The Semantics Study of English Slang Used in the Column Cosmo Magazine

THE SEMANTICS STUDY OF ENGLISH SLANG USED IN THE COLUMN COSMO MAGAZINE

(1)Hidayati, (2)Asbah, (3)Agung A

(1) Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Univ. Muhammadiyah Mataram (email: [email protected]) (2) (3)Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Univ. Muhammadiyah Mataram

ABSTRAK This research entitiled is ”The Semantics Study of English Slang used in the Column Cosmo Magazine” is intended to find out the forms and meaning of slang and also the relative frequency of the use of slang that is used related to their forms and meaning. This research is descriptive qualitative research. To analyze the data, first of all, the writer describes the data into their forms and meaning by qualitatively. After that, to achieve the objective of research, the researcher is done by quantitatively. The object of this research is slang words, phrases, and phrasal verb. The writer analyzes the population of the magazine which are published in 2012, it consists of 6 editions. In collecting the data, the researcher just presents what is found without adding any other information and classifies data based on the research questions. This study is done by translating based on the dictionary meaning and interpretation of the slang expressions that are found. The result is shown from the total of the 100 (100%) data observed are the forms of slang words (51%) can be noun (33,33%), verb (25%), adjective (29,17%), and adverb (12,5%) and also the slang words can be words formation in the form of derivation (7,40%), compounding (11,11%), Clipping (37,03%), acronym (11,11%), blending (11,11%), proper name (11,11%) and imitation (11,11%), Phrases (9%) are noun phrase (33,33%), verb phrase (33,33%), and prepositional phrase (33,33%) and phrasal verb (7%) are in inseparable(0%) and separable (100%). The meaning of slang can be denotative (48,48%), connotative (30,30%), and both of denotative and connotative meaning (21,21%). In short, it can be said that the most dominant of the meaning of slang in column Cosmo magazine is denotative meaning. Eventhough, the connotative meaning is used to give the deepest meaning and the highest impression of sense of the words and phrases.

Keywords : semantics study

INTRODUCTION current English (1995: 720) states that mass Language is a system of arbitrary oral media (also mass communication) are the means symbol by means of which members of social of communicating with large numbers of people group interact. People need express ideas, to e.g. newspaper, television, and radio. So, on other send messages, and get information through word can be said that mass media are instrument certain devices (Alwasilah, 2011:89). In this case, to convey information to a large number people. it is essential for language as a medium of Mass media can be classified into two main communication. Refer to what is stated by groups. They are printed media and electronic Alwasilah above, we know that language is media. Printed media can be magazine, needed to communicate feelings and emotion, newspapers, books, and brochures. The express ideas as well as opinions, make social electronic media can be television, radio, video, interaction, and convey information between one theatre and so on. One kind of mass media is and another. On the other word we can say that magazine. Webster’s new collegiate Dictionary language is a means to give or exchange (1996:812) states that magazine is a publication, information; news, idea or opinions, through usually illustrated, that appears at regular intervals language people learn from one and another the and contains stories, article etc. by writers, and things they want to know. Imagine if human usually has advertisements. It is usually published beings could not communicate or express their every week or every month. The readers of ideas, it would be impossible for them to learn magazine can be general reader and special anything. readers. A magazine which is published by some When people communicate to express their advertisement for all of the people who want to thoughts and feeling, there is a process of read is a magazine for general reader. Special confirming and getting information. People need reader can be the one magazine for special group certain medium to convey information, idea, and of age, hobby, sex, and so on. A magazine thought. Oxford advanced Learner’s Dictionary of particular characteristic in specialize in term its

consumers such as men’s magazine, woman’s magazine generally. Then, the writer will focus on magazine, teenager’s magazine. teenager’s magazine which categorized as Language in a magazine tends to use specific consumer’s magazine called Cosmo slang to make a magazine more attractive. There magazine. This magazine consists of some topics are many types of slang words referring to such as stories, celebrities, beauty, and fashion. business, politics, transportation, sex, and In this case use slang to get more personal to the advertisement. Keraf (2006:108) define slang high reader. conversation word and pure. It words nonstandard The slang that is used in Cosmo and Informal are arranged as specific, the words magazine especially in column is an interesting can be changed as arbitrary of characterized by object to study. As slang, they have many newly coined and rapidly changing vocabulary. It interpretations, so, it is hard for a person who is used by social and professional group for ‘in- does not belong to certain community to group’ communication and thus tending to prevent understand the meaning. It also need contextual understanding by the rest of the speech situation to obtain the interpretation. Here some community. The words slang is opposite from examples of slang language that are used in expectation so that language have soul and column of Cosmo magazine: original (Keraf, 2006:108). Many people especially 1. “…You can now rave mag on your ipad or teenagers, try to using language or old words with iphone”. (Cosmo, September 2012:15). new ways or meaning. 2. “…Journalist and Designs retailer like Slang word is sound or combination of Stylistpick”. (Cosmo September 2012:36) sound that expresses meaning and form and 3. “… I hope she steered clear of red wine!” independent unit grammar or vocabulary of (Cosmo, September 2012:25). language .The study of meaning is part of Based on the limitation of the problem linguistics (Verhaar, 2010:13). It is in a way that above, the writer formulates the problem as easy to understand referred to as “semantics”. follows: Meaning is recent relationship not only of 1. What are the forms of slang used on column in language but all sign and symbol systems and the Cosmo magazine, published 2012? study of meaning is called semantics, and within 2. What are the meanings of slang that are found the scope of meaning are involved the relations on Column in Cosmo magazine especially the between utterances, written and spoken, and the denotative and connotative meaning? world at large (Robin, 1980:14). It means that semantics covers the language aspect which REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE consists of spoken and written form. Both of the Language is the result of man’s ability to form is very important. As we know that in see phenomena symbolically and of necessity to communication process, People need express his symbols (Alwasilah, 2011:5). It means communicate between one and another using that system of sounds and words used by the language while to confirm or convey messages or people to express their thoughts and feeling as give information, so that what is being talked symbol and that language plays an important role understand and can be understood in a in human Life as medium of communication. communication process through spoken and Without language communication will never go to written form, because need the knowledge of addressee or in the society. language. As a medium of communication The people who want to know the language is the way to communicate our idea, to information from a magazine will be difficult to convey the feeling and may create cooperation understanding the meaning of language which between one and another. Language control uses slang. However, some magazines such as various social activities, planning and giving Contact magazine, Time magazine and Cosmo direction to people in the future time and it may magazine use that language to contradict with the make human able to analyze the past to acquire features of press language which are systemic the good result for today and tomorrow ( Keraf, and logical, unambiguous and clear, simple and 1980:2). According to Alwasilah (2011: 87-93), familiar, concise and precise. That is why the language has five characteristics such as writer in this research will try to take over the language is a system, language is arbitrary, problem of slang language used in magazine in language is a sound, language is symbolic, and order to be able to give some benefits for the language is communication. The explanations are writer himself specially and the readers of as follows:

1) Language is a system. It means that language Refer to the definitions of linguistic is regulated or it has a system namely rule or above we can find linguistic covers all problem pattern, in every language the rule can be seen related to language. It is obvious that Linguistic is into two part; they are (1) sound system and (2) as the science of language means that linguistic meaning system. The rule can be applied in has an object study which is called language. As morphology, syntax or semantics. what is also claimed by Verhaar (2010:3) that 2) Language is arbitrary. It means that language linguistics as general and systematic knowledge is selected at random and without reason. There must have an object and its object is the language is no logical correlation to the words as a symbol itself. with the words that are symbolized. 3) Language is sound. Language is utterances. It 2.1.2 Semantics means that the important medium of language is The study of meaning is a part of linguistics. sound. We know language in the form of spoken. It is normally referred to as “semantic”. Palmer All languages in the world are spoken, but not all (1981:1) states that semantic as: “the technical have already had their writing system. In order term used to refer to the study of meaning and word, people can speak without writing, but they since meaning is a part of language, semantics is cannot write without speaking. It means that a part of linguistics” which is meant that Semantic language can be defined as a device for is a technical terminology that concern with study conveying meaning through sounds. about meaning and because meaning is a part of 4) Language is symbolic. A symbol refers to an language so that semantic is a part of linguistics. object and the correlation between symbols with Basically, semantic derives from Greek words the object is arbitrary. Language consists of sema (n) means “sign” or “symbol” and semiano arbitrary symbol series that have meaning. People (v) means “to signify” or “to symbolize” use these symbols to communicate with others. (Djajasudarma 2009:35-37). Through these symbols, people can imagine what Analysis of word meaning, phrase meaning other says and they can talk about things outside and sentence meaning has got attention since the of their environment. Therefore, languages refer people became intellectual. Robin (1980:16) says to every object, event and the relation between that semantics or analysis of meaning has been object and the event. recognized and has received attention during the 5) Language is communication. It means that whole of man’s intellectual history, and much of language is means to interact in the society. the work has been undertaken by philosopher, People use language to communicate with each especially logicians (to whom linguistics in the other. They are able to share whatever they know west owned much of its original impulse). and want in getting information from others. In the Semantics determines meanings and explains the society, communication is essentially very enter relationship between meaningful linguistics important. It means that language is a patterns and the objects, states, and events communication instrument to analyze human referred to in language. Therefore, semantics will experience, which differs in each society, in which look for the relationship of words and sentences every segment has semantic content and sound with things and events in the outside world. expression. Semantic is divided into two: grammatical 2.1.1 Linguistics semantics and lexical semantics. (Venhaar, There are many definitions of Linguistics 2010:385). The grammatical semantic is one of which are based on linguist’s point of view. semantics branch which studies the meaning of Nevertheless, the writer decides to choose sentence units (Pateda, 2001:7), Lexical definition of linguistic stated by Alwasilah semantics As lexicology including many aspect (2011:66) who divines linguistics into three. They these are Meaning and referential, Denotative and are as follow: Connotative, Extensional and intentional analysis, 1) Linguistic is the science of language, e.g. of conventional Analysis, Using of meaning, its structure, acquisition, relationship to other synonym, Antonym and hyponym forms of communication. (Verhaar,2010:388-389). In other words, lexical 2) Linguistic is the study of human speech in semantics studies the meaning that sound in duding the units, nature, structure, and words (Pateda, 2001:74). modification of language. 3) Linguistic is scientific study of language.

2.2.4 The Meaning. feelings of the speaker, attitudes of the speaker to a. The definition of Meaning the hearer, or attitudes of the speaker to Meaning is the idea or concept, which can something that he or she says, e.g. words of be transferred from mind of the speaker to the taboo, and sex, (e) Reflected meaning is the mind of the hearer by embodying them, as it were, meaning that is arisen in the case of double in the form of one language or another (Lyon, conceptual meaning if a sense of word forms a 1981:136). It means that meaning does not exist half our response to other sense, (f) Collocative in the concrete form, but exist in the thought of the meaning is the meaning that consists of speaker and the hearer. The meaning is the thing associations of a word that is caused by the that is conveyed especially by language, the thing meaning of the word which tends to occur in the one intends to convey especially by language, the environment, (g) Thematic meaning is the logical notation of a word or phrase. meaning which is communicated by the way of the b. Aspects of Meaning speaker or the writer in arranging their message in According to Palmer in Djajasudarma the sense that concerns to the sequence, focus (2013:3-5), aspects of meaning can be considered and emphasis. as based on the function, and it can be divided The theories of meaning will be into four they are: discussed briefly in this paper but only concern to 1) Sense engages the purposes of ideas or the denotative and connotative meaning because messages, and it is also called theme. the writer wants to focus in his research on the 2) Feeling is an aspect of meaning that is due objective of the study that tries to find out the to the attitude of the speaker to the situation of the meaning. conversation. a) Denotative meaning 3) Tone is an attitude of speaker to the listener. Denotative meaning is defined as In the literary works, tone is an attitude of a poet meaning with forms correlation between concept or a writer to the reader. Based on the definition and reality world which refers to the logical or above, the writer will select the right word to the cognitive meaning (Djajasudarma 2013:11). In the condition of the reader and the condition of the other word can be said that denotative meaning writer itself. refers to the common meaning that everybody can 4) Intention is an aspect of meaning that has an know, and an objective meaning. Tarigan aim to promote the effect of endeavoring whether (2009:51) states that denotative meaning is consciously and unconsciously. dictionary restriction or primary meaning of word. These four substances join to language delivery Montgomery and Sutherland (1962: 8) add that forms of the writer to the reader. Sense, feeling, denotation of a word is dictionary meaning, that is, tone and intention are composed one another in what the word stands for. For example, the word order to understand the totality of meaning. ‘president’ means that the official leader of leader c. Type of meaning of the country that does not have a king or a Leech in Djajasudarma (2013:21-22) queen. states that types of meaning are divided into three b) Connotative Meaning categories consisting of conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning is an associative associative meaning and thematic meaning. expression of word that has an emotive reaction Associative meaning is divided into five terms: rather than dictionary restriction of primary connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning of a word that negative and positive thing meaning, reflective meaning and collocative (Djajasudarma 2013:12) .It means that the meaning. So, it means that there are seven types meaning of a word is different from its literal of meaning; (a) Conceptual meaning (sometimes meaning because the feeling and emotion is called “denotative’ or ‘connotative’ meaning) is associated with a word. The meaning aspect of a the meaning that refers to the logical, cognitive, or word or phrase is based on the feeling or thinking denotative, (b) Connotative meaning is of speaker (writer) and hearer (reader). In communicative value of an expression that addition, Connotation refers to additional in according to what it refers and is beyond the circumstances under which each of us learns a conceptual meaning, (c) Stylistic meaning is the word. Connotation is an idea suggested or implied meaning of the words that show the social by a word in addition to its main meaning (Hornby, environment of the user of language, (d) Affective 1995:243). For example, the word ‘hack’ means meaning is the meaning of a word or language ‘journalist’ but has derogatory connotation. that is used by the speaker to reflect the personal Verhaar (2010: 390) says that connotative

meaning or connotation is the meaning that and cats) or the composite relation ( as in might appears in the user’s mind because of affective have been found). and emotional value. For example, the word fault denotatively means wrong but connotatively 3. Phrasal Verb. means weakness. Connotation is what people According to Jay Maurer in focus on grammar think about a word and find whether it is possible an Advanced course for reference and practice ( or impossible for the word to have a different 1994: 279), phrasal verb are verbs that are meaning from its denotative meaning (Tarigan, composed of more than one word. A phrasal verb 2009: 52). So, it is quite possible that people have consist of a main verb is often quite different from the same and different thought and the meaning the meaning of just the verb alone. Lord quirk in of a word depends on personal interpretation. longman Dictionary of contemporary English Montgomery and Sutherland say that stated that: there are two types of connotation, namely Phrasal verb n [c] a group of words that is personal and general. Personal connotation is the used like a verb and consist of a verb with an result of the experience of the individual man and adverb of preposition after it, for example” set off” woman. The way people realize idea and object is or “look after”. In this dictionary, phrasal verbs are determined by the precise nature of early marked “v”. experience with the referents. They note that According to jay Maurer (1994:279), there connotation that surround most of the words in the are two types of phrasal verbs: (1) Inseparable vocabulary are complex and intimate record of life phrasal verbs, (2) Separable phrasal verbs. to date. The reaction to a word may be the 4. Magazine cumulative result of all experiences with the word Hornby (1995: 720) states that mass media and its referent. The general connotation is the are the means of communication for the large result when the reaction of majority people to number of people, television, and radio. specific word is substantially the same. Furthermore Hornby (1995:706) also says that a 1. Slang magazine is a type of a large or thin book with Slang is an informal and secret language. paper cover, containing stories, picture, etc and Slang has been defined as one of those things issued usually every week or every month. We that everybody can recognize and nobody can may conclude that magazine is one medium of define’( Introduction to language Fromkin ,Roberts mass communication for conveying information, 1958, p.342) Webster’s new College Dictionary news, entertainment, knowledge, and educational (1996:1259) defines slang as a non-standard material to large number of people.. vocabulary composed of word and sense According to what is stated by Defleur and Everett characteristics primarily by connotation of extreme E. Dennis (1985:182-191) a magazine is in formality and usually currency not limited to a published less frequently than a newspaper and particular region and composed typically of the types of the magazine can be on general or coinages or arbitrarily changed words, clipped or special that are content. So it means that in shortened forms, extravagant, forced, or facetious conveying the information, magazine as a medium figures of speech, or verbal novelties usually of communication has different way depending on experiencing quick popularity and relatively rapid the types of the magazine; (1) General magazine, decline into disuse. Slang is used in a particular (2) Specific magazine. community; Individuals who do not belong to the community cannot understand it. RESEARCH METHOD 2. Phrase 3.1 Research Design Phrase is a group of two or more words that form In this research, the writer applied a a sense unit expressing a thought either qualitative research design considering the fragmentarily without a complete predication ( as characteristics of a case study. The qualitative in God for you!) or with weakenened form of research is call interpretive and constructive of predication ( as in God willing) or as a sentence paradigm which view social reality as holistic, element not containing a predication but having complex, dynamism, fill of meaning, and the force of a single part of speech ( as in could interactive or reciprocal (Sugiono, 2012:10-12). have been found) and that bear to one another As mentioned by Moleong (2013:9) that the either the modifying relation (as in faithful dog) or qualitative research method is used for some the coordinate or multiple relation ( as in dogs reason, e.g. observation, interview, and document research.

In presenting the data, the writer applied a presented according to their formal categories. descriptive method. As Sudaryanto in Widagsa The researcher just presents what is found (2008:32) claimed that the descriptive method is a without adding any other information, the form of research method based on phenomenon that slang will be categorized and the researcher look empirically exists in the speaker. It result the for the denotative meaning of slang for dictionary, description is whatever there is. The writer after knowing the denotative meaning, the believes that descriptive method is appropriate for researcher infers into their connotative meaning in this research because the goal of this research is context by using a slang dictionary or thesaurus. to get clear information about the data such as systematically, factually, and accurately describe of illustrate the fact, characteristics, and RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION relationship of research elements that deal with 4.1 The form of slang the topic of a research. Here the researcher puts foward the data 3.2 Research Object analysis that found in column of the slang forms in Research object is anything that becomes Cosmo magazine, published in 2012. This the attention of a research. Sugiono (2012:288) analysis focuses only on word, phrase, and states that a focused in a research refers to a pharasal verb. single cultural domain or a few related domains. 1. Word Research object in this research is slang used in Word is sound or combination of sounds column Cosmo magazine. Those slang that expresses a meaning and form and expressions are analyzed based on their form and independent unit of the grammar or vocabulary of their meaning. The form of slang includes words language. The researcher focuses only noun, such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and words verb, adjective, and adverb. formation, and also phrases like noun phrases, a. Noun is a word used to identity to give a name prepositional phrases and phrasal verb. The of class things, places, people or ideas, or a meaning of slang includes the denotative and particular one of these. Here are some examples: connotative meaning. 1. “... I only attract morons!” she says.” 3.3 Data Source There are no good men out there!” she Data source is often called the subject of says... (Cosmo magazine, March the research. It can be in the form of person, 2012:59). thing, place, action, and so on (Arikunto, 2. “... I only attract dickheads,” she will keep 2010:48). The researcher determines the column attracting just that... (Cosmo magazine, of Cosmo Magazine as the data source. The March 2012:59). population of the magazine is those which are 3. “... Men know their bullshit won’t fly... published in 2012. That consists of 6 editions in (Cosmo magazine, March 2012:59). each months began from March until September. 4. “... Disclosed to me that every time a The reason of choosing those edition as the data paparazzo snaps his photograph, he feels source is with the assumption that those editions like dying inside... (Cosmo magazine, are the most current and involves of slang March 2012: 88). 38 language that are still being used. 5. “... I’d never do it, and anyone who asks 3.4 Data Collecting Technique for it is a total sleaze...” (Cosmo The writer chooses Cosmo magazine magazine, March 2012:89). because it is interesting to read but the most 6. “... He was in agony and ended up in A & important thing is that this magazine provides E getting stitched up... (Cosmo many slang words. In this research, the writer magazine, August 2012 :44). employs some techniques of data collection. They The word morons is slang word that are as follows. denotatively means a foolish or stupid person and 1. The writer collects 6 editions of the Cosmo the word dickhead denotatively means a stupid or Magazine 2012 and only focuses on conversation despicable man or boy. Bullshit is slang word in in Column. the form of noun which means exaggrated or 2. The writer collects the slang forms and sorts foolish talk, nonsense. Those three slang words them out into categories words and phrases. do not have conotative meaning. The word 3.5 Data Analyzing Technique paparazzo is slang word which adapted from the Because the data on this research are in official language of Italy. The denotatively means the form of words and phrases, the data are that a freelance photographer who specializes in

candic camera short of famous people and often 15. “... Whether they’re flaky and pathetic, or invades their privacy to obtain such photographs. hiding a secret girlfriend. (Cosmo Sleaze is slang word that denotatively means magazine, March 2012:59). dishonest, disreputable, or immoral behaviour, 16. “... They were probably annoying and especially of public official or employees. Agony is preachy like me ... (Cosmo magazine, slang word in the form of noun that denotatively March 2012: 59). means acute physical oe mental pain; anguish. The word flaky is U.S slang 7. “... I love victoria Beckham’s dresses, as denotatively means eccentric,crazzy. The well as Mcqueen ...” (Cosmo magazine, word Preachy denotatively means inclined August 2012:59). to or marked by preaching. Both of flaky 8. “... I was a bit of DIY whizz in my old flat and Preachy are slang words that do not ...” (Cosmo magazine, August have connotative meaning. 2012:57). 17. “... I quickly learned that innocent words Mcqueen is slang word that denotatively of a guy friend in my ear required only a means U.S actor, noted for his portrayal download glance and seductive smile to of tough characters. Whizz is slang word become a steamy, suggestive shot. that denotatively means to move or go (Cosmo magazine, May/August 2012 rapidly. :32). b. Verb is slang a word to denote action 18. “... I’m not too fussed really-as long as a performed by nouns or pronoun. Here are girl doesn’t look too tacky, ... (Cosmo examples: magazine, August 2012:25). 9. “... Like a growing number of smart, savvy 19. “... I’ll admid I sign off texts with cheeky city- dwellers...” (Cosmo magazine, March winks smiles ... (Cosmo magazine, 2012:101). August 2012: 37). 10. “... These were some of those pinch- me 20. “... Warm Chardonnay and a sloppy peck moments! (Cosmo magazine, March on the cheek? ( Cosmo magazine, August 2012:111). 2012 : 75). 11. “... They slapped him in handcuff...” 21. “... Pushy behaviour in women is seen as (Cosmo magazine, August 2012:44). unfeminine and unattractive”, ... (Cosmo The savvy denotavely means to magazine, August 2012: 80). understand or get the sense of (an idea, etc). Steamy denotatively means lustful or Pinch denotatively means to arrest. Handcuff is erotic and connotatively means hot or carnal. slang word denotatively means to handcuffs on ( a Tacky is slang word (adjective) which denotatively person); manacle. Those three words that do not means shabby or shoddy and connotatively have connotative meaning. means dowdy or seedy. The word cheeky is slang 12. “... That handsome, blue-eyed man is word that denotatively means disrespectful in makint me sick, “ he blurted out. (Cosmo speech or behaviour, impudent and which magazine, March 2012: 32). denotatively means fresh. Sloppy is slang word 13. “... Also, make sure no one ends up that denotatively means careless or untidy. Pushy sleeping on the couch. (Cosmo magazine, is slang word that denotatively means May 2012:22). disapproving or offensive, then, connotatively 14. “... And, to get his revenge, he texted her means someone who does everything they can saying I was a rubbish snog! Not my best to get what they want from other people. The word moment.” (Cosmo magazine August sloppy do not have connotative meaning. 2012:44) d. Adverb is a word used to give the information Blurted out is British slang word that about verb, adjective or another adverb. denotatively means babble, blow the gaff. End up Here are some examples: is slang word that denotatively means arrive, fetch 22. “...The fact that she’s also smart, up, finish up, stop, and wind up. And the word successful and absolutely charmingly snog is a british slang word that denotatively only... (Cosmo magazine, May 2012:35) means to kiss someone in a sexual way. 23. “...She actually ‘met’ him over skype, and c. Adjective is a word used to give the said I could go to the UK on holiday for a information about noun and pronoun. fortnight... (Cosmo magazine, September Here are some examples: 2012:97).

The word charmingly is formed from charming The word pin-up compound from pin (noun) (Adjective) denotatively means delightful or and word up (preposition) denotatively means a pleasant and sufix –ly which results charmingly picture of someone famous or attractive, often not means in attractive way in slang. It doesn’t have wearing many clothes. Red-hot is formed from connotative meaning. Then, the word over skype word red and hot. The combination of those two is a kind of adverb of place. It connotatively adjective words means very hot denotatively. It means to contact with other person by using the means very vulgar or sexy in connotative Internet Network Service that has several types of meaning. The word to-die-for is compounded searching Engine e.g., Google, Amazon, Skype from word to (preposition), die (verb), and for and so on. It doesn’t have denotative meaning. (preposition) denotatively means passing from life. 24. “... I’m really clueless as to what to wear. It connotatively means have a strong wish to get Nas signhed glumly” (Cosmo magazine, something that is mostly needed. May 2012:48). c. Acronym is new word that derived by taking Glumly denotatively means sad, the initial letter of words. Here are some depressed and used. It does not have connotative examples: meaning. Besides the form of the words above, 30. “... One girl even offered me oral sea in the slang word can also exist because of word my DJ booth! (Cosmo magazine, formation process which can create new words. September 2012:83) The analysis of this paper focuses on 31. “... just keep to one key piece per outfit to Derivination, Compound, Acronym, Cliping, and prevent looking OTT. (Cosmo magazine, Blending, Imitation, and Proper name. May 2012:63) a. Derivation is a word formed by giving an affix 32. “... I was a bit of a DIY whizz in my old or suffix to the word that produce new word with flat... (Cosmo magazine August 2012 :48) the new form and pronunciation. Here are some The word DJ stand for Disc Jockey that examples: denotatively means someone who conduct a TV 25. “...Add clumpy mascara to rock it up.” show. And, the word OTT is a slang acronym that (Cosmo magazine, September 2012:159). stands for Over The Top in denotative meaning. The word DIY stands for do-it- yourself Clumpy is slang word which is derived denotatively means when you make or repair from word clump (noun) that denotatively means things in your house yourself rather then paying an extra sole on a shoe and suffix –y that result other people to do the work. Those three slang clumpy (adjective) means moving in an akward words do not have any connotative meaning. way often knocking things and making them fall d. Clipping is process that shortens a over. polysyllabic word by deleting one or more 26. “... I don’t actually have to go through with syllabics. Here are some examples: the freaky chin implant... (Cosmo 33. “... You can now get your tave mag on magazine, March 2012 : 119). your iPad or iPhone. (Cosmo magazine, The word freaky is derived from September 2012:15). word freak (noun) that denotatively means an 34. “... My tan is real and I went to the gym object, event etc., that is abnormal or extremely yesterday for the first time in a month. unusual and suffix –y that result freaky (adjective) (Coso magazine, March/August 2012:77) means strange or unconventional. 35. “... And once Celebs have had surgery, b. Compound is a new word that is formed by they never admid it ... (Cosmo magazine, stringing together other words and there’s no limit March/September 2012 :117) on kind of combination. Here are some examples: 36. “...If waiting-roo-lady thought it needed 27. “...I started Mad men that people would work, Surely a pro will. (Cosmo magazine, talk about me as being sexy or a pin-up. March 2012:118) (Cosmo magazine, May/September 37. “... The next time you’re ogling pics of 2012:35) celebs ... ( Cosmo magazine, March 28. “... however, there’s more to christina than 2012:118) her red-hot looks... (Cosmo magazine, The word mag is clipping from magazine that May 2012:26). denotatively a large thin book with a paper cover, 29. “... Snoop around then go after house which is sold every week or every month and the pals who like to buy these to-die-for brand word gym is clipping from gymnastic (noun) itesm” (Cosmo magazine, September denotatively means a sport in which you do skilful 2012:222).

physical exercises and movement, often in The word wannabe is blended from want competitions. The word celeb is clipping from a (simple present), to (preposition) and be celeberity (noun) that denotatively means a (auxuliary verb), denotatively means a person famous living person. The word Pro is clipping who desires to be, or be like. The word gotta is from professional that denotatively means relating blended from got (past tense) and to (preposition), to a job taht needs special education and training. denotatively means must be done. The word The word Pic is clipping from picture that gonna is blended from going (present participle) denotatively means a painting, drawing, or and to (preposition), denotatively means to do photograph. Those five slang words do not have something or activities in near time which have connotative meaning. been planned before. Those three slang words do 38. “... Think glam rock waves and sexy not have connotative meaning. sudge around the eyes. (Cosmo f. Imitation is related to imitation of words, that magazine, September 2012:136) is, the phenomenon called sound symbolism of 39. “... Think of a veggie, the love it” (Cosmo the habit ofassociating a certain type or class of magazine, May 2012:20) meaning with a certain sound or cluster of sounds. 40. “... A good guy does not cause your brain Here are some examples: strain, or bring on bouts of phone 46. “ ... It provided me with my big break, but checking Excess ... (Cosmo magazine, what can I do? Urrrgh.” Wow, our hearts May 2012:57) are bleeding. (Cosmo magazine, May 41. “... And that vibe is super seductive, 2012:69). making it easier than ever to lure Urrrgh is sound imitation of lions or tigers admirers. (Cosmo magazine, May which is called roar in denotative 2012:59) meaning. It is used by the speaker 42. “... These sit higher than ankle boots- and because he wants to express his feeling have a heel comfy enough to wear all day of being angry in connotative meaning. long. (Cosmo magazine, May 2012:143) 47. “... You’ll spread the enamel-grazing acid The word glam is clipping from glamorous around your teeth. Eek! (Cosmo (adjective) that denotatively means attractive, magazine, August 2012:187) exciting and related wealth or success and the Eek! is a sound imitation of something word veggie is clipping from vegetable muddy when it is fallen by something else denotatively means plant which is eaten as a hardly. It is used by the speaker to food. The word phone is clipping from telephone express his feeling of being disgusted in that denotatively means the system of connotative meaning. It doesn’t have any communication that you use to have conversation denotative meaning. with someone in another place. The word vibe is 48. “... Let’s go! Hop!Flop! Hop! When we’re clipping from vibraphone that denotatively means fit, we look good! (Cosmo magazine, May electric music instrument. And the word comfy is 2012:46) clipping from comfortable that denotatively means Hop! Flop! Hop! Are sound imitation of something that make you feel physically relaxed. horse feet in denotative meaning.Those Those five words do not have connotative three words do not have connotative meaning. meaning. e. Blending is process to create an existing word g. Proper name is one source of new word by reducing some parts of word and than formation. The giving of individual names combined it to be new word which has a different to persons, places, geography features, from than before but has the sae meaning. Here deities and sometimes to animal is are for examples: universal human practice, apparently as 43. “ ... An Imattainable standard has been old as language itself. For examples: set for Hollywood wannabes. (Cosmo James, Agatha, Atlantic ocean. Here are magazine, March 2012:117) some examples: 44. “... Oh, no you gotta plump up some 49. “... First came an instant message and places too,.. (Cosmo magazine, March then a call from Mr Elusive himself. 2012:119) (Cosmo magazine, May 2012:32) 45. “... Oh ... are you gonna download some 50. “... If I worked in an office like Joan, I’d be movie?” (Cosmo magazine, May 2012 the one working hard and playing hard,” :32).

she says. (Cosmo magazine, May 57. “... I hope I don’t hafta wait much longer” 2012:35) (Cosmo magazine, March 2012:46). 51. “... We could be the best friends.” Of The phrase was gonna tell is formed from course, I immediately Googled him later. word was (auxiliary in past form), going (present (Cosmo magazine, May 2012:36). participle), to (preposition), and tell (verb) that Mr. Elusive is a name which is given by the denotatively means to tell something to each other speaker to her boyfriend that is dishonest and what happened in denotative meaning. It does not cheating with another girl in connotative meaning. have any connotative meaning. The words get It doesn’t have any denotative meaning. Joan is a mixed up are formed from get (verb), mixed (past name that is used by speaker to express his participle), and up (preposition) that denotatively willing to be a hard worker in connotative means to spend the time with someone who has a meaning. It is denotatively means a legendary bad influence on someone else and connotatively female pope, first mentioned in the 13th century. means confused. Don’t hafta is formed from word Googled means to call or to contact another do (auxiliary), not (negative expression), have persons in connotative meaning. It is a name of (auxiliary), and to (Preposition) that denotatively Searching Engines in the internet network in means must not be done. It does not have any denotative meaning. connotative meaning. 2. Phrases c. Prepositional pharse has preposition as its first The form of slang phrases that are found in word. This phrase is also equivalent to a column Cosmo magazine can be noun phrase, preposition. It is a preposition followed by a noun verb pharase and preporsional phrase. Here are phrase. Here some examples: some of the data. 58. “... Indeed, strolling in a small or other a. Noun phrase is a phrase which has function in cozy places can definetly boost your a sentence equivalent to that of a noun. Here fitness, especially if you do it a bit are some examples: regularly. These are actually many other 52. “... In October we launched sneaking practical ways of getting yourself in the Duck which sells stylish prescription pink “ (Cosmo magazine, March 2012 : glasses. (Cosmo magazine, March 40). 2012:136) 59. “... So julia has to go to Vineland. Julia is 53. “... Big Nails, a rosy pageant peach and caught in a tight spot” (Cosmo At First Sight an elegant nude with a pink magazine, August/September 2012:38). tone, and then seal for a high-shine finish 60. “... She won’t be impressed, better just with OPI’s top coat. (Cosmo magazine, try to put her at ease, make her laugh or September 2012: 37) something” (Cosmo magazine, 54. “ Do you want to know why peter is September 2012:46) absent again today? Let me take a short In the pink connotatively means having a good in the dark. He’s getting married”. (Cosmo health and in a tight spot connotatively means in magazine May 2012:4 difficult situation. Both of two phrases in the pink Sneaking Duck connotatively means a and in atight spot do not have connotative collection of secret tips related to fashion style. meaning. The phrase at ease denotatively means Next, a pink tone means a suit of clothes that is all happiness. It does not have any connotative dressed in pink colour in connotative meaning. meaning. The phrase take a short in the dark means a wild guess. Those three phrases do not have b. Phrasal verb is verbs which consist of two or denotative meaning. more ( sometime three words). The first word is a b. Verb Phrase verb and it is followed by an adverb or preposition A verb phrase is generally has a main verb or both. as its main word. It is equivalent to a verb in a a. Inseperable pharase verb are those that occur sentence. Here are some examples: in only one order. 55. “... Yeah... I was gonna tell you about b. Separable phrasal verb are also compused of it.....” (Cosmo magazine, August 2012:48) a verb plus a preposition. 56. “... Don’t get mixed up about the right In separable phrasal verb, a pronoun can come hang out site, though. (Cosmo magazine, only between the verb and the preposition. Here March 2012: 70). are some examples:

61. “ ... I also hang out with friends in means sprit. The word bugging is formed from connecticut (where I grew up) quite a lot. word bug (verb) means to annoy or irritate (Cosmo magazine, March 2012:91). somebody or something and suffix –ing (present 62. “... You should know better than anyone participle form). So, it can be concluded that the else that you need to chill out” (Cosmo bugging in the sentence above means something magazine, August/September 2012:41). which is bothering feeling in denotative meaning. 71. “... Suz, what are you blabbering Hang out denotatively means a place about” (Cosmo magazine, March where a particular group of people like to spend 2012:48) time. Chill out denotatively means to relax and 72. “... Whether they’re flaky and stop being angry or nervous, or to spend time pathetic, or hiding a secret girlfriend, relaxing. they’re all atrocious. (Cosmo 63. “... a bunch of pals seems promising, but magazine, March 2012:59) doesn’t expect to cash in soon” (Cosmo 73. ”... This already- stylish gal was given magazine, March 2012:47) a makeover by celebrity make up 64. “... Don’t tell me. The oboe-guy stood you artist. (Cosmo magazine, September up” (Cosmo magazine, May 2012:48). 2012:133) 65. “... See what happens if you don’t work 74. “... The lift jeans’ cigarette shape out enough? Not only aren’t your feeling enhances the legs and gives the crummy, but also missed your goal” illusion of a lifted bum. (Cosmo (Cosmo magazine, August 2012:48) magazine, september 2012:135) 66. “... Shut up, Ron!!” (Cosmo magazine, 75. ”... I’ve got big boobs and I am fed up March 2012 :50) with paying extortionate... (Cosmo 67. “... Yeah, I guess sneaking out is so no magazine, September 2012:135) worth it “ (Cosmo magazine, September 76. ” A ‘flick’ is truly alluring. (Cosmo 2012:57) magazine, September: 144) Cush in denotatively means take 77. “... I love them, especially as I have advantage. Stood you up denotatively means to teeny little ear holes, ... (Cosmo fail meet somebody. Work out detatively means magazine, September 2012:187) turn out or result. Shut up connotatively means The phrase blabbering is formed from keep silent or stop talking. Sneaking out blabber (verb) and suffix –ing (present participle) connotatively means go out from some place denotatively means to talk foolishly or too much. secretly The word Freaky is derivitional slang word that is 4.2 Denotative and connotative Meaning of derived from freak (noun) and suffix –y which Slang result freaky (adjective) denotatively means From the data analysis, the writer strange; unconventional. The word gal is slang interpreted the meaning of slang word into the word that denotatively means girl or female that words that have denotative meaning, the words has not married yet. The word bum is a british that have the connotative meaning and both of slang word that denotaively means the part of them. your body that you sit on. The word boob is a 1. Denotative meaning is dictionary restriction or slang word that denotatively means an ignorant or dictionary meaning, that is, what the word stands foolish person;booby. The word flick is a slang for. Here are some examples: word that denotaively means a cinema film. And the word teeny is a slang word that denotatively 68. “ ... I’m really clueless as to what to means very small. wear!” (Cosmo magazine, May 2012: 54) 78. “... Nope. And we know it:51 per cent 69. “... What happened to your peppy of women agree they haven’t been tunes?” (Cosmo magazine, March treated the same. (Cosmo magazine, 2012:54) March 2012:138) 70. “ ... Suz, what’s really bugging you?” 79. “... Sorry about all this. We’re pigs. (Cosmo magazine September 2012:70) (Cosmo magazine, March 2012:149) The word clueless (Adjective) denotatively 80. “... This pen is so nifty!” (Cosmo means stupid or means not having idea. Peppy is magazine, May 2012:49) derivinational slang word derived from pep (noun) 81. ”... But if you’re tempted to tell means liveliness; energy and anthusiasm and coworker to pipe down ‘cos they are suffix-py that result peppy (adjective) denotatively

discussing a topic you’re not has connotative meaning means over expose in interested in or familiar with, ask; is it unfairly. A pipe dream that connotatively means really the noise, ... (Cosmo an idea or plan that will probably never happen. magazine, May 2012:102) The phrase Cold feet are used by the speaker in 82. ”... I like leaving random goofy notes the sentence above to express his or her feeling for my girlfriend. (Cosmo magazine, that has connotatively meaning means lost May 2012:67) courage. Biggie is derivational slang word that is 83. ” ... A dating currency, that’s what. (we performed from word big (Adjective) and suffix –ie could call it the Footsie, but that’s that result biggie (adjective means extravagant already been taken ). (Cosmo connotatively. With the blues connotatively magazine, August 2012:75). depressed or sorrowful. An ace up his sleeve is Nope is slang expression that slang noun phrase that connotatively means denotatively means no. It is a kind of informal use secret knowledge or a secret skill which give to express disagreement. Sumtin’ is formed from him/her advantage. Head over heels connotatively word “something”, denotatively means the thing in means completely or totally. which indefinite yet. The word pigs is a australia 91. “ ... Give up junk food. “(junk food) slang word that denotatively means an expression were attracing my stomach. (Cosmo or derision or disagreement. The word nifty is magazine, May 2012 :26) slang word that denotatively means pleasing or 92. “... The four-hour convo that ensured stylish. Pipe down is denotatively means to stop only proved I was headed for talking, making noise. The word goofy is a slang heartbreak. (Cosmo magazine, May word that denotatively means foolish, silly or 2012:32) stupid. And the word footsie is a slang word that 93. “... With my killer Darlie- white smile denotatively flirtation involving the touching and a straight-up introduction! together of feet, knees. (Cosmo magazine, May 2012:70) 2. Connotative meaning is an associative Give up junk food connotatively means to expression of word that has an emotive reaction stop consumption food that is low in nutritional rather than dictionary restriction or primary of a value. The heart break is compounded from word word. Here are some examples: heart (noun) and break (verb) that connotatively 84. “... Or the photographer who means feeling great sorrow or completely messeged me three time in a row, at miserable. And Killer darlie –white smile are used one point apologising for being ‘ a by the speaker in the sentence above to express buzzy little fly’. (Cosmo magazine, his feeling that has connotative meaning means August 2012:55) a person loved by another with show sweet smile. 85. “... I thought she was amazing, but tht 3. Denotative and conotative. it would eventually frizzle out, it was Some words that were found by the a pipe dream.” (Cosmo magazine, researher had denotative and connotative September 2012:98) meaning. Here are some examples: 86. “... I can’t do it! In short, I got cold 94. ”... Our longer chat was six hours! feet” (Cosmo magazine, September Everyone thougth we were nuts. 2012:45) (Cosmo magazine, September 87. ”... No biggie! Try to find new 2012:98) shopping sports. The cheaper, the 95. “... Looks-wise, she wasn’t my cup of better!” (Cosmo magazine, tea- but her personality was September 2012:47) something else. (Cosmo magazine 88. ”... Hi, suzi what’s with the blues?” May 2012: 83) (Cosmo magazine, August 2012:46) 89. “... He’s got an ace up his sleeve” 96. “... She’s coordinated, she’s cool and (Cosmo magazine, September she’s confident and brave in her 2012:48) choiches.” (Cosmo magzine, 90. “... I’m head over heels in love with August 2012:26) your sister” (Cosmo magazine, 97. ”... It turn her on to act like a static March 2012: 50) doll ... (Cosmo magazine, September A buzzy little fly are used by the speaker in the 2012:87) sentence above to express his or her feeling that

98. “... But with nothing underneath it’s a very good. The word ice denotatively means water hot look for. (Cosmo magazine, that has frozen and become solid and September 2012:31) connotatively means a diamond or diamonds. 99. “... Whitney’s playing with prints 4.3 The Relative Frequency of the Use of Slang here... the blue denim shirt provides that is used in Column of Cosmo Magazine the sky to the lanscape on those crazy Based on the research finding, jeans! (Cosmo magazine, September the researcher tries to know the relative frequency 2012:26) of the use slang in colum of Cosmo magazine that 100. “... This seasons’s hottest hue is is concerned with the objective of the study on much better suited for an ice queen. chapter one. (Cosmo magazine, May 2012:56) There are 100 data related to their forms and The word nuts denotatively means peanut meaning. In short, it can be put foward that 51 or bolt and connotatively means crazy. Cup of tea words are found from the total of 100 data. It denotatively means the drink that it contains tea takes the proportion 51%. It consists of 24 words and connotatively means to be what ,likes or what (24%) and 27 words formation (27%). There are would choose.The word cool denotatively means found 9 phrases from the total of data or it thakes fairly cold, not to hot or warm and connotatively the proportion 9%. In this case of phrasal verb, means good looking or beautiful. The word doll the researcher finds 7 phrasal verbs or it takes the denotatively means a toy that looks like a small proportion 7% from the total data. And related to person or baby and it connotatively a pretty girl or the meaning, there are found 33 words and woman of little inteligence. The word hot phrases or its take the proportion 33% from the denotatively means a relatively high temperature total of 100 data. and connotatively means something which is interesting. The word crazy denotatively stupid or not sensible and connotatively means good or

Table 4.1 The accumulation and the proportion of slang words that are found in column of Cosmo magazine.

Forms Adjective Adverb Noun Noun

Verb Total

Types 24 Word 8 6 7 3 24% Proportion 33,33% 25% 29,17% 12,5%

Table 4.2 The accumulation and the proportion of slang words formation that are found in column of Cosmo magazine .Forms mpoun- ivati-on ivati-on on-ym on-ym ation ding ding ping

per- nd- nd- me Total Clip Imit Pro Acr Der Ble Ing Co na Types Word 27 formation 2 3 10 3 3 3 3

27% Proportion 7,40% 11,11% 37,03% 11,11% 11,11% 11,11% 11,11%

Table 4.3 The accumulation and the proportion of slang phrases that are found in column Cosmo magazine. Forms Prepositional Noun phrase Verb phrase Phrase Total Types

9 Phrase 3 3 3 9% Proportion 33,33% 33,33% 33,33%

Table 4.4 The accumulation and the proportion of slang phrasal verb that are found in column of Cosmo magazine. Forms

Total Inseparable separable Types

Phrasal verb - 7 7 100% Proportion 7%

Table 4.5. The accumulation and the proportion of the meanings of slang that are found in column Cosmo magazine. Forms

Denotative and Total Denotative Connotative Connotative

Types 33 16 10 7 Meaning 33% Proportion 48,48% 30,30% 21,21%

From the table above, it can be said that there are the deepest meaning and the highest impresssion 33 words and phrases abserved based on their of sense of the words and phrases. meaning from the total of the 100 data or it takes the proportion 33%. It consists of 16 words and CONCLUSION phrases that only have denotative meaning from Ultimately, according to the research finding the total 33 data that are observed based on the and its discussion in the previous chapter, some meaning or it takes the proportion 48,48%, 10 conclusions can be decided in line with the words and phrases only have connotative statement of the problems and objective of the meaning (30,30%), and 7 words and phrases study that are stated in chapter one of this have denotative and connotative meaning or it research is based on the research finding in takes the proportion 21,21% from the total data column of Cosmo magazine as follows: that are observed based on the meaning. In short, (1) It is found that the forms of slang can be it can be said that most dominant of the meaning words, phrases, phrasal verb. The most dominant of slang in column Cosmo magazine is denotative of the slang in column of Cosmo magazine in the meaning. The connotative meaning is used to give form of word. There are 51 slang words from the

total of 100 data observed or it takes the Defleur, Melvin L and E.Dennis.1985. proportion of 51%. Understanding Mass Communication. a. Words Boston: Houghton Muffin Company. The forms of part of speech that writer Djajasudarma, can find nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Fatimah.T.Hj.Dr.Prof.2013.Semantik 2: The dominant of slang word is found in the form of Relasi Makna, Paradigmatik, noun (33,33%) and adjective (29,17%). Besides, Sintagmatik, dan the forms of word formation that the writer can find Derivitional.PT.Refika Aditama: are derivation, compounding, acronym, clipping, Bandung. blending, proper name, and imitation. The most Fromkin, et al.1988. Introduction to language. dominant of word formation of slang that is used Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. in column of Cosmo magazine are in the form of Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan Ruqaiya 1985. clipping at the first (37,03%), and compounding, Language, Context, and Text: Aspect acronym, blending, proper name and imitation are of Language in a Social-Semotic in same proportion (11,11%). Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University b. Phrases Press. The writer can find three forms of phrases Hoffman, Th.R.1993. Realism of meaning an in column. They take the proportion 33,33% from introduction to Semantic. New York: the total data analyzed. They are noun phrase, Longman. verb phrase, and prepositional phrase. There is Hornby, 1995.Oxford Advanced Learner also no any dominant from of slang of phrase Dictionary of Current English. Britain: because those three forms of phrases have the Oxford University Press. same proportion between one and another. Keraf, Gorys.2006. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. c. Phrasal verb Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama There are found 7 phrasal verbs in column Leech, Geoffery.1981.Semantik Second Edition of Cosmo magazine or it takes the proportion of Revised and Updated. New York: 7% from the total data observed. The phrasal verb Suffolk, Ricard Clay (The Chaucer that is found in the research finding is only Press) Ltd. separable phrasal verb. It takes the proportion of Lyon, Jhon.1981. Linguistic Semantics. New York: 100% from the total data of phrasal verb that are Cambridge University Press found. Mattiello, Elisa.2008. An Introduction to English Slang (Volume 2).Dipartimento (2) The meaning of slang in column of Cosmo Annalistic: Universita Pisa. magazine are denotative meaning, connotative Maurer, Jay.1994.Focus Grammar an Advanced meaning, and in both of denotative and coursed for Reference and Practice connotative meaning. It takes the proportion of Second Edition. New York: Addition 33% from the total of 100 data observed. Longman, Inc Denotative meaning is the most dominant Moleong, Lexy J.Dr.Prof. 2013. Metode Penelitian meaning of slang that is found in column of Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Cosmo magazine, it consists of 16 words and Rosdakarya Bandung phrases or it takes the proportion of 48,48% from Montgomery, Robert. L Jr and Sutherland, William the total of the 33 data, and 7 words and phrases O.S Jr.1962. Language and Ideas. have denotative and connotative meaning or it Boston: Brown and Company. takes the proportion 21,21 % from the total data Palmer, F.R.1981. Semantics. A New Outline. that are observed based on the meaning. It can Cambridge University Press. be adjectives, noun, and noun phrases Parera, J. D. 2001. Teori Semantik (volume 2). BIBLIOGRAPHY Jakarta: Erlangga Alwasilah, Chaedar. A. 2011. Linguistik suatu Pateda, Mansur.2001. Semantik Leksikal (volume pengantar. Bandung:Angkasa 2). Jakarta: Renika Cipta. Barry, Sir Gerald, et al.1996. Communication and Robin, R.H. 1980. General Lingistic an Language. New Jersey: Responsive Introductory. Cambridge: Cambridge environments Corporation. University Press. Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English Word Formation. Sugiono, Dr.Prof.2012. Metode Penelitian Cambridge University Press. Kombinasi (Mixed Method).Bandung Clark et al, 1972. Language Introductory Reading. Alfabeta. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Tarigan, Dr.Prof.2009.Pengajaran Semantik. Bandung: Angkasa The American Heritage Dictionary.1995. New York: America Corporation Verhaar, M.W.J. 2010. Asas-Asas Lingistik Umum.Gadjah Mada University Press. Webster’s Encyclopedia Unabridged Dictionary Langage.1989. New York: Portland House. Webster’s New Colledge Dictionary Third Edition.1996. New York: Macmillan. Widagsa, R.2008. “An Analysis of Figures of Speech used in Halloween Lyrics of the Time of The Oath Album 2008/2009”. English Education Study Program. Ahmad Dahlan University: Yogyakarta. Widarso, Wishnubroto. Drs and Mariani.Lutut.Dra.1994. Complete English Grammar. Kanisius: Yogyakarta. William O’Grady and Friends.1996. Contemporary Linguistic. London: St.Martin’s Press Inc.