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Curriculum Vitae Christian Luczanits University of Vienna, Austria – MA (Magister), 24th January 1994 Senior Curator MA degree at the Institute of Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, University of Vienna; a combi- nation of Indology, Archaeology and Art History as second subject. Rubin Museum of Art 150 West 17th Street University of Vienna, Austria – PhD (Dissertation), 8th June 1998 New York NY 10011 PhD under the supervision of Prof. Maurizio Taddei—Istituto Universitario Orientale, Napoli, office +1 (212) 620 5000 and IsIAO (formerly IsMEO), Rome—on ‘Early Buddhist Clay Sculpture in the Western ext. 251 Himalaya (late 10th to early 13th centuries)’. mobile +1 (650) 391 7749 Research Project, University of Vienna 1989–2001 [email protected] Different jobs and responsibilities in a research project on “Early Indo-Tibetan Monastic Art http://www.rmanyc.org/ in the Western Himalayas, 10th–13th century” headed by Prof. D.E. Klimburg-Salter and supported by the Austrian “Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung” (FWF), including six years full time employment (1st June 1994 – 31st May 2000). In the course of this work I assisted in two exhibition projects, namely “Buddha in Indien”, Vienna 1996, and a catalogue cum exhibition of the Tucci collection at the Museo Nazionale d’Arte Ori- entale, Rome, which did not come about, and in the publication of Tabo – a Lamp for the Kingdom. Early Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Art in the Western Himalaya. Milan/New York: Skira/ Thames and Hudson, 1997. Lecturer, University of Vienna, 1999–2007 Regular teaching employments on different topics of Buddhist iconography at University of Vienna, Austria. Research Fellow, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 2000–2003 Three year research grant of the Austrian Programme for Advanced Research and Technol- ogy (APART) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Research Fellow, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2003–2004 Six months Andrew W. Mellon Art History Fellowship to work on the Tibetan collection. Visiting Assistant Professor, University of California, Berkeley, 2004–2005 One year appointment to teach Tibetan art and Tibetan Buddhism at the invitation of the Group in Buddhist Studies, UCB, enabled by a Freeman Foundation grant. Research Fellow, Lumbini International Research Institute, Nepal, 2005–2006 One year research fellowship at the Lumbini International Research Institute, Nepal, to work on the depictions of the Bodhisattva Maitreya during the Kushana period. Work on the fel- lowship project was continued to be supported in 2009. Guest Professorship, Institute of Art History, Freie Universität, Berlin, 2006–2008 Three semester ‘Gastdozent’ for South Asian Art replacing a professorship. 1 Guest lecturer, Tibet Site Seminar, Summer 2007 Guest lecturer at an on-site graduate seminar travelling through Tibet for a month. The seminar was organized by Stephen F. Teiser, D.T. Suzuki Professor in Buddhist Studies, Princeton University, Department of Religion. Guest Curator, Art and Exhibition Hall of Germany, Bonn, 2007–2009 Together with Michael Jansen I was guest curator of the exhibition “Gandhara—The Bud- dhist Heritage of Pakistan” at the Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germa- ny in Bonn, which opened on 20th November 2008. The exhibition has further been shown in the Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin, the Museum Rietberg in Zürich (2009) and the Musée Guimet in Paris (2010). Visiting Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara, Spring 2008 Spring quarter appointment to teach Tibetan art at UCSB, a program that was enabled by a grant from the The Shelley & Donald Rubin Foundation. Research Fellow and Guest Curator, ISAW, New York University, 2008–2009 Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, to curate an exhibition on the newly excavated Gandharan Buddhist site of Zar Dheri, Hazara, Pakistan, which was planned to open in autumn 2010. Despite the generous support of the excavators from the Tokyo National Museum and the Department of Archaeology and Museums in Pakistan, the project had to be abandoned in June 2009 due to its costs. Advisor, Rubin Museum of Art, New York, autumn 2009 Advisory work for the Rubin Museum of Art, New York, concerning the so-called Perma- nent Collection; critical assessment and development of selection criteria. Visiting Professor, Stanford University and UC Berkeley, January to May 2010 Winter quarter appointment as Visiting Professor at the Ho Center for Buddhist Studies, part of Religious Studies, at Stanford University to teach Gandharan art, and Numata Visit- ing Professor for the spring semester at the Group in Buddhist Studies at UC Berkeley to teach a seminar on Tibetan Buddhist art. Curator, Rubin Museum of Art, New York, October 2010 to August 2014 Curator and then Senior Curator at the Rubin Museum of Art, New York (www.rmanyc.org). David L. Snellgrove Senior Lecturer in Tibetan and Buddhist Art at the School of Orien- tal and African Studies, University of London, September 2014. New York, July 2014 2 C. Luczanits Publications Within the respective categories the publications are listed in the succession of their actual appearance, the most recent ones first. PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS With Alexandra Skedzuhn, Martina Oeter, and Christine Bläuer: “The Secrets of 14th Century Wall Painting in the Western Himalayas: Structural Damage Sheds Light Onto the Paint- ing Technique in the Tsuglag-khang in Kanji in Ladakh.” Austrian Academy of Science. With Eva Allinger: “A Vajradhātu Mandala in a Prajñāpāramitā Manuscript of Tabo Monastery”, Austrian Academy of Science. “Mirror of the Buddha – Early Portraits from Tibet.” Eastern Art Report (has not been published and needs to find a new place). BOOK Buddhist Sculpture in Clay: Early Western Himalayan Art, Late 10th to Early 13th Centuries. Chicago: Serindia, 2004. EDITORIAL WORK With Erberto Lo Bue (eds.) Tibetan Art and Architecture in Context. Piats 2006: Tibetan Studies: Pro- ceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Königswin- ter 2006. Vol. 20, Beiträge Zur Zentralasienforschung. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2010. (and “Foreword”: vii–xiii). Catalogue redaction: Gandhara – the Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan. Legends, Monasteries and Paradise. Mainz – Bonn: Zabern – Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der BRD, 2008. With Luciano Petech (eds.) Inscriptions From the Tabo Main Temple. Texts and Translations. Vol. LXXXIII, Serie Orientale Roma. Rome: IsIAO, 1999. ARTICLES AND BOOK CONTRIBUTIONS “The diffusion of Gandharan and Indian models in South Asia.” In Art et civilisation de l’orient hellénisé: Rencontres et échanges culturels d’Alexandre aux Sassanides, edited by Pierre Ler- iche. Paris: Editions A&J Picard, 2014: 245–250. “Beneficial to See: Early Drigung Painting.” In Painting Traditions of the Drigung Kagyu School, edited by David P. Jackson. New York: Rubin Museum of Art, 2014: 214–59. “The Cave of Great Adepts.” Orientations 45, no. 5 (2014): 50–61. “The Many Faces of Buddha Vairocana.” In The All-Knowing Buddha: A Secret Guide, edited by Jan van Alphen. New York and Antwerp: Rubin Museum of Art and BAI, MAS Books, 2013: 12–23, 163–166. “Bringing a Masterwork Back to Life?” Orientations 45, no. 2 (2014): 184–86. Review Article: Erberto Lo Bue (ed.) 2010. Wonders of Lo: The artistic heritage of Mustang. Vol. 62 (2), Marg. Mumbai: Marg Foundation. The Tibet Journal XXXVIII, no. 3&4 (2013): 161–67. “Conservation and research in Buddhist art from an art-historical perspective.” In Art of Merit: Studies in Buddhist Art and its Conservation. Proceedings of the Buddhist Art Forum 2012, edited by David Park, Kuenga Wangmo, & Sharon Cather. London: Archetype, 2013: 187–202. Publications 3 “The Buddha Beyond. Figuration in Gandharan Cult Imagery.” In Nepalica-Tibetica. Festgabe für Christoph Cüppers, edited by Franz-Karl Ehrhard, & Petra Maurer. Beiträge zur Zentral- asienforschung, 28, 2. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2013: 1–21. With Paul Harrison “New Light on (and from) the Muhammad Nari Stele.” In 2011 nendo dai ikkai kokusai shinpojiumu puroshīdingusu: Jōdokyō ni kansuru tokubetsu kokusai shinpojiumu, BARC International Symposium Series 1: Special International Symposium on Pure Land Bud- dhism, Kyoto: Ryukoku University Research Center for Buddhist Cultures in Asia, 2012: 69–127 [plates 197–207]. Also published in Japanese in the same volume. “Siddhas, Hierarchs, and Lineages: Three Examples for Dating Tibetan Art.” In Mirror of the Buddha, Early Portraits from Tibet, edited by David Paul Jackson. Masterworks of Tibetan Painting Series, New York: Rubin Museum of Art, 2011: 170–203, 214–218. “On the Iconography of Tibetan Scroll Paintings (thang ka) Dedicated to the Five Tathāgatas.” In Art in Tibet. Issues in Traditional Tibetan Art from the Seventh to the Twentieth Century. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford 2003, edited by Erberto F. Lo Bue. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2011: 37–51 + pls. 6–12. “Approaches to Historic Indian and Indo-Tibetan Sculpture.” In Indian Art History. Changing Perspectives, edited by Parul Pandya Dhar. New Delhi: National Museum Institute & D.K. Printworld, 2011: 153–67 + figs 11.1–11.4. “Gandhara and Its Art.” 12–24; “The Bodhisattva and the Future Buddha Maitreya.” 59–64; “Art and Architecture.” 73–83. In The Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan. Art of Gandhara, edited by Adriana Proser. New York: Asia Society Museum, 2011. “Locating Great Perfection: the Murals of the Lhasa Lukhang.” Orientations 42, no. 2 (2011): 102–11. “Prior to Birth. The Tuṣita episodes in Indian Buddhist literature and art.” In The Birth of the Buddha. Proceedings of a Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, October 2004, edited by Christoph Cüppers, Max Deeg, & Hubert Durt. LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series, 3. Lumbini: Lum- bini International Research Institute, 2010: 41–91, 387–392. “Mandalas of Mandalas: The Iconography of a Stupa of Many Auspicious Doors for Phag mo gru pa.” In Tibetan Art and Architecture in Context, edited by Erberto Lo Bue, & Christian Luc- zanits.
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  • The Mauryan Age(322BC-184BC)

    Magadh Mahila college, Patna University Department of History Bhawana singh (Guest Faculty) Email id- [email protected] Mobile Number-7909027756 Unit -5 , B.A. 1st year The Mauryan Age(322BC-184BC) The establishment of Mauryan empire was a turning point in the history of Indian territory. The control of this massive empire continued for over a long period of almost 140years over of large part of northern India. After the overthrow of the Nanda Dynasty at Magadh the Mauryas came to prominence. The empire came into being when Chandragupta Maurya stepped into the vaccum created by the departure of Alexander of Macedonia from the western borders of India. In his rise to power, he was aided and counseled by his chief minister Kautilya, who wrote the Arthashastra, a compendium of kingship and governance. Sources of Mauryan Empire: The history of their rule is rendered comparatively reliable on account of evidence obtained from a variety of sources. There are three types of sources available about the Mauryan Empire. Literary Source: Brahmanical Literature: 1. Arthashastra of Kutilya/Chanakya/Vishnugupta; It is a detailed work on statecraft. Kautilya‟s work consist of 15 volumes(Adhikarnas). The first five deals with internal administration (tantra), the next eight with inter-state relations (avapa), and the last two with miscellaneous topics. 2. Indica of Megasthense: This book was based on his travels and experience in India. The book has not survived but fragments are preserved in later Greek and Latin works, the earliest and most important of which are those of Diodorus, Strabo, Arrian, Pliny. 3.