICE has ever said about it. UNIT 7 ~James Baldwin MILTON • FREEMAN THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM BACK UNIT 8 BLACK CULTURE AND INFLUENCE HTORY UNIT 9 AN INCLUSIVE ACCOUNT OF AMERICAN HISTORY TEXAS: ISBN 978-0-9898504-9-0 THE LONE STAR STATE 90000> UNIT 10 THE NORTH STAR: A GUIDE TO 9 780989 850490 FREEDOM AND OPPORTUNITY Dr. Walter Milton, Jr. IN CANADA Joel A. Freeman, PhD BH365 36BH365 51261 Black History An Inclusive Account of American History 365 Black History365 An Inclusive Account of American History BH365 Authors AUTHORS Dr. Walter Milton, Jr. & Joel A. Freeman, Ph.D. Publisher DR. WALTER MILTON, JR., Founder and President of BH365®, LLC CGW365 Publishing P.O Box 151569 Led by Dr. Walter Milton, Jr., a diverse team of seasoned historians and curriculum developers have collective Arlington, Texas 76015 experience in varied education disciplines. Dr. Milton is a native of Rochester, New York. He earned a Bachelor United States of America of Arts degree from the University of Albany and a Master of Science from SUNY College at Brockport. He took blackhistory365education.com postgraduate courses at the University of Rochester to receive his administrative certifications, including his su- ISBN: 978-1-7355196-0-9 perintendent’s license.
    [Show full text]
  • INVESTIGATING the SIRIUS "MYSTERY" Ian Ridpath
    INVESTIGATING THE SIRIUS "MYSTERY" Ian Ridpath Did amphibious beings from the star Sirius visit the earth 5,000 or more years ago and leave advanced astronomical knowledge that is still pos- sessed by a remote African tribe called the Dogon? This astonishing claim was put forward in 1976 by Robert Temple in his "ancient astro- naut" book, The Sirius Mystery. An astronomer, familiar with the Sirius system, would say no, because astronomical theory virtually precludes the possibility that Sirius is a suitable parent star for life or that it could have habitable planets. But most of Robert Temple's readers would not know enough astronomy to judge the matter for themselves. Neither would they find the relevant astronomical information in Temple's book, most of which consists of brain-numbing excursions into Egyptol- ogy. (Isaac Asimov has been quoted by Temple as having said that he found no mistakes in the book; but Temple did not know that the reason for this, according to Asimov, was that he had found the book too im- penetrable to read!*) Even the BBC-TV Horizon investigation on an- cient astronauts (broadcast as part of the PBS "Nova" series in the United States), which did an otherwise excellent demolition job on the more extreme fantasies of Erich von Daniken, left the Sirius problem unanswered because of its extreme complexity. Yet an answer is needed, because the Dogon legends about a companion to Sirius are claimed to originate before any terrestrial astronomer could have known of the ex- istence of Sirius B, let alone its 50-year orbit or its nature as a tiny, con- * E d i t o r ' s note: See Asimov's essay, "The Dark Companion," in his Quasar, Quasar Burning Bright (Doubleday, 1978), in which he says he is embarrassed by his stupidity in not specifying that his comment, made only "to get rid of him [Temple] and to be polite," not be quoted.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Publications 1984 — 2017 Issues 1 — 100
    RECENT PUBLICATIONS 1984 — 2017 ISSUES 1 — 100 Recent Publications is a compendium of books and articles on cartography and cartographic subjects that is included in almost every issue of The Portolan. It was compiled by the dedi- cated work of Eric Wolf from 1984-2007 and Joel Kovarsky from 2007-2017. The worldwide cartographic community thanks them greatly. Recent Publications is a resource for anyone interested in the subject matter. Given the dates of original publication, some of the materi- als cited may or may not be currently available. The information provided in this document starts with Portolan issue number 100 and pro- gresses to issue number 1 (in backwards order of publication, i.e. most recent first). To search for a name or a topic or a specific issue, type Ctrl-F for a Windows based device (Command-F for an Apple based device) which will open a small window. Then type in your search query. For a specific issue, type in the symbol # before the number, and for issues 1— 9, insert a zero before the digit. For a specific year, instead of typing in that year, type in a Portolan issue in that year (a more efficient approach). The next page provides a listing of the Portolan issues and their dates of publication. PORTOLAN ISSUE NUMBERS AND PUBLICATIONS DATES Issue # Publication Date Issue # Publication Date 100 Winter 2017 050 Spring 2001 099 Fall 2017 049 Winter 2000-2001 098 Spring 2017 048 Fall 2000 097 Winter 2016 047 Srping 2000 096 Fall 2016 046 Winter 1999-2000 095 Spring 2016 045 Fall 1999 094 Winter 2015 044 Spring
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa
    Arab Republic of Egypt Kingdom of Morocco THE WORLD Republic of Tunisia BANK Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa Phase 1 : Risk Assessment for the Present Situation and Horizon 2030 – Alexandria Area Draft Final Version 31 January 2011 Project Web Site: http://www.egis-bceominternational.com/pbm/ AASTMT / Egis Bceom Int. / IAU-IDF / BRGM Document quality information Document quality information General information Author(s) AASTMT / Egis BCEOM International Project name Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa Document name Phase 1 : Risk Assessment for the Present Situation and Horizon 2030 – Alexandria Area Date 31 January 2011 Reference GED 80823T Addressee(s) Sent to: Name Organization Sent on (date): A. Bigio The World Bank 31 January 2011 Copy to: Name Organization Sent on (date): S. Rouhana The World Bank 31 January 2011 A. Tiwari The World Bank 31 January 2011 A. Amasha AASTMT 31 January 2011 History of modifications Version Date Written by Approved & signed by: AASTMT / Egis BCEOM Version 1 13 June 2010 International AASTMT / Egis BCEOM Version 2 06 August 2010 International 05 December AASTMT / Egis BCEOM Version 3 2010 International Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness Page 2 in the Coastal Cities of North Africa Draft Final Version AASTMT / Egis Bceom Int. / IAU-IDF / BRGM Document quality information Supervision and Management of the Study The present study is financed by the World Bank as well as the following fiduciary funds: NTF- PSI, TFESSD and GFDRR, which are administered by the World Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents 3 7 13 14 17 21 31 34 Dear Map Friends
    BIMCC Newsletter N°19, May 2004 Contents Dear Map Friends, Pictures at an Ever since the creation of the BIMCC in 1998, President Wulf Exhibition (I—III) 3 Bodenstein has tried to obtain my help in running the Circle and, in particular, in editing the Newsletter. But I knew I could not possibly Looks at Books meet his demand for quality work, while being professionally active. (I - IV) 7 Now that I have retired from Eurocontrol, I no longer have that excuse, and I am taking over from Brendan Sinnott who has been the Royal 13 Newsletter Editor for over two years and who is more and more busy Geographical at the European Commission. Society Henry Morton When opening this issue, you will rapidly see a new feature: right in 14 the middle, you will find, not the playmap of the month, but the Stanley ”BIMCC map of the season”. We hope you will like the idea and present your favourite map in the centrefold of future Newsletters. BIMCC‘s Map 17 of the Season What else will change in the Newsletter? This will depend on you ! After 18 issues of the BIMCC Newsletter, we would like to have your Mapping of the 21 views: what features do you like or dislike? What else would you like Antarctic to read? Do you have contributions to offer? Please provide your feedback by returning the enclosed questionnaire. International Should you feel ready to get further involved in supporting the News & Events 31 organisation and the activities of the Circle, you should then volunteer to become an “Active Member”, and come to the Extraordinary Auction General Meeting; this meeting, on 29 October 2004 after the BIMCC Calendar 34 excursion (see details inside) will approve the modification of the BIMCC statutes (as required by Belgian law) and agree the Enclosure — nomination of Active Members to support the Executive Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Henri Duveyrier Et Le Désert Des Saint-Simoniens
    Henri Duveyrier et le d´esertdes saint-simoniens Dominique Casajus To cite this version: Dominique Casajus. Henri Duveyrier et le d´esertdes saint-simoniens. Ethnologies compar´ees, Centre d'´etudeset de recherches comparatives en ethnologie -Montpellier III, 2004, 7, 14 p. <halshs-00097947> HAL Id: halshs-00097947 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00097947 Submitted on 22 Sep 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Dominique Casajus Henri Duveyrier et le désert des Saint-Simoniens, article paru dans Ethnologies comparées, n° 7, printemps 2004 [http://recherche.univ- montp3.fr/mambo/cerce/r7/d.c.htm] Lorsque en 1864 Henri Duveyrier publia Les Touareg du Nord, sa notoriété fut immédiate. Une commission brillamment composée lui décerna la grande médaille d’or de la Société de Géographie de Paris. Fêté en 1864, le livre serait décrié vingt ans plus tard par ceux qui reprocheraient à l’auteur d’avoir fait des Touaregs un portrait trompeusement irénique. C’est que l’image du désert avait changé dans l’intervalle. Encore une promesse en 1864, il était devenu une menace, surtout après qu’une colonne française dirigée par le colonel Flatters eut été massacrée dans le Hoggar en 1881.
    [Show full text]