A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Slang Used by Cher Horowitz in the Movie Clueless

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A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED BY CHER HOROWITZ IN THE MOVIE CLUELESS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By ADELINA SEKAR PUTRI Student Number: 164214044

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED BY CHER HOROWITZ IN THE MOVIE CLUELESS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By ADELINA SEKAR PUTRI Student Number: 164214044

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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Don’t Get Stressed, Do Your Best, Forget the Rest.

VII

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This thesis is dedicated to

myself and my parents

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praises be to Allah SWT, the Almighty and Merciful, the Great Creator and the Lord of the Universe, who has mysteriously guided the writer in completing the process of writing this thesis.

My deepest gratitude goes to my thesis advisors Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. and Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum., and my preliminary thesis lecturer Arina Isti'anah,

S.Pd., M.Hum. Their valuable guidance and advise have helped me patch this research.

Their suggestions and instructions have served as the major contribution towards the completion of my thesis especially during the dark days of the pandemic quarantine life. I am thankful for their patience in allowing me to take my time to complete this thesis and make it possible for me to graduate in time.

I would like to express my sincerest gratitude towards my parents and my family for the endless support and prayers. I would not be where I am today without their love, advice, encouragement and understanding throughout every stages and obstacles of my education.

Lastly, I would like to also thank all my friends whose names could not all be mentioned. They have been there in every stages of the way and for the endless boost during my indolence. I am forever grateful for their existence in my life. They have been such a blessing to me.

Sincerely, Adelina Sekar Putri

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF ABBREVIATION ...... xii LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii ABSTRACT ...... xiv ABSTRAK ...... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 5 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 5 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE...... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 10 1. Sociolinguistics ...... 11 2. Literal and Contextual Meaning ...... 12 3. Language Variation ...... 12 4. Slang ...... 14 a. Social Factors...... 15 b. Social Dimension ...... 16 5. Functions of Slang ...... 17 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 19

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 21 A. Object of the Study ...... 21 B. Approach of the Study ...... 22 C. Method of the Study ...... 23 1. Data Collection ...... 23 2. Data Analysis ...... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 28 A. The Contextual Meaning of Slang Words Uttered by Cher Horowitz ...... 30 1. Contextual Meaning of Newly Created Slang Words in Clueless ...... 31 2. Contextual Meaning of Newly Interpreted Slang Words in Clueless ...... 37 B. The Function of Slang Words Uttered by Cher Horowitz in Clueless Movie .43 1. Pursuit of Self-identity ...... 44 2. Emotive Feeling of Slang Users ...... 49 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 55 REFERENCES ...... 58 APPENDIX ...... 60

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NCS : Newly Created Slang NIS : Newly Interpreted Slang PSI : Pursuit of Self-identity EF : Emotive Feeling of Slang User AP : Achieving Politeness

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1 Table 1 – Display of Contextual Meaning Analysis 26 2 Table 2 – Display of Function for Using Slang Words 27 3 Table 3 – The Summary of Slang Words Uttered by Cher Horowitz 28 4 Table 4 – Contextual Meaning of Newly Created Slang in Clueless 31 5 Table 5 – Contextual Meaning of Newly Interpreted Slang in Clueless 37 6 Table 6 – Function for Using Slang Words by Cher Horowitz 44

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ABSTRACT

PUTRI, ADELINA SEKAR (2020). A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED BY CHER HOROWITZ IN THE MOVIE CLUELESS. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Language is a tool to express feeling and emotion. It is also a system of communication among individuals. Many forms of languages are found in the society, it can be informal or formal languages. Slang is an informal style of speech used by the member of a certain community, commonly by teenagers. Slang consists of words or phrases that are used instead of more everyday terms among younger speakers and other groups with special interest. The understanding of meaning of the slang words is needed to maintain smooth communication with others. Slang language is used in many forms of media, such as in Amy Heckerling’s romantic comedy film called Clueless. This research focused only to analyze the slang words uttered by the main character, Cher Horowitz. There were two problems formulated in this research. The first problem was to determine the contextual meaning of the slang words uttered by Cher Horowitz. While the second problem was to identify the function of the slang words found in the movie Clueless. The data of this research were examined using sociolinguistics approach in terms of analyzing the slang words. To collect the data, the researcher used population study method. However, the researcher only chose the slang words uttered by Cher Horowitz with the total number of 29 instead of overall slang words found in the movie. The data of this research were collected by watching and reading the movie screenplay as well as following the movie script. After the slang words were gathered, they were analyzed using the theory of social factors by Holmes (2013) and the function of using slang words are determined by using Zhou & Fan’s theory (2013). The result showed the social factors affecting the different contextual meaning of slang word is based on the social relation of participant, setting (social context of interaction), and the topic of discussion. This study also found that slang words are mainly used between participants who have intimate relationship. In addition, the usage of slang words in general is not randomly chosen but there are social functions to it such as pursuit of self-identity and emotive feelings of the slang users.

Keywords: language, slang and sociolinguistics

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ABSTRAK

PUTRI, ADELINA SEKAR (2020). A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED BY CHER HOROWITZ IN THE MOVIE CLUELESS. Yogyakarta: Departemen Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Bahasa adalah alat untuk mengekspresikan perasaan dan emosi. Ini juga merupakan sistem komunikasi antar individu. Banyak bentuk bahasa ditemukan di masyarakat, bisa bahasa informal atau formal. Slang adalah gaya bicara informal yang digunakan oleh anggota komunitas tertentu, umumnya oleh remaja. Slang mengandung kata atau frasa yang digunakan alih-alih istilah sehari-hari di antara penutur yang lebih muda dan kelompok lain dengan minat khusus. Pemahaman makna kata slang diperlukan untuk menjaga komunikasi yang lancar dengan orang lain. Bahasa slang digunakan dalam banyak bentuk media, yaitu seperti dalam film komedi romantis Amy Heckerling berjudul Clueless. Penelitian ini difokuskan hanya untuk menganalisis kata-kata slang yang diucapkan oleh karakter utama, Cher Horowitz. Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan dalam penelitian ini. Masalah pertama adalah menentukan makna kontektual dari kata- kata slang yang diucapkan oleh Cher Horowitz. Sedangkan masalah kedua adalah mengidentifikasi fungsi kata-kata slang yang ditemukan dalam film Clueless. Data penelitian ini diperiksa dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiolinguistik dalam hal menganalisis kata-kata slang. Untuk mengumpulkan data, peneliti menggunakan metode studi populasi. Namun, peneliti hanya memilih kata-kata slang yang diucapkan oleh Cher Horowitz dengan jumlah total 29 bukannya kata-kata slang keseluruhan yang ditemukan dalam film. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan menonton dan membaca skenario film serta mengikuti naskah film. Setelah kata-kata slang dikumpulkan, mereka dianalisis menggunakan teori faktor sosial oleh Holmes (2013) dan fungsi menggunakan kata-kata slang ditentukan dengan menggunakan teori Zhou & Fan (2013). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor sosial yang mempengaruhi perbedaan makna kontekstual kata slang didasarkan pada hubungan sosial partisipan, latar (konteks sosial interaksi), dan topik diskusi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa kata-kata slang terutama digunakan antara partisipan yang memiliki hubungan intim. Selain itu, penggunaan kata-kata slang secara umum tidak dipilih secara acak tetapi ada fungsi sosial untuk itu seperti mengejar identitas diri dan perasaan emotif dari pengguna slang.

Kata kunci: bahasa, slang dan sosiolinguistik

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Humans are social beings. Therefore, humans need others to interact. The interaction between human beings requires communication called language. The use of language allows individuals to communicate openly and to make sure it is easily understood by others. On the other hand, as they are communicating, they also establish and maintain a social relationship with each other.

Language is a tool that can be used to express the culture of the users. To be exact, language can deliver ideas more accurately and helps to bind the good relationship between users with the society. User of language can earn and transmit either knowledge or ideas to others. This is supported by Chaturvedi’s definition of language, which is

a tool to communicate, feel, elaborate and express thoughts, feelings and actions. Language surround us defines our personality, determines our social behavior, supports our societal system, indicates out thoughts and feelings and provides us a platform to share our ideas, co-operate and refine our development process (Chaturvedi, 2014). Therefore, as Chaturvedi mentions in the above quotation, language and society are related to one another. Generally, the term used for the study of the relationship between language and society is called sociolinguistics. In addition, Trudgill (2000) mentions that through a social point of view there are two aspects of language behavior

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which are very significant. The first is how language functions in establishing a social relationship; and secondly the role of language to convey information about the speaker. Both aspects of linguistics behaviors are reflections of a close inter- relationship between language and society (p. 2).

Language is thus a product of active human consciousness working in well- defined social groups. Society and language are easily identified by each other and are quite interdependent. Each society builds its own language according to its specific requirements and language in return affect society and paves the way for change in future society. Change in language is often marked by change and development of the social and cultural atmosphere in which language changes appear slowly but surely

(Chaturvedi, 2014). However, according to Trudgill, there are two aspects in which language behavior is important through a social point of view. The first is the function of language in establishing social relationships, and the second is the role played by language in conveying information about the speaker (2000, p. 2).

In the study of language, it can be seen there are various languages in society.

Nevertheless, there is an idealized variety of language which exists for most people as the accepted version of the official language in their community, this is called standard language. According to Yule, like Standard English, the version is believed to be used widely in the mass media and is taught in most schools. It is clearly associated with education and broadcasting in public contexts (2006, p. 194). On the other hand, there is also Non-standard which is used in situations other than the formal situation and usually spoken by the uneducated of the society, one of them is slang.

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The status of slang being an informal language is mainly used by teenagers to establish group identity and exclude outsiders. Slang is the diction that results from the game among the young and lively of playing with words and renaming things and actions; some invent new words or mutilate or misapply the old, for the pleasure of novelty, and others catch up such words for the pleasure of being in the fashion (Zhou

& Fan, 2013, p. 2210). Slang describes words or phrases that are used instead of more everyday terms among younger speakers and other groups with special interest.

According to Eble (1996) there are some general effects of using slang that distinguish it from other types of vocabulary such as slang identifies members of a group, slang changes the level of discourse in the direction of informality, and slang opposes established authority.

During this modern era, slang language keeps involving within youngster conversation and has made its way to numerous forms of media. The television, cell phone, internet and daily conversation are some of the media where youngster used slang language. Movie becomes one of the most effective media that keeps offering the newest slang language, it is used to acknowledge and learn slang language. By watching movies and through the storyline of it, the viewers are able to gain many advantages such as in the form of entertainment, information, knowledge and most probably life lessons. The story of a movie is categorized into two parts: the dialogues and the narration. Movie is a complex form of art; it is due to the language used as the main element to convey the messages to the audience. However, some expressions are difficult to transfer into another language because they are peculiar to that language.

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The viewers who are not familiar with slang expressions will find it difficult to extract the information, the message and even just to enjoy the movie itself.

Slang expressions are widely used in many artworks, such as songs and movies.

As mentioned before that the status of slang being an informal language mainly used by teenagers, it is without a doubt that slang can be found in many teen movie genres.

The understanding of meaning of the slang word is needed to maintain smooth communication with others, especially in a movie the meaning of the slang word is needed in order to understand the context of the conversation.

Clueless becomes one of the movies which use slang expressions instead of everyday language in order to express teenage life during the ’90s. Clueless centers

Cher Horowitz and her best friend Dionne, two of the most popular sophomores in their school. They play matchmakers for two of their teachers, which eventually succeeded.

Inspired by her success, Cher takes under her wings a clueless transfer student named

Tai. The three of them become the best of friends. While trying to find Tai a boyfriend,

Cher attempts to find one of her own. However, she undertakes a rocky road to maturity till she finally finds her perfect one. Besides its popularity among the teenager in that era, the researcher chose “Clueless” as the object of the study as it contains a significant number of slang words in the script.

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B. Problem Formulation

There are two problems that are formulated in this study as follows:

1. What are the contextual meanings of slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the

movie Clueless?

2. What are the functions of the slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the movie?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study is conducted in order to answer the two problems mentioned previously in the problem formulation. The first step is to analyze the slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the movie Clueless. After the slang words are gathered the first problem is to identify the contextual meanings of slang words used in the movie by paying attention to the social factors. Lastly, the researcher examines the functions of using slang words by watching the movie and identifying the slang words supported by the script.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to determine the findings of this research related to slang words found in the movie Clueless, the writer would like to point out few definitions such as sociolinguistics and slang in this research.

This study applies Holmes’ theory of sociolinguistics (2013, p. 2).

Sociolinguistics is defined as a study related with the relationship of language and

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society. Based on Holmes’ theory it concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning.

Slang is an ever-changing set of colloquial words and phrases that the speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large (Eble, 1996). In addition, in its earliest occurrences in the eighteenth century, slang itself referred to the specialized vocabulary of the underworld group. Meanwhile, another definition of slang is by Walter (2004), he defines slang as words used in very informal conversation, unsuitable for the formal situation.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, there are three parts explained by the researcher. The first is review of related studies. In this specific part, the researcher discusses similar studies that are done by other researchers. The second part contains a review of related theories, these are the theories that will be used to discuss this study. Lastly, in the theoretical framework, the researcher explains the contribution of each theory and review in solving the problems of the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

The first related study reviewed in this chapter is by Rizky (2018) entitled “The

Functions of Slang Word by the Main and Minor Characters in Mad about Millie Vol.

1 and Deadpool vs Old Man Logan Comic Books”. In her thesis, she analyzed the contextual meaning of slang words and their functions in Mad About Millie Vol. 1 and

Deadpool vs Old Man Logan Comic Books by using sociolinguistic approach. The two comic books were related to younger speakers in the society with a completely different theme, which is humor and superhero. However, the researcher only analyzed and collected the slang words used by the main and minor characters in each of the comic books. In order to analyze the contextual meaning, first, the researcher determined the meaning from the social factor analyzed from Holmes (2013). The social factor refered to the topic of the conversation and the participants involved in it. The participants

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were classified into two which are characters with intimate relationships and characters with a formal relationship. While the topics of the conversation found in the Mad about

Millie Vol. 1 comic book are photo schedule, asking for taking to home and packing, appearance, getting annoyed, the enjoyment of music, startled moment, giving a compliment, making a promise and dancing. The second problem of the study was to find the function of slang words in the two comic books, which are achieving politeness and emotive feeling.

While comparing Rizky’s study and this study, the writer found some similarities and differences. The first similarity of both studies layed on the use of sociolinguistic approach to solve the problem formulations. In addition, both studies focused on finding the contextual meaning and their function of slang words. Apart from that, the difference lies on the object of the study. Rizky’s study used two different comic books as her object while this study used movie as its object.

In the second study by Pratama, entitled “A Study of Meanings and Functions of Long Beach Slang in Freedom Writers Movie” (2015), her research covered slang, especially long beach slang. The researcher analyzed the slang formation processes of the word and phase. The researcher also analyzed the function of slang words based on

Freedom Writers movie. In her study, she found many slangs that are categorized into word level and phrase level. In word levels, the slang words are homey, yo, pops, nigga, dawgs, dealio, peanuts, gals, cool smoke, and ma. On the other hand, in phrase-level there are homeboy, juvenile hall, Ghetto-ass, punk-ass, white boy, dumbass, PO, Little

Cambodia, The Ghetto, Wonder Bread Land, South of the Border or Little Tijuana,

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slanty-eyed bitch, Black Panthers, jump somebody in, Rum and Coke, Sparkling Cider,

Little midget-ass punks, homegirl and hook-up. In Freedom Writers movie, these slang words are used particularly to show Afro-American’s individuality and to signal their group membership. Slangs were also created and influenced by historical culture.

The similarity between Pratama’s study and this study is seen from the objectives. Both studies have the same problem related with meaning and function of slang words. In comparison to Pratama’s study, this study is different in a way of the type of slang found from the object. Pratama focused more on the long beach slang while this study aims to analyze all the slang words uttered by the main character of the movie.

The third related study is a journal article conducted by Yuliana (2015). Her study focused on the “Analysis of American Slang in Movie Laugh of Loud” and by the end of her study, she aimed to classify slang word found in Laugh of Loud (LOL) movie based on the characteristic using Andersson and Trudgill theory. In her research,

Yuliana used a qualitative descriptive method in which later on she divided the slang word into four categories: the neutral syntactic level, typical of informal situation, typical of spoken language and creative. From those categories, she found 35 words and phrases in total.

The journal article by Yuliana have some similarities with this study. The similarities can be found in the type of object analyzed by both researchers, which are movies. In addition, both studies centered their research on slang words found in movies. However, there are differences between the two studies. First is the theory used

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by the researcher to give deeper understanding of the analysis. Second difference was seen on the objectives of the study, Yuliana’s article aimed to analyze the characteristic of slang words while on the other hand this study aims to determine the function of using slang words.

The last similar study is a journal article by Rachmijati (2015) entitled “An

Analysis of the Slang Language used in the movie Juno”. It is a descriptive analysis of how slang language is used among youngsters in the movie “Juno”. This specific movie is a 2007 comedy-drama directed by Jason Reitman and written by Diablo Cody. By the end of this study after analyzing the slangs mentioned in the movie, Rachmijati concluded that slangs are closely related to crude; rude; and sexual matters, therefore slang languages can only be used among close friends, relatives, and acquaintances.

Rachmijati journal article contains some similarities and differences with this study. Both studies have the same objectives of finding out the meaning of slang words of the movie. While the difference lies on the title of the movie as the object of study as well as the number of characters used to analyze the slang words. This study only focuses on the main character which is Cher Horowitz while Rachmijati analyze the slang words uttered by all characters included in the movie.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are four theories explained by the researcher in this chapter. These theories are needed to help the researcher conduct this research. The first theory explained is the theory of sociolinguistics, secondly the theory of literal and contextual

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meaning, then the theory of language variation, followed by the theory of slang, and lastly the theory of the functions of slang.

1. Sociolinguistics

According to Wardhaugh (2010), sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication; the equivalent goal in the sociology of language is trying to discover how social structure can be understood through the study of language (Wardhaugh,

2010). In addition Trudgill (2000) examines that in sociolinguistic, there is a close inter-relationship between language and society. The role of language in conveying speaker’s information has a meaning that people from different social and geographical backgrounds are using different kinds of language.

Based on Holmes (2013), there are three social factors that become the basic components in sociolinguistics explanation relating with the reason why people speak differently and why they do not speak in the same way all the time. Those social factors are participants, the setting or social context of the interaction, and the topic. The participant has a function to see who is speaking and whom they are speaking to. While in the setting or social context of the interaction people will find out where the interaction takes place and on what occasion. Lastly, in the topic, people are able to see what they are talking about.

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2. Literal and Contextual Meaning

Recanati (2004) states that there are two level of interpretations onto explaining meaning. The first is bottom level, this focuses on “what is said” which stops in the literal meaning of the utterance, whereas the top level focuses on “what is implied” this goes deep in it as it is to seek the implication of a word (p. 6). According to Recanati, literal meaning is context-independent while contextual meaning is context-dependent.

Based on the statement, it can be concluded that context plays an important role in defining meaning of a sentence.

Contextual meaning is the meaning of a lexeme or a word that depends on the context. Pateda (2010) states that “contextual meaning or situational meaning appear as a result of the relationship between speech and context” (p. 116). Meaning of a word or sentences consider the relationship between speech and context. However, context has several forms. The first form is person context, this include something related to gender, position, age, social background of both speaker and listener. Context of language means whether the language used is in accordance with the rules. Context of object means what has become the object of conversation. Context of mood includes the mood of the participants of conversation. Context of place is the setting of place in which the conversation occurs.

3. Language Variation

According to Holmes’ theory (2013) the language we use in everyday communication is remarkably varied. Variety is a sociolinguistic term referring to

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language in context. The term variety is used by sociolinguists to refer to any set of linguistic forms which patterns according to social factors. It is a broad term which includes different accents, different linguistic styles, different dialects and different languages which contrast with each other for social reasons (p. 6). Wardhaugh stated that “in the use of language there is variation across speakers, such as reflections of different ways that people speak in different regions or social groups, but also variation within the speech of a single speaker. No one speaks the same way all the time, and people constantly exploit variation within languages they speak for a wide variety of purposes” (2015, p. 6). One factor effecting people to use variety of language is social dialect.

The term dialect can also be used to describe differences in speech associated with various social groups or classes. The definition of social dialect by Holmes (2001) is the language that reflects the grouping of people based on social class and economic class. In addition, a person’s dialect reflects his social background. According to

Wardhaugh, factors such as occupation, place of residence, education, racial, cultural background, caste and religion appear to be related fairly directed to how people speak.

Social dialect originates among social groups and are related to a variety of factors, the principal ones apparently being social class, religion, and race or ethnicity (2015, p.

43). Social dialect is also correlated with other language variations such as slang, jargon, and argot.

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4. Slang

Slang is one of the language varieties found in everyday communication. Slang is the informal language used between people in the same social group in certain situations that begin to be used in a widespread way. “Slang describes words or phrases that are used instead of everyday terms among younger speakers and other groups with special interest” (Yule, 2006). Partridge mentions it is the diction that results from the young playing with words and renaming things and actions; it can appear like brand new word, or mutilate or misapply the old, for the pleasure of novelty and other catch up such words for the pleasure of being in fashion (p. 2). Slang contains many obscene and offensive words and phrases. It also has many expressions that are acceptable in informal communication or situation. Slang is a unique phenomenon that attracts society's attentions in this modern world.

Slang is commonly used by teenagers. It is used verbally and in writing such as in social media and online messaging. Slang is not used merely as a means of self- expression, it connotes personality, its coinage and circulation come rather from the wish of the individual to distinguish himself by oddity (Partridge, p. 4). Slang has many purposes such as persuading, unifying, separating, provoking, secrecy, and identity.

Using a language particular to your social group and time is part of developing self- esteem, confidence and a sense of identity and belonging. Teenagers are trying to find their way in the adult world and often feel most comfortable with their peers. Having their own language helps them bond with other teens and build confidence. Slang is an

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aspect of social life and a symbol of group identity during a limited period of as early as adolescence and it can grow old rather rapidly.

People in a society may speak some varieties of language in accordance with different social situation they meet. When they speak, they should understand well about the situation around. Slang changes its identity along with who the participants are. Factors such as one’s educational, economic or social position, and even in relation to the location and generation take great measure affecting what slang is to one person but to another is different. Social factors become the basic component in sociolinguistic explanations of why people speak differently based on the situation, and why people don’t all speak the same way all of the time.

a. Social Factors

Holmes proposed a theory consists of the social factors relevant in accounting for the particular variety used, in this case that variety refers to slang. In any situation, linguistic choices generally indicate people’s awareness of the influence of one or more of the social factors (2013, p. 9), which are broken down into:

i. The participant

Participant is person or individual involving in a speech event, it consists of

addresser, addressee and audience. Addresser is the speaker who

pronounces the utterance. On the other hand, addressee is a hearer who

receives the utterance. While audience is the large amount of hearer who

may contributed the specification of speech event.

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ii. Setting

Setting refers to the social context of interaction between participants which

refers to the place of where an event or conversation takes place.

iii. Topic

The main organizing principle of a discussion between participants. It offers

an occasion for speaking or writing and a focus which governs the subject

matter of the conversation.

b. Social Dimension

Holmes (2001) states when a member of community chooses to use language variety, the speaker not only considers the domain of conversation but also the social dimension of the participant involved. Social dimension has the function as an indicator of the difference in social status between the speakers, and it is considered as indicator of a situation in which language is used. In other words, social dimension is the reflection of the purpose, topic, manner and mood of language used.

The social dimension includes social distance scale taking account that will be a pattern of linguistic interaction. Social distance scale becomes an indicator of how well someone knows the other, it become a relevant factor in linguistic choices. The function of in-group language becomes a variety that used to signal the shared identity of certain participants. It is used to show group difference, existence or solidarity between the group members. In-group language also covers the use of certain languages as the choices in the relation to social factors and social dimension of

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communication. The solidarity between speakers is measure based on the relationship, an intimate relationship means there is high solidarity between the speakers while distance relationship is when the speakers have low solidarity with each other.

5. Functions of Slang

According to a theory by Zhou and Fan (2013), there are three interpersonal functions of slang which to be exact the functions related to relationship or communication between people. These functions are pursuit of self-identity, emotive feeling of the slang users, and achieving politeness (p. 2212).

The first function is pursuit of self-identity. Slang is considered as the symbol for dividing the professional groups in society, it is because different slang is used within different social and professional groups. If somebody uses the words and expressions within a certain social group, the person will blend with the group members from mentality. An American scholar, P. Roberts once mentioned the reason people constantly use slang is that they tend to show they are one of the qualified members among a certain distinct group. For example, in a situation where a student utters a sentence containing the special college slang, that student intends to show that he is belonging to the inside of the teenager group (Zhou & Fan, 2013).

The second is emotive feeling of the slang users. Generally, the emotive function exposes the speaker’s attitude towards the subject. It is one of the powerful uses of language because it is so important in changing the emotional status of the audience for or against someone or something. Psychologically, slang helps people

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express their strong feeling such as group identification. When people use slang, they want to show them against reality and set them free psychologically. Slang is not only used for stressing group identity, but also for the psychological need for expressing emotion, which is one of the basic functions of language as well (Zhou & Fan, 2013).

According to Zhou & Fan (2013) the third function is achieving politeness.

Three factors are affecting the manner of speaking or writing in communication which are occasions (formal or informal), the addressee (age, gender, occupation, the degree of familiarity) and the content of the conversation. The use of slang is controlled by those three factors mentioned before. Either the use of slang in unsuitable occasions or the use of slang not to the correct addressee may ruin the relationship with the interlocutors. For example, when a young reporter is doing an interview with the

Indonesian President, but the reporter uses informal language rather than formal language in a formal situation. This is considered as ruining the relationship and rather disrespecting the addressee. Therefore, the suitable use of slang effects a certain atmosphere and in maintaining social contacts. Slang is used to maintain intimacy between the speaker and the people close to them.

Slang is frequently used in informal occasions and is of importance in serving the phatic function. The phatic function in slang contributes in maintaining our positive face. Phatic functions can be found in greetings, farewells, comments on weather, etc.

As with politeness in general, greetings can be analyzed within the framework of theories of ‘face’. When making proper slangy greetings, friendly atmosphere may be achieved for proceeding conversation with slangy greetings such as “how’s it going?,

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what’s up?, what’s happening”. These slangy greetings are used to give the speaker’s intention in establishing a good relation and non-threatening atmosphere (Zhou & Fan,

2013).

C. Theoretical Framework

In this section of the study, the writer discusses the importance of the theories that will be used to give deeper understanding as well as answer the two problems formulated. The two problem formulations created are “What are the contextual meanings of slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the movie Clueless?” and “What are the functions of the slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the movie?”

This study focuses on the analysis of slang words and the function by using the sociolinguistic approach. The theory of sociolinguistics is a significant factor in this study in giving deeper understanding related to language and society. This is needed to help answer the first problem formulation related with finding out the contextual meaning of the slang words used by Cher. Moreover, the theory of sociolinguistics by

Holmes (2013) consists of three social factors that contribute in concluding the suitable meaning of the slang words. The social factors by Holmes are participants, setting or social context of interaction and the topic. This is needed to determine the difference in the way people talk and get the suitable meaning of the slang words in The Routledge

Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English (2013) as some slang words have more than one meaning in the dictionary.

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Once the contextual meaning of the slang words is found, the writer moves to the second problem formulation. The theory of functions of slang by Zhou & Fan is needed to answer the last problem formulation regarding the function of slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the movie “Clueless”. The contextual meaning and the theory of function is used together to strengthen the understating of the function of the slang word usage. According to a theory by Zhou and Fan (2013), there are three interpersonal functions of slang which to be exact the functions related to relationship or communication between people. These functions are pursuit of self-identity, emotive feeling of the slang users, and achieving politeness.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The method of how the analysis was conducted is divided into three parts in this chapter. First is the object of the study, this includes the object, or the data used in the study. Second is the approach of the study, this represents the approaches used to analyze the data that the researcher has collected. Third is the method of the study, this shows the steps taken by the researcher to collect and analyze the data.

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is the slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the movie

Clueless. The slang words are analyzed by watching the movie and the identification is supported by the script. The researcher obtained the movie script from www.imsdb.com, this specific website is chosen because it provides a complete script including the setting of place in the movie.

Clueless is an American high school romantic comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling. It made the first debut in theaters on 19th July 1995 and became a major box-office hit. The storyline is based on Jane Austen’s 1815 novel “Emma”, with a modern-day setting of Beverly Hills. In a website review, Hunter stated “Alicia

Silverstone plays rich, spoiled, sweet-natured Cher, our guide into a world where self- assured but likable brats try to makeover those with less-refines tastes while struggling

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down the always-rocky road to maturity” (Hunter, 2019). Clueless centers Cher

Horowitz (Alicia Silverstone), an attractive, wealthy and popular high school student.

At this time, slang expression is often used in Western movies such as in

Hollywood movies. Slang is used most heavily in movies related with adolescence most often targeted at teenage audience. The writer chooses this movie as the object of the study because this romance comedy genre movie became popular among teenager at that time and possibly till now. Apart from that this movie also contain large amount of slang expression in it.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to examine the problem formulation in this study, which are related to the meaning of the slang words and the reasons behind using those slang words, this study applied sociolinguistic approach in analyzing the object of the study.

Sociolinguistic approach is used to give a deeper understanding and in solving the two problems formulated concerning the slang words found among the main characters in the movie Clueless.

Sociolinguistics is one of the linguistic fields which concerns with language in social and cultural context, especially how people with different identities (e.g gender, race, class, and age) speak as well as how their speech changes in different situations. The statement previously is supported by Holmes’ theory in which the expert explains why people speak differently in different social contexts and relating the social functions of language to convey social meaning. The way people use

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language in different social contexts provide a wealth of information about the way language works, as well as the relationship in a community (p. 1). Thus, the focus of this study will be on how an individual speaker uses slang language in the everyday conversation. Therefore, through sociolinguistic approach and Holmes basic social factors of social relationship between participants, setting of place and topic of conversation can help the researcher to determine the contextual meaning of slang words and its functions in Clueless movie based on the social factors.

C. Method of the Study

This part of the study is divided into two smaller sections, those which are data collection and data analysis. Data collection covers how the writer collected the data for this study while data analysis explains the steps taken by the writer to analyze the data of this study.

1. Data Collection

In this study, the researcher analyzed the slang words used by Cher Horowitz in Clueless movie. Slang expressions were obtained through conversation during events and activities. Since the setting of Clueless is mainly at Bronson Alcott High

School and around Beverly Hills area, so the major subjects in this study were high school students, parents, and teachers. The researcher collected the data of this research by watching the movie, focusing on the English subtitles as well as comparing it with the printed script. The researcher obtained the movie script from www.imsdb.com. This

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specific website is chosen because it provides a complete script including the setting of place in the movie.

In this study, the researcher focused on the discussions of contextual meaning and functions of slang words and the researcher aimed to analyze the slang words factually. Moreover, the meaning and functions are determined by the factors supporting the appearance of the slang words or in other hand what triggered Cher to use the slang. Since the duration of the movie is 1 hour 34 minutes and there are a lot of slang words that appeared, the researcher decided to only analyze those uttered by

Cher Horowitz. Under this circumstance, purposive sampling strategy was applied in this study. Polite and Hungler (1999) define population as the totality of all subjects that conform to a set of specifications, comprising the entire group of persons that is of interest to the researcher and to whom the research results can be generalized (p. 232).

In this case, the data being sampled for this research comes from a movie titled

Clueless. However, the researcher only chose the slang words uttered by Cher Horowitz instead of overall slang words found in the movie. In other words, the sample was not randomly chosen.

2. Data Analysis

The writer explained the slang expressions using primary and secondary sources to define the meaning and functions of slang. The primary source is the movie

Clueless while the secondary source is the script of the movie as the identification of

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the slang words is supported by the movie as well. The script is needed for re-checking the slang words and help to avoid any grammatical mistakes.

The researcher used qualitative research while conducting this study. Creswell

(2014) defines qualitative research as an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. In relation to the data, understanding the meaning refers to examine and analyze the slang words by

Cher. The process of research involves the researcher in making interpretation of the meaning of the data, emerging questions, and procedures, and collecting the data

(Creswell, p. 32). By using qualitative research, the researcher is allowed to interpret, give meaning and represent the findings from the natural setting of a certain social phenomenon. Therefore, the researcher is attempting to make sense of the contextual meaning and functions of slang words used by Cher Horowitz in the Clueless movie.

In order to answer the first problem, first the writer watched the movie while at the same time read the script of the movie as well. However, the writer only focused on Cher Horowitz conversation as this study only analyzed the slang words uttered by her. The second thing that the writer did was to group all the slang words which were uttered by the main character, Cher Horowitz. There are 29 slang words found and the writer analyzed all of them. The researcher tried to relate the theories by Eble (1996) and Partridge (1970) to decide whether the words collected previously were considered slang. The next step was to explain the context of the dialogue by briefly described the things happened in the dialogue. The contextual meaning of the slang words then analyzed as the writer used the theory by Holmes (2013) of social factors which are the

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topic of conversation, the setting of place and the social relation of participants involved in the conversation. A screen shoot of every slang uttered by Cher was also taken in order to analyze it based on the social factors. Those slang words were later categorized into a table and put together with the social factors, the table is shown below:

Table 1. Display of Contextual Meaning Analysis Data Utterance Slang Social Setting Topic Contextual Code words Relation Meaning 02/NCS/ CHER: Dee, Audi Intimate High Couple Out of here N/03:51 I’m Audi. school arguing DIONNE: Bye.

21/NIS/ ELTON:Alright As if Intimate Elton’s Flirting No way Int/41:06 ! You know, I car don't get you Cher. I mean, you flirt with me all year. CHER: As if! I have been tryng to get you together with Tai.

In addition, the analysis of the slang words, the data were labeled with a code.

An example can be seen such as 02/NCS/03:51. Based on the previous coding, the 01 refers to the data number and the number goes on for the next couple of data, NCS is the shorten form of newly created slang while NIS stands for newly interpreted slang, followed by part of speech and lastly 03:51 is the time of occurrence of the slang word in the conversation.

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Despite using Holmes’ theory, the meaning of slang words is also analyzed through The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional

English (2013) based on the topic of conversation. This is to determine the right meaning of a slang word as in the dictionary of slang it is common to find a word with numerous given meanings. Then the final step is to find the function of those slang words analyzed using Zhou & Fan (2013) theory. The theory consists of three functions which are pursuit of self-identity, emotive feeling of slang users and achieving politeness. In order to identify the function, each slang word is analyzed based on the social factors mostly social relation of participants and the topic of the conversation.

Moreover, the function is also identified through the intonation used by Cher as she uttered the slang words shown in the screenplay.

Table 2. Display of Function for Using Slang words

Data Code Slang word Contextual meaning Reason PSI EF AP 02/NCS/N/03:51 Audi Out of here ✓ - -

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the research findings and the data analysis of the two problems. In this study there are two main discussions which will be explained further by the researcher. The first problem is about the contextual meaning which is analyzed based on the social factors of the slang words uttered by Cher Horowitz. The second is the functions of using the slang word.

Table 3. The Summary of Slang Words Uttered by Cher Horowitz Newly Created Slang Newly Interpreted Slang Jeepin’ Buzz Audi Groovy Haul ass Sucky Couch commando Heifer Surfing the crimson wave Classic Busy pants-dropping What’s up Lawsuit waiting to happen Cameo Doobie Baked Loadies Go bump Monet Whatever Ralphing As if Killer Dope Buggin’ Bonehead Barneys Ralphing Ditz

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Based table 3, it can be seen there are two types of slang words in the movie

Clueless namely newly interpreted and newly created slang. Newly interpreted is when the word exists and already has a meaning in standard language, however it has a new meaning in the movie based on the social factors. Newly created slang applies to the word which does not exist in standard language before. Newly interpreted has higher frequency rather than newly created, with 18 slang words with the examples such as killer, as if, dope and ditz. On the other hand, newly created has the frequency of 11 slang words uttered by Cher Horowitz in the movie. Examples of newly created slang words are busy pants-dropping, lawsuit waiting to happen, and monet.

Partridge (1970) mentions that slang is an informal language used by various group in certain situations (p. 5). In addition, according to Eble (1996) slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large (p. 11). Slang is different than standard language as slang is restricted language that can be used and understood by certain community only. With the help of Eble

(1996) and Partridge (1970) explanations, the researchers conducted the study and found 29 words uttered by Cher Horowitz and those words are considered as slang words.

As the slang words are identified, the researcher came across two categories that make a word is identified as a slang word. Those are newly interpreted and newly created slang words. Newly interpreted is when the word exists and already has a

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meaning in standard language, however it has a new meaning in the movie based on the social factors. Just like explained by Zhou & Fan “slang is the diction that results from the game among the young and lively of playing with words and renaming things and actions; some invent new words, or mutilate or misapply the old, for the pleasure of novelty, and others catch up such words for the pleasure of being in the fashion”

(2013). An example of it is the slang word go bump, in the standard language its meaning is to hit somebody/something by accident. However, based on the social factors, the contextual meaning is to talk to people. In other word, go bump has a new meaning in a community of teenagers which also used it to establish social identity with a trend in society at large.

Besides the newly interpreted, certain communities also have some words that are newly created which is considered as slang word. Newly created slang applies to the word which does not exist in standard language before. One of the examples is the slang word doobie, which is not part of the standard language, but certain community understood it by the meaning marijuana.

A. The Contextual Meanings of Slang Words Uttered by Cher Horowitz

The 1995 film, Clueless, written and directed by Amy Heckerling is a film that perfectly defined ‘90s teen culture. It is an American high school romantic comedy film with airhead teenage characters, obsession with outlandish fashion, and satirical tropes. Clueless is filled with 90’s Californian slang which is still used by teens from time to time.

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The table below shows some examples of the slang words uttered by Cher

Horowitz. However, there will be two different tables which are categorized based on the types, newly created slang and newly interpreted slang.

1. Contextual Meaning of Newly Created Slang Words in Clueless

Table 4. Contextual Meaning of Newly Created Slang in Clueless Data Code Slang Social Setting Topic Contextual words Relation Meaning 01/NCS/V/03:33 Jeepin’ Intimate High Cheating Cheating by school having vehicular sex in a jeep 02/NCS/N/03:51 Audi Intimate High Couple Out of here school arguing 03/NCS/V/04:48 Haul ass Distant Classroom Debate to move very about quickly to a refuge in different America place 07/NCS/N/08:42 Couch Intimate Living Fighting One who has commando room over TV complete remote control over a television remote control device from a couch. 09/NCS/V/14:14 Surfing the Distant Classroom Tardiness Menstruation crimson wave

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01/NCS/V/03:33

MURRAY: Where you been all weekend? What's up? You been jeepin' around behind my back? DIONNE: Jeepin'? CHER: Jeepin'. MURRAY: Jeepin', jeepin'. DIONNE: No, but speaking of vehicular sex, perhaps you can explain to me how this cheap K-mart hair extension got into the back seat of your car.

The above conversation happened when Cher and Dionne are on their way to first period but halfway they are stopped by Murray who is Dionne’s boyfriend. The couple gets into an argument because apparently Dionne has been ignoring Murray’s pages all weekend and he is angry by it. Resulting in Dionne being accused cheating by Murray cheating behind his back. Moreover, the dialogue takes place in front of their high school and there are many other students who witness the couple’s argument.

The relationship between Cher and Murray is intimate this is because Murray is Dionne boyfriend and Dionne is Cher’s best friend. In addition, the three of them often hang out and go to parties together which make them close friends.

Jeepin’ is a slang word that is newly created. It is not part of the standard language, but a certain community understood its meaning. The slang word jeepin’ refers to cheating by having vehicular sex, in a jeep. This contextual meaning is also supported by Dionne’s next statement as she said “No, but speaking of vehicular sex..”.

Dionne’s statement above confirms that her boyfriend accuses her of cheating by having vehicular sex specifically having sex in a jeep because she has been ignoring his pages all weekend.

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02/NCS/N/03:51

CHER: Dee, I'm audi. DIONNE: Bye.

The conversation above is between Cher and Dionne. They are best friends, resulting in their social relationship being intimate. They belong to the same social group as both come from a wealthy family in Beverly Hills and they go to the same school. Their close relationship can be seen through how they are each other’s partner in crime to do everything, how they always call each other whenever anything happens in life, how they have their own handshake, and how they unintentionally match their outfits. Previously they were walking to class when Murray who is Dionne’s boyfriend approached them and asked Dionne why she did not answer any of his pages. Cher who has no interest in joining the couple arguing with each other eventually tells Dionne that she is audi.

Audi is considered as a newly created word as it could not be found in the standard language. However, the word audi is also considered a slang word since it is understood by some people and certain community in certain situation. The slang word audi is a newly created word because it does not exist in the standard language. Based on The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English, audi means to leave (2018, p. 9), while the meaning in the movie is out of here. Slang eventually decided to leave the scene as if she stays there, she is just wasting her time.

At the end of the dialogue, Dionne replied by saying “bye”.

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03/NCS/V/04:48

MR HALL: Should all oppressed people be allowed refuge in America? Amber will take the con position. Cher will be pro. Cher, two minutes. CHER: So, OK, like right now, for example, the Haitians need to come to America. But some people are all "What about the strain on our resources?" But it's like, when I had this garden party for my father's birthday right? I said R.S.V.P. because it was a sit-down dinner. But people came that like, did not R.S.V.P. so I was like, totally buggin'. I had to haul ass to the kitchen, redistribute the food, squish in extra place settings, but by the end of the day it was like, the more the merrier! And so, if the government could just get to the kitchen, rearrange some things, we could certainly party with the Haitians. And in conclusion, may I please remind you that it does not say R.S.V.P. on the Statue of Liberty?

The context of conversation between Cher and the rest of her classmates as well as Mr. Hall as the teacher in the debate class concerning the topic of allowing refuge in America. In the debate class her status as a pro to the topic leads her to giving a supporting example in her life when she had a garden party for her dad’s birthday. Cher ends her debate statement by giving her pro opinion that the Haitians should feel free to come to America. The relationship between Cher and Mr. Hall is only as student and teacher, they only interact when needed and only regarding to educational matters, thus it is concluded that there is distance between them.

The slang word haul ass when broken down into two parts turns out to be the combination of the word haul with the dictionary meaning of to pull something/somebody with a lot of effort while the word ass has the meaning of the part of the body that you sit on/ your bottom. However, in the movie Clueless the slang word haul ass has a contextual meaning which is obtained from the context of the conversation. Cher uses the slang word to refer to the last-minute effort she has to make

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in order to control the unexpected situation in her father’s birthday party. The contextual meaning of haul ass is to move very quickly to a different place; this refers to her effort to go to the kitchen in order to prepare everything for the unexpected guests or non R.S.V.P guests and to maintain everything under control.

07/NCS/N/08:42

JOSH: Hahaha, you're funny. (Josh changes the channel from Beavis and Butthead to the News) CHER: Hey! God, you just got here and already you're playing couch Commando! JOSH: Hey! In some parts of the Universe, maybe not in Contempo Casual, but in some parts, it's considered cool to know what's going on in the world.

The dialogue above is a conversation between Cher and her stepbrother, Josh.

Previously they are having a little chat while snacking in the kitchen when eventually make their way together to the living room to watch tv. The relationship between the two of them is considered intimate despite the fact they have different mothers.

Furthermore, Josh spends most of his time in Cher’s house which built intimacy of brother and sister relationship without them realizing.

Couch commando is a newly created slang which cannot be found in the dictionary. It is formed by a process called flippant. According to Allan & Burridge, flippant means that slang language is made by two words or more in which the words composed not collated with the denotative meaning. As couch commando is broken down into two parts; couch refers to a long comfortable seat for two or more people to sit on while commando refers to command meaning an order given to a person.

Therefore, as the both of them sit in the living room watching tv together Josh can

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freely change to news channel and in fact Cher was watching cartoon first. Based on the context of the conversation, Cher intention of saying the slang word is to refer to

Josh who has the audacity to change the TV channel as pleases or in other words its meaning is one who has complete control over a television remote control device from a couch.

09/NCS/V/14:14

MR HALL: Well, if Mr. Berkenstock has no political messages to include in his speech, I'll go on. Cher Horowitz, two tardies. CHER: I object! Do you recall the dates of these alleged tardies? (Cher in lawyer mode. Legendary!) MR HALL: One was last Monday! CHER: Mr. Hall, I was surfing the crimson wave, I had to haul ass to the ladies'. MR HALL: I assume your referring to women's troubles, and so I'll let that one slide.

The participants involve in the above conversation are Cher Horowitz and Mr.

Hall. Their social relation is distant given the circumstance of their relationship as student and teacher. The two participants involve in a conversation discussing Cher’s tardies in Mr. Hall’s class. Based on Mr. Hall’s statement, Cher has two tardies but in a lawyer mode she replied with I object. Her uncertainty of the alleged tardies leads her to question Mr. Hall in mentioning the dates. Mr. Hall said that last Monday Cher came late to his class, but it was directly denied by her making excuses that she has to go to the bathroom.

Cher excuse for her tardies to Mr. Hall class by mentioning the slang word surfing the crimson wave. Coleman (2014) mentions the context usually enables us

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to interpret the meanings and connotations of individual terms (p. 5). In addition of saying the slang word Cher also mentions the ladies’ afterwards which refers to the women restroom. This gives Mr. Hall the idea to interpret the meaning of surfing crimson wave as Cher being on her period. The word crimson has a meaning of a dark red color. Based on the context of the conversation, surfing the crimson wave refers to menstruation as in addition Cher also mentions that she has to go to the washroom which makes her late to go to class.

2. Contextual Meaning of Newly Interpreted Slang Words in Clueless

Table 5. Contextual Meaning of Newly Interpreted Slang in Clueless Data Code Slang Social Setting Topic Contextual words Relation Meaning 04/NIS/N/06:23 Buzz Distant Classroom Report card Rumor distribution 05/NIS/V/07:08 Choked Intimate School Unsatisfied To perform hallway with report a task card grades poorly, especially when one is expected to do well 06/NIS/Adj/07:41 Groovy Intimate Home Geometry Excellent score 08/NIS/Adj/13:03 Classic Intimate Teacher’s Love letter To be lounge for Miss. expected Geist 11/NIS/Adj/17:35 Sucky Distant School Offering Awful garden coffee

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04/NIS/N/06:23

MR HALL: And with that in mind, I'm going to distribute you report cards. Now, is there a Christian Stobich in this class? CHER: MR. Hall? The buzz on Christian is that his parents have joint custody, so he'll be spending one semester in Chicago and one semester here. I think it is a travesty on the part of the legal profession.

The first newly interpreted slang word which analyzed appear in a conversation between Cher Horowitz and her teacher Mr. Hall. Previously, Mr. Hall happens to distribute the students report card when the first student being called is Christian

Stobich, one of Cher’s classmates. Nevertheless, when his name is called, none of the student answer. Meaning he is not in the class. Cher steps in by giving the information about Christian having to spend a semester in another school due to his parent’s joint custody. This scene takes place in one of the classrooms given the condition that Cher and Mr. Hall have a distance relation between student and teacher. According to

Coleman (2014), slang is informal and non-standard that can be used in formal context to lower the formality between the participants involved in the conversation (p. 3). Cher choice of using slang to her teacher despite of the supposed formal situation is due to her intention to lower the formality as they are casually talking about the whereabout of one of her classmates. At this point, form someone with the profession as a high school teacher who everyday spends his time surrounded by teenagers, such slang is common for him and he understood the meaning of it.

The word buzz literal meaning is to make a continuous low sound like a bee, but in this specific conversation another meaning is derived after analyzing the social

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relation. Dalzell (2018) in The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and

Unconventional English states there are few meanings of the slang word buzz. In the case of the dialogue above, Cher uses the slang word buzz which has the contextual meaning rumor. There is a rumor going on among students about Christian, that after his parent’s divorce, they have joint custody of him in Chicago. That’s the reason behind his absence in Mr. Hall’s class because she has to spend a semester in Chicago and the following semester in their school.

05/NIS/V/07:08

CHER (on phone): Dee? DIONNE: Wassup? CHER: Did you get your report card? DIONNE: Yeah, I'm toast. How'd you do? CHER: I totally choked. My father is going to go ballistic on me. DIONNE: Mr. Hall was way harsh! He gave me a C minus. CHER: Well, he gave me a C, which drags down my entire average.

The dialogue above happens after Cher gets her report card from Mr. Hall, but her report card results are not very satisfying. She is on the phone with her best friend

Dionne, asking how her grades are. Unfortunately, Dionne also gets a C from Mr. Hall just like Cher’s grade. This matter concerns Cher because there will be a problem when her father finds out about it and she will be in a lot of trouble. As best friends, Cher and

Dionne have an intimate relationship, there is a strong connection between them that they have to know what is going on in each other’s life. The setting of the conversation is in a typical crowded hallway of a high school, they started out having a conversation on the phone when eventually they meet up at the end of the corridor.

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The slang word choked or choke is a newly interpreted slang, meaning the word choke exist in standard language. According to Oxford Learner’s Online Dictionary, choke refers to upset or angry about something so that you find it difficult to speak.

However, in the movie it has a new meaning based on the analysis of the social factor of the slang word choke. Its contextual meaning is to perform a task poorly, especially when one is expected to do well (Dalzell, p. 148). The dictionary meaning match perfectly with Cher’s intention of using the slang word. As a student Cher is expected to do well in school by her dad, this involves in trying to get good grades in any subjects. However, she fails her father expectation as she gets a C in her debate class.

The problem is having a C in her final report card can drags down her entire average grade.

06/NIS/Adj/07:41

CHER: Hey, Ma. 98 in geometry. Pretty groovy, huh?

The slang word groovy is used by Cher as she talked about her Geometry grades and showed it to the picture of her dead mother. The social distance scale is beneficial in emphasizing on how well we know someone which is a relevant factor in linguistic choice (Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2013). The social distance between the two of them is intimate because they are mother and daughter. Based on

Holmes theory of social distance dimension, a relationship between two or more people is said to be intimate when there is high solidarity between them (p. 9). This is supported by Cher’s statement “She died when I was just a baby. I don’t remember her,

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but I like to pretend she still watches over me”. However, the first thing she did when she got home was to show her mother how great she did in Geometry, with the intention of making her proud of Cher.

According to Oxford Learner’s Online Dictionary, the word groovy has a literal meaning as fashionable, attractive and interesting. In addition, the new interpreted meaning of the slang groovy in a slang dictionary is pleasing (Dalzell, p. 363).

However, after analyzing the social factors in this situation there is a slight difference with the dictionary meaning, the contextual meaning of groovy is excellent. It is an achievement which makes Cher to be proud of herself even though it is not a perfect grade but is really close to it. She also wants to share her happiness with her mom, resulting in Cher showing her report card to her mom.

08/NIS/Adj/13:03 (Miss Giest reads the note left by the girls and her face brightens) DIONNE: Oh, my God! She actually looked happy! CHER: Oooh, classic!

Above shows the dialogue in which the setting of place is in the teacher’s lounge and the participants involve in the conversations Cher Horowitz and Dionne. They have an intimate relationship because they are best friends who are always there to support each other through the ups and downs. They are currently carrying out a mission to play matchmaker for their two teachers, Mr. Hall and Miss Geist. Hoping to win Mr.

Hall heart and put him in a good mood eventually agrees to upgrade Cher’s debate grade. They start by leaving love poem and a rose in Miss Geist locker, pretending it is from Mr. Hall expressing his crush towards her. The girls hid behind a glass window

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while focusing their attention toward Miss Geist’s reaction to their little gift. Her face brightens and she smiled after reading the poem. Resulting in Cher to utter the slang word classic.

The word classic has a literal meaning as accepted or deserving to be accepted as one of the best or most important of its kind. In addition, it is considered a newly interpreted slang word due to the fact it exists in the standard language but has a completely different meaning as a slang word. Dalzell (2018) mentions the meaning of the slang word classic varies from excellent, handsome and well dressed (p. 156).

Classic is an adjective that acts as a complement to describe Cher’s response after seeing Miss Geist flattered from reading the poem. Contextually, the new meaning is to be expected. Miss Geist’s reaction is to be expected by Cher. In general, any women would be flattered after receiving a romantic poem and a rose from a man, the two things are the perfect combination of romantic symbols to express feeling towards someone.

11/NIS/Adj/17:35

CHER: Mr. Hall, Mr. Hall, Mr. Hall, um, do you drink coffee? MR HALL: Well, not from this cafeteria. But, uh, yes under normal circumstances. CHER: Well, I am such a retard. When I was packing Daddy's lunch this morning I gave him my lemon snapple, and I took his sucky Italian roast. Do you want it? MR HALL: Are you sure you don't want it? CHER: Duh, it might stunt my growth. I wanna be 5'10" like Cindy Crawford. But I thought maybe you and Miss Giest might like it? DIONNE: Maybe you can share it? MR HALL: Well, uh, thanks.

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The slang word sucky appears when the girls, meaning Cher Horowitz and

Dionne happen to cross path with Mr. Hall in the school garden. The three of them share a casual conversation as they are currently outside the classroom. However, the teacher-student relation makes them to have distance relationship. Cher’s intention to approach Mr. Hall is to offer him the Italian roast she mistakenly took instead of her lemon snapple.

In the conversation between Mr. Hall and his two students, the slang word sucky is an adjective which acts as a complement to describe the object Italian roast.

Sucky is a newly interpreted slang as the slang word has a literal meaning of very bad and a contextual meaning as awful. Cher uses the slang word sucky to show that she is not a coffee person given her personal belief it might stunt her growth. By saying sucky

Italian roast, she gives her opinion of the awful taste of coffee, instead she would rather have lemon snapple.

B. The Function of Slang Words Uttered by Cher Horowitz in Clueless Movie

In analyzing the functions of slang words in the movie Clueless specifically those uttered by Cher Horowitz, the researcher examined through the theory of Zhou

& Fan (2013). There are two functions found as Cher Horowitz used the slang words in her daily conversation which are pursuit of self-identity (PSI) and emotive feeling of slang users (EF).

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Table 5. Functions for Using Slang Words by Cher Horowitz Data Code Slang word Contextual Function meaning PSI EF AP 01/NCS/V/03:33 Jeepin’ Cheating by ✓ having vehicular sex in a jeep 02/NCS/N/03:51 Audi Out of here ✓ 03/NCS/V/04:48 Haul ass to move very ✓ quickly to a different place 04/NIS/N/06:23 Buzz Rumor ✓ 05/NIS/V/07:08 Choked to perform a ✓ task poorly, especially when one is expected to do well

06/NIS/Adj/07:41 Groovy Excellent ✓ 07/NCS/N/08:42 Couch One who has ✓ commando complete control over a television remote control device from a couch. 08/NIS/Adj/13:03 Classic to be expected ✓ 09/NCS/V14:14 Surfing the Menstruation ✓ crimson wave 11/NIS/Adj/17:35 Sucky Awful ✓

1. Pursuit of self-identity

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expressions within a certain social group, the person will blend with the group members easily. For example, in a situation where a student utters a sentence containing the special college slang, that student intends to show that he is belonging to the inside of the teenager group. According to the American scholar P. Roberts, the reason people use slang is that they want to show they are one of the qualified members among a certain distinct group. (Zhou & Fan, 2013).

01/NCS/V/03:33

In the data 01/NCS/V/03.33 the first slang word with the function of pursuit of self-identity is in the word jeepin’. The slang word jeepin’ has the contextual meaning of cheating by having vehicular sex, in a jeep. It was uttered by the main character Cher

Horowitz as a response to his accusation towards Dionne, saying his girlfriend Dionne is cheating behind his back. Cher, Dionne and Murray involved in a conversation where they are surrounded by other students in their high school. Cher uttered the slang word jeepin’ with the intention of expressing her status as one of the members of a social

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class, her intention of pursuit of self-identity is addressed to the rest of the students crowded behind them. Zhou and Fan (2013) mentioned “if somebody uses the words and expressions within a certain social group, the person will blend with the group members from mentality”. She wants to show them that she is a qualified member of the same social group with Dionne and her boyfriend, Murray and that she understands the meaning of the slang word.

02/NCS/N/03:51

The second slang word with the function of pursuit of self-identity is seen through the word audi. Judging from the conversation, the contextual meaning of audi is out of here. Cher finds herself bored being caught up in a couple argument and she has no intention of joining, making her immediately leave the intense scene. However, the word audi is also considered a slang word since it is understood by some people and certain community in certain situation. In this case, as Cher and Dionne belong to the same social class, Dionne understood well what Cher means by saying the slang

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word audi and replied by saying bye. Zhou and Fan (2013) mentioned “if somebody uses the words and expressions within a certain social group, the person will blend with the group members from mentality”. Based on Zhou & Fan, slang is considered as the symbol for dividing the professional groups in society, it is because different slang is used within different social group. Pursuit of self-identity function is seen through

Cher’s intention of showing to the rest of the students behind her that she belongs to the same social group as Dionne. They have their own way of saying goodbye one of it by saying audi instead of the regular bye word.

04/NIS/N/06:23

The third slang with the pursuit of self-identity function is found as Cher utters the slang word buzz when she gives the latest update about Christian to Mr. Hall. Eble

(1996) mentions in practice slang words always diminish the formality of a conversation in which they occur (p. 20). Despite of having the formal teacher student relationship, Cher insist on answering Mr. Hall’s question casually, she uses the slang

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word buzz with the contextual meaning of rumor. In return, Mr. Hall accepted Cher’s choice of word, as a high school teacher it is common of him hearing slang words from any of his students. The pursuit of self-identity function is seen by using buzz as a symbol of self-belonging to a certain teenage social group. It is considered as the symbol for dividing the groups in society, Cher’s teenage social group and Mr. Hall group as they belong to different groups in the society. Zhou & Fan mentioned that the usage of slang is considered as the symbol for dividing the different groups in society.

In this case Mr. Hall and Cher are members of different groups as Mr. Hall belongs to the professional group of teachers while Cher is a member of one of the teenage groups in her school.

09/NCS/V/14:14

The dialogue above happens when Cher Horowitz gives reason of her tardiness to Mr. Hall’s class. She mentions the slang word surfing the crimson wave in which the contextual meaning refers to menstruation. Due to this problem she must run to the

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restroom, making her late to come to class. Cher’s ultimate goal of saying the slang word is to show Mr. Hall that she is a qualified member of a different social class with him. Slang is often used to differentiate between outsiders and members of a distinct social group, resulting with the use of slang in which only qualified members are aware of the meaning. Being the outsider of Cher’s group leads Mr. Hall to the unknown slang, but as Cher unintentionally mentions the restroom he guested his way to think that Cher refers to girls’ problem.

2. Emotive Feeling of Slang Users

The second function of slang found based on Cher Horowitz conversation in the Clueless movie is emotive feeling of slang users. According to Zhou & Fan (2013), the emotive feeling function reveals the speaker’s attitude towards the subject. It is crucial and has powerful impact of language usage in terms of changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. Thus, slang does not only have the function to stressing identity or group membership, but also psychologically needed for expressing emotion (p. 2212).

03/NCS/V/04:48

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The emotive feeling function is found in the data 03/NCS/04:48 as Cher

Horowitz says the slang word haul ass. It happens in Mr. Hall debate class when she expresses her pro opinion towards Haitians refugee being in America, she describes the situation just like when she throws a birthday party for her father. The contextual meaning of haul ass is to move very quickly to a different place. Cher uses the slang word to refer to her effort go to the kitchen in order to prepare everything for the unexpected guests or non-R.S.V. P guests and to maintain everything under control.

The emotive feeling function is seen through Cher Horowitz strong emotion of surprise but doesn’t have any other choice, it is up to her effort to make last minute adjustments in order to have everything under control.

05/NIS/V/07:08

The data above shows the next slang word to have the function of emotive feeling of slang users. The particular function lays on the slang word choked, it is uttered by Cher Horowitz in a phone conversation with her best friend Dionne right after she gets her final report. Its contextual meaning is to perform a task poorly,

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especially when one is expected to do well (Dalzell, p. 148). The dictionary meaning match perfectly with Cher’s intention of using the slang word. As a student Cher is expected to do well in school by her dad, this involves in trying to get good grades in any subjects. Her grade in debate class is not satisfying enough for her as she expected herself to do well in it and pass the class. Cher response by saying choked shows her strong emotion of disappointment towards her grade in the debate class. Furthermore, she feels troubled and terrified of her father’s reaction on that matter.

06/NIS/Adj/07:41

The data above shows the use of slang word groovy to express Cher’s emotive feeling towards her Geometry test result. However, after analyzing the social factors in this situation, the contextual meaning of groovy is excellent. It is an achievement which makes Cher to be proud of herself even though it is not a perfect grade but is really close to it. Cher expresses her strong emotion after getting her results back as soon as she enters her house to a painting of her mother who passed away since she was a baby.

Despite of her absent throughout Cher’s life, a mother will always have a strong

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connection with her children. It can be seen by the usage of slang word to express

Cher’s feeling of contentment of getting 98 in Geometry. Cher wants to share her excitement with her mother although it can only be done through showing it to the painting of her.

07/NCS/N/08:42

The conversation in the data 07/NCS/08:42 happens in the living room when

Cher and her stepbrother Josh spend one afternoon on snacking and watching television. Cher calls Josh as couch commando as the response of him changing the tv channel from cartoon to news. Based on the context of the conversation, Cher intention of saying the slang word is to refer to Josh who has the audacity to change the TV channel as pleases or in other words its contextual meaning is one who has complete control over a television remote control device from a couch. The emotive feeling of slang user function is seen of Cher’s annoyance towards Josh who gets in the living room after her but instead have the courage to take the TV remote from her and change the TV channel.

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08/NIS/Adj/13:03

Classic is an adjective that acts as a complement to describe Cher’s response after seeing Miss Geist flattered from reading the poem and receiving a beautiful rose.

Contextually, the new meaning is to be expected. Miss Geist’s reaction is to be expected by Cher. The lovely surprise in which she thought coming from Mr. Hall, but little did she know the surprise was set up by Cher and Dionne. It is their way to play match makers for their two teachers. Classic as a slang word has the function of showing

Cher’s happiness after seeing Miss Geist rosy cheeks and beautiful smile after reading the love poem. Although Miss Geist’s response is to be expected by Cher but after seeing her reaction it gives Cher a whole satisfaction after doing such good deed.

11/NIS/Adj/17:35

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The last slang word with the function of emotive feeling lays on sucky, it is

Cher’s way to describe and express her dislike towards coffee. The contextual meaning of it is awful. Cher uses the slang word sucky to show that she is not a coffee person given her personal belief it might stunt her growth. By saying sucky Italian roast, she gives her opinion of the awful taste of coffee, instead she would rather have lemon snapple. Based on her personal reason, consuming coffee might stunt her growth which she tries to avoid. She hopes Mr. Hall accepts her coffee offer as she accidently takes her father’s coffee instead of her lemon snapple this morning.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This part presents the conclusion of the study. The researcher would like to give the conclusion based on the two problems mentioned in the previous chapter. The first problem is the contextual meaning of slang words embedded in the utterance of Cher

Horowitz as the main character in the movie Clueless. Second is related with the function of using the slang words which are uttered by Cher Horowitz. The data of the study are selected from the conversation between Cher Horowitz as the main character with other minor characters in the movie and also the screenshot of the related scene which shows the use of slang words

In analyzing the contextual meaning of slang word in Clueless movie, the writer identifies only the slang words mentioned by Cher Horowitz as the main character. In total the writer found 29 slang words which are uttered by Cher which later categorized based on the types as 11 slang words of newly created and 18 slang words of newly interpreted slang words. The slang words were all analyzed. The contextual meaning is determined based on the social factors which involves the social relation of participant, setting of places and the topic of the conversation.

Overall, the number of slang words used between Cher Horowitz and other participants with intimate relationship is greater than those with distant relationship with each other. There are 24 slang words used by Cher in her conversation with other participant and only 5 slang words with people who have distant relationship with her.

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In the research, the writer found 3 slang words in the movie Clueless which are not commonly used. Those slang words are formed by combining two words or more in which the words composed not collated with denotative meaning. The slang word couch commando is used to refer to the one who has complete control over a television remote control device from a couch. While surfing the crimson wave is used to refer to menstruation. Other than that, there are numerous slang words which exist in standard language, but have different meaning in the movie. The example can be taken from the slang word classic, in standard language has the meaning as accepted or deserving to be accepted as one of the best or most important of its kind. In the movie classic is an adjective that acts as a complement to describe Cher’s response after seeing Miss Geist flattered from reading the poem. Contextually, the new meaning is to be expected. Miss

Geist’s reaction is to be expected by Cher. It can be concluded that depending on the social factors (topic, setting, and social relation between participants) slang words can have different contextual meaning.

The slang words uttered by Cher Horowitz as the main character have two different functions in the movie Clueless. Firstly, slang word acts as a tool in voicing self-identity of its user. Cher often uses slang words to show other participant of her belonging in a certain social group and to exclude others who doesn’t belong to the same group as her. However, the exclusion is done by saying slang words which only understood by other group members of her own, but she often gives away the meaning to others outside her group as she explains further about the topic of conversation. The second function of slang word analyzed throughout the movie is emotive feeling of

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slang user. Slang is used to show the addresser’s emotion towards specific subject currently being discussed with the addressee. In the movie, Cher expresses various kinds of emotions ranging from being surprised, excitement, satisfaction and disappointed. This function is crucial and has powerful impact of language usage in terms of changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.

Through this study, the writer concludes that slang language is mainly used among people who have intimate social relation with each other. This is due to the fact that social dimension factors such as comparative ages, social distance and mutual familiarity plays an important role in someone’s choice in language usage. Slang language is a trend among teenagers, and it became one of the famous language variety used in the adolescence life circle.

The writer suggests future researcher to enrich the sociolinguistic analysis by conducting similar study but with different object of study. Movie is one type of literature works which can effortlessly analyzed by using sociolinguistic approach.

This is because different scenes in a movie can be taken as screenshot proof for detailed analysis. However, the writer suggests future researcher to be careful in the data collection of slang word, because there are many similar slang words with different meanings, it all depends on the context of conversation.

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REFERENCES

Chaturvedi, D. S. (2014). A Sociolinguistics Study of Linguistics Variation and Code Matrix in Kapur. 2nd GLOBAL CONFERENCE on LINGUISTICS and FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING, (pp. 107-115). Dubai. Coleman, J. (2014). Global English Slang Methodologies and Perspective. New York: Routledge. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fourth ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc. Dalzell, T. (2014). Global English Slang Methodologies and Perspective. (J. Coleman, Ed.) New York: Routledge. Dalzell, T. (2018). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English (2 ed.). New York: Routledge. Dash, N. (n.d.). Context and Contextual Meaning. Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 21-31. Dash, N. S. (2008). Context and Contextual Word Meaning. SKASE Journal of Theoritical Linguistics (Online), 5. Denise F. Polit, B. P. (1999). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. Philadephia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. Eble, C. C. (1996). Slang and sociability: in-group language among college students. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Holmes, J. (2001). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). London: Longman. Holmes, J. (2013). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (4th ed.). London: Routledge. Hunter, D. (2019, July 19). 'Clueless': THR's 1995 Review. Retrieved from The Hollywood Reporter: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/clueless- review-movie-1995-1221397 Partridge, E. (1970). Slang To-day and Yesterday. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Pateda, M. (2010). Semantik Leksikal. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

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Pratama, I. (2015). A Study of Meanings and Functions of Long Beach Slang in Freedom Writers Movie. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma. Rachmijati, C. (2015). An Analysis of the Language Used in the Movie "Juno". ELTIN Journal, 3, 97-105. Recanati, F. (2004). Literal Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Recanti, F. (2004). Literal Meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rizky, E. A. (2018). The Functions of Slang Word by the Main and Minor Characters in Mad about Millie Vol. 1 and Deadpool vs Old Man Logan Comic Books. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma. Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society (Fourth ed.). London: Penguin Group. Wardhaugh, R. (2010). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Sixth ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Seventh ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Yule, G. (2006). The Study of Language. (Third, Ed.) New York: Cambridge University Press. Yuliana, T. I. (2015). Analysis of American Slang in Movie "Laugh of Loud". Deiksis, 07. Zhou, Y., & Fan, Y. (2013). A Sociolinguistic Study of American Slang. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3, 2212.

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APPENDIX

Contextual Meaning and Function of Using Slang Words Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Social Setting Topic Meaning P E E Relation S F P I 01/NCS/V/03:33 MURRAY: Where you Jeepin’ Intimate High Cheating Cheating by ✓ been all weekend? What's school having vehicular up? You been jeepin' sex in a jeep around behind my back? CHER: Jeepin'. 02/NCS/N/03:51 CHER: Dee, I'm audi. Audi Intimate High Couple Out of here ✓ DIONNE: Bye. school arguing 03/NCS/V/04:48 CHER: I had to haul ass to Haul ass Distant Class Debate to move very ✓ the kitchen, redistribute the room about quickly to a food, squish in extra place refuge in different place settings, but by the end of America the day it was like, the more the merrier! And so, if the government could just get to the kitchen, rearrange some things, we could certainly party with the Haitians. And in conclusion, may I please remind you that it does not say R.S.V.P. on the Statue of Liberty?

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Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Social Setting Topic Meaning P E E Relation S F P I 04/NIS/N/06:23 MR. HALL: And with that Buzz Distant Class Report card Rumor ✓ in mind, I'm going to room distribution distribute you report cards. Now, is there a Christian Stobich in this class? CHER: MR. Hall? The buzz on Christian is that his parents have joint custody, so he'll be spending one semester in Chicago and one semester here. 05/NIS/V/07:08 CHER (on phone): Dee? Choked Intimate School Unsatisfied To perform a ✓ DIONNE: Wassup? hallway with Report task poorly, CHER: Did you get your card especially when report card? one is expected DIONNE: Yeah, I'm toast. to do well How'd you do? CHER: I totally choked. My father is going to go ballistic on me.Well, he gave me a C, which drags down my entire average.

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Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

06/NIS/Adj/07:41 CHER V.O. :Isn't my Groovy Intimate Home Geometry Excellent ✓ house classic? The score columns date all the way back to 1972. Wasn't my Mom a betty? She died when I was just a baby. A fluke accident during a routine liposuction. I don't remember her, but I like to pretend she still watches over me. CHER: Hey, Ma. 98 in geometry. Pretty groovy, huh? 07/NCS/N/08:42 CHER: Hey! God, you just Couch Intimate Living Fighting One who has ✓ got here and already you're comman room over TV complete control playing couch Commando! do remote over a television JOSH: Hey! In some parts remote control of the Universe, maybe not device from a in Contempo Casual, but in couch. some parts, it's considered cool to know what's going on in the world.

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Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

08/NIS/Adj/13:03 DIONNE: Oh, my God! Classic Intimate Teacher’ Love letter To be expected ✓ She actually looked happy! s lounge for Miss. CHER: Oooh, classic! Geist

09/NCS/V/14:14 CHER: I object! Do you Surfing Distant Classroo Tardiness Menstruation ✓ recall the dates of these the m alleged tardies? crimson MR HALL: One was last wave Monday! CHER: Mr. Hall, I was surfing the crimson wave, I had to haul ass to the ladies'. 10/NCS/Adj/16:27 JOSH: Actually, I'm going Busy Intimate In Cher’s Josh Extremely busy ✓ to a tree people meeting. pants- car attending Me might get Marky Mark dropping tree people to plant a celebrity tree. meeting CHER: How fabulous. Getting Marky Mark to take time from his busy pants-dropping schedule to plant trees?

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Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

11/NIS/Adj/17:35 CHER: Well, I am such a Sucky Distant School Offering Awful ✓ retard. When I was packing garden coffee Daddy's lunch this morning I gave him my lemon snapple, and I took his sucky Italian roast. Do you want it? 12/NIS/N/18:28 CHER: I know what you Heifer Intimate School Skipping Someone who’s ✓ mean, but at least it's garden PE overweight exercise. I feel like such a heifer. I had two bowls of special K, three pieces of turkey bacon, a handful of popcorn, five peanut butter M&M's, and like, three pieces of licorice. 13/NCS/Adj/21:27 MISS STOEGER: Well, Lawsuit Distant Baseball Hitting the Dangerous ✓ you certainly exercised waiting court ball your mouth Cher. Now, hit to the ball. happen CHER: Miss Stoeger, that machine is just a lawsuit waiting to happen!

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Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

14/NCS/N/25:29 CHER: My birthday is in Doobie Intimate School Drugs Marijuana ✓ April, and as someone cafeteria older, can I please give you some advice? It is one thing to spark up a doobie and get laced at parties, but it is quite another to be fried all day. 15/NCS/N/25:36 CHER: Loadies generally Loadies Intimate School Student’s Drug addict ✓ hang on the grassy knoll cafeteria social over there. groups 16/NIS/Interjection CHER: Dee? What’s up? What’s Intimate Dinner Phone call Greeting ✓ /32:02 DIONNE: So, check it. up table Murray's geometry class is right by Elton's locker, and taped up inside was the picture you took of Tai.

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Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

17/NIS/V/32:23 DIONNE: Hello! So, Cameo Intimate Dinner Attends Come ✓ anyway, the whole crew table party is going to this party in the Valley. CHER: Bye. Looks like we're going to have to make a cameo at the Val party. 18/NIS/Adj/35:47 CHER: I'm still baked. Baked Intimate Party Gossiping Under the ✓ TAI: Yeah. influence of (Back to the dance floor) marijuana 19/NIS/V/35:57 CHER: What do ya say, Go bump Intimate Dance Dancing Talk ✓ we go bump into people? floor TAI: Yeah, I'm cool with that. 20/NIS/Interjection ELTON: Yeah. I think we Whatever Intimate Elton’s Flirting Used as a ✓ /40:19 both know what it feels car dismissing retort like to be lonely. to what has just CHER: Whatever. The being said thing is, is that I'd really like to see you settled already.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

21/NIS/Interjection ELTON: Alright! You As if Intimate Elton’s Flirting No way ✓ /41:06 know, I don't get you Cher. car I mean, you flirt with me all year. CHER: As if! I have been trying to get you together with Tai. 22/NIS/Adj/53:04 CHER: It's so killer! Killer Intimate Cher’s Christian’s Awesome ✓ CHRISTIAN: Thank you. front car door 23/NCS/N/55:21 TAI: Do you think she’s Monet Intimate Dance Amber Good looking ✓ pretty? floor dancing from a distance CHER: No, she's a full on with Elton but closely Monet. messed up TAI: What's a monet? CHER: It's like a painting, see? From far away, it's OK, but up close, it's a big old mess. 24/NIS/Adj/58:57 CHER: Hey, you what Dope Intimate Josh’s Take-out Excellent ✓ would be so dope? If we car meal for got some really delicious Mel and take-out. I bet they haven't his staff eaten all night.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

25/NIS/N/01:06:21 MURRAY: He's gay. Buggin’ Intimate Dionne’s Christian’s A feeling of ✓ CHER: Not even. car sexuality confusion MURRAY: Yes, even. DIONNE: He does like to shop, Cher, and the boy can dress. CHER: Oh, my God. I am totally buggin'. I feel like such a bonehead. 26/NIS/N/01:06:23 CHER: Oh, my God. I am Bonehead Intimate Dionne’s Christian’s Idiot ✓ totally buggin'. I feel like car sexuality such a bonehead. 27/NIS/N/01:08:06 CHRISTIAN: Um, Barneys Intimate Shopping Tai’s Unattractive ✓ where’s Tai? mall presence young man CHER: Oh, she met some random guys at the Foot Locker and escorted them right over there. I don't know where she meets these Barnies.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Data Code Utterance Slang Social Factor Contextual Function words Meaning Social Setting Topic P E E Relation S F P I

28/NCS/V/01:16 TAI: Like, little things, Ralphing Intimate Cher’s Tai’s crush Vomit ✓ :17 you know? Like, he living on Josh always, he finds some sort room of way to touch me or tickle me. You OK? CHER: Yeah. Oh, actually, I was really bad today, I had two mochaccinos, I feel like ralphing. 29/NIS/N/01:29:17 JOSH: Yeah, well, it's a Ditz Intimate Cher’s Mel’s law An empty- ✓ good learning experience, staircase case headed person at least for me, I want to be a lawyer. But you, I mean, you don't need to be doing this. Go out and have fun, go shopping. CHER: You think that's all I do, I'm just a ditz with a credit card? JOSH: No, no, ah, that's not what I meant.