Tammuz Pan and Christ Otes on a Typical Case of Myth-Transference

Home , Hesperus, Ma (goddess)

TA MMU! PA N A N D C H R IST

O TE S O N A T! PIC AL C AS E O F M! TH - TR ANS FE R E NC E AND DE VE L O PME NT

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NO TES O N A T! PIC AL C ASE O F M! TH-TRANSFERENC E AND L DEVE O PMENT.

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O ME o a e r a era on the f ur millenni b fore the Ch isti n , there lived a ia a E rate a d ri r s lluv l pl in b rought down by the uph s n Tig s iver , a n d th a a u a an h ad a t bordering e Persi n Gulf, T r ni people , who ta ined a c c a n an d to onsiderable degree of iviliz tio , who tilled irri a the so o a an d n is g ted il, underto k l rge public works , ventured lo g d s o o h a sea - ta nces by ea f r the excha nge f g oods . They wors iped god E a an d e wa s a n e D m z or , includ d in their mythology oth r god , u u i , “ ” - - dunm zi ab zn r e son of a . e i his at , t u the deep w ter Conc rn ng tributes it is n ot necessa ry to elabora te ; th e rea der ma y ﬁnd them ‘ o t n t sa m s fully discussed by c mpe e t a uthori ies . This e god wa a dopted

" t the a e of the ho a o ate ab in o p nth on Semitic peoples w ss ci d with , sorbed or expelled ( a ccording to va rious a ssertions) these Tura nian pla in- dwellers an d sea - fa rers ; an d in Semitic Babylonia the Tu a a D a a z od o t a n d ea r ni n umuzi bec me T mmu , the g of y u hful joy b uty , personifying the a nnua l death a n d reviva l of na tura l life a ccording

to se c a n d me . a u s a o a the quen e of winter sum r His ttrib te , ls , h ve o s d so t a for c on e o c been thor ughly tudie , h t referen e need nly ite ’ old n Bou h c t o o . a G e a J . G Fr zer s g , of whi h the hird editi n c nt ins two o Adon is A ttis a n d O siris a n d The D in G od v lumes, , , y g , wherein ’ a mm r o o a ll this litera ture is ma rsha lled . Fr zer s su a y f ll ws

1 L Kin Ba b lon ia n R eli i on a n d M tholo Lon on 18 P. en . W . g, y g y gy, d , 99 ; J - sen s ch b lon ische M then a n d E en B r i n 1 00 M. a strow R e , A y p , e l , 9 ; J , tu n r lee li A s r i . a ra n E des s r e ion ligi an a ; Ba bylon a nd sy a ; M J. L g ge, g : i 1 it n r s 0 . sem iq es, Pa , 9 5 14 5 TH E O PE N C O U RT .

We ﬁrst meet with Ta mm uz in the religious literature of Ba by n h o lo . t a a a s t e ut u ou or o of a the He here ppe rs y hf l sp se l ver Isht r ,

a t m ot - o th e m o im of th e o uct gre her g ddess , e b d ent repr d ive energies

of atu e . r a a mm u wa s i to a a a y n r Eve y ye r T z bel eved die, p ssing w om th e c a r to oom t a a n o a n d fr heerful e th the gl y sub err ne w rld , every ‘ yea r his divin e m istress j ourneyed in qu est of him to th e la n d from w c t n o t i to o of a n w s hi h here is re urn ng, the h use d rk ess , here du t ’ n o lies on door a d b lt . Du ring her a bsence the pa ssion of love cea sed to opera te ; m en a n d bea sts a like forgot to reproduce their kin ds ; a ll s t a t n t t c on o ti t life wa hre e ed wi h ex in ti . S in ma ely bound up with the goddess were the sexua l function s of the whole a n im a l n om t a t w t ou c t cou n ot ki gd h i h t her presen e hey ld be discha rged . A m essenger of th e grea t g od E a wa s a ccordingly despa tched to c h e o on om so m c n res ue t g ddess wh u h depended . The stern quee the n n a on Allatu or E r esh - ki a l a m cta t of i fer l regi s , g by n e , relu n ly a ow ta to a t of i a n d to a t ll ed Ish r be sprinkled with the W er L fe dep r , com a n o a t o a m m u t a t t o m t in p y pr b bly wi h her l ver T z , h the w igh

to t to the wo a n d t a t t r t l return ge her upper rld , h wi h their e urn a l a m n t for th a t m n a tur e might revive . L e s e dep r ed Ta m uz a re con

in e a a on a m c i n him o n ta d in sever l B byl i n hy ns , whi h l ke t pla ts tha t

u c a . a t a a to a a n n a m o n q i kly f de His de h ppe rs h ve been u lly ur ed . h m u c of ut m en a n d om m to t e shrill si ﬂ es , by w en a bout idsumm er m o t a m a t him th e m o t f mm o a . in the n h n ed f er , n h T uz The dirges m c a n t a n fﬁ of the a od s were see ingly h ed over e gy de d g , which wa a s t ur a a oi t t oil a n d c a a r ed w hed wi h p e w ter, n n ed wi h , l d in robe, i um of c n o i o th e a ir a s if to t i wh lethe f es in e se r se nt , s ir h s dorma nt senses by their pun gent fra gr a n ce a n d wake him from th e sleep of ” dea th . These cerem onies a re described in th e Ba bylon ia n a ccoun t of “ ”2 D s a n to a the o i the e cent of Isht r i H des , wherein w rsh per of Ish ta r seekin g to know whether th e dea d m a y retu rn is wa rn ed how to obta in their relea se from Alla tu

“ i h h er r a s t tur n th s t h r h o s n ot to t n o e . If s e d e g ve ee ele e, he y elf m u th e us a n f h er out n a m o . U to T z, h b d y h our out ur wa t r wit oo oil a n oin t h im P p e e , h g dly , In ﬁn ra im n t c ot him a ut of a is a u i let him a e e l he , ﬂ e l p l z l pl y, B i i stro her orn a m n s May th e goddess el l de y e t .

am n t of h er rot r sh e a r a n d B i i stro h er orn a m n t The l e b he he d, el l de yed e s.

O m on rot r do n ot let m e r is ! y ly b he , pe h

’ - R . . Ha r r A ss r ia n a n d Ba b lon ia n i ter a tur L e . 1 08 . ot F pe , y y , pp 4 4 3 N e ’ “ a l so th e oetica l ver sion of I shta r s descen t given by E dwa r d Gilch r ist in The . ” i r 0 p n d D a t in Th M a n i i o a e s r i 1 12 . We d L ve e h , Ap l, 9 A N D . TAMMUZ, PAN CHRIST

O n h e da of a mm u a for m e th e ut of a is a u i t y T z pl y ﬂ e l p l z l , Th e sa mdu ﬂute a lso pla y for me :

At th at tim a for m e 0 m a m our n rs a n d m a mourn r s. e pl y , le e fe le e ” in str um n t le l t m in the in c n s O n s t t m a et a . e he pl y, he h le e e

This a nnua l mou rnin g of Ta mmuz wa s sprea d a mong a ll Semitic o n d n a t a s ca b pe ples a continued for ma ny ce turie s . Th is w rried y sea c a a n t u o t a n d e wherever the Pheni i n tr ders ve ured is nd ub ed , wher they introduced the custom it wa s con tinued under va rious m odi io o ufﬁci ﬁcat n s by the na tives themselves . The pr phet Ezekiel is s ent i n i witne ss to ts preva le ce in m onotheistic Pa lest ne (viii . “ ’ Then he brought me to the door of the ga te of the Lord s house which wa s towa rd th e north ; a n d behold there sat the women m o for a u . a u t a t o weeping T m z Then s id he n me , H st h u seen this , 0 son of m a n ? thou sha lt a ga in see yet gr ea ter a bom ina tions tha n ” these . Simila r rites were observed in Asia Minor for a god na med a n d t for O t t th e u Attis, in Egyp siris ; wi h hese present inq iry is c a re c a o not con erned . They fully des ribed by Fr zer in the v lumes above cited . a o a a mm ca to th e a coa t a n d The B byl ni n T uz , rried Syri n s there c a oca i th e o of c a a n d a spe i lly l l zed , in w rship the Pheni i ns Syri ns , a s tr a a t to c a o ff n am a n d a o w nsl ed Gree e , given v ri us di ere t n es , d pted i o His o n a m a s oo o ott bodily into the Greek rel gi n . w n e w s n f rg en ; n a m on om adon i o a n a but a rou d the n e Ad is ( Hellenized fr , l rd , ppel lation of Ta mm uz) som e of the loveliest of G reek myths were t b a ot wa a a cc a ca m a ga hered ; while y n her y, equ lly ident l , e god

a m u a n ua m ou to the o a a i A tvos a m n ed Lin s , n lly rned f rmul , ere pun “ ” on the m tic a a i la n u woe m e a a mou . Se i phr se , is , ppe ring in the rn ing for Ta mm uz !

. “ 3 A t the t a of n a a w c fes iv ls Ado is , s ys Fr zer, hi h were held in t a a n d a a t of od wa s a ua Wes ern Asi in Greek l nds , the de h the g nn lly m o t a tt a in c om m a of him urned , wi h bi er w il g, hiefly by w en ; i ges to r m co ca out a s to a n d dressed ese ble rpses , were rried be buried then thrown into th e sea or into springs ; a n d in some pla ces his ” n o o in reviva l wa s celebra ted o th e f ll w g day. ‘ a a And g in , “ c he t a umm tt ca ta t a t . In A i , er inly , fes iv l fell the height of s er For c t out a a a cu a n d the fleet whi h A hens fitted g inst Syr se , by the ct o of c o wa s m a t c a a t destru i n whi h her p wer per nen ly rippled , s iled a n d a n om o co c c th e o it of midsummer, by in us in iden e s mbre r es

l n ou h 1 G o de B g , IV, 83 . ‘ i I I d 18 . b . , V, 5 5 1 TH E E R 6 O P N CO U T.

o c th o s Ad nis were being elebra ted a t e very time . As the tr op a c o a to m a the t e t c m r hed d wn to the h rbor e b rk , s r e s through whi h t a t cof a n d co efli ies a n d hey p ssed were lined wi h fins rpselike g , the a ir a s oi om i f o w rent with th e n se of w en wa il ng or the dea d Ad nis . The circumsta nces ca st a gloom over th e sa iling O f the most splendid a a t n o M a a t sea . a a a rm ment th t A he s ever sent ny ges fterw rds , the m o u a m a r t t when E per r J li n de his first ent y in o An ioch , he o a a u o a a Ea t f und in like m nner the g y, the lux ri us c pit l of the s plunged in mimic gr ief for the a nnua l dea th of Adonis ; an d if ha d a n tm of co o e O f a ta n he y presen ent ming evil , the v ic s l men tio ” o ca r m o which struck up n his must ha ve see ed to s und his knell . In G reek mytholog y the relations of Ta mmuz to Ishta r an d All t t o of o o t o a u beca me h se Ad nis t Aphrodi e an d Perseph ne . This wa s a matter of genera l knowledge a mong men of inquiring minds ; t r om hi com r on wa s c t a . s a it expli i ly st ed by St Je e in ment y Ezekiel , NO 8 o m i a t . 5 lso in his Epis les ( , The devel p ent of the Adon s o co story in Greece it is unnecessa ry to foll w . An interesting ntinu ’ a nce of the Ba bylonia n story is provided by Shakespea re s poem “ O f en us an d A don is a od V , wherein the unresponsive n ture of the g o o u is m re fully utlined tha n wa s us a l with the Greeks .

’ ‘ I n n o o uot n or wi n ot n ow it k ow t l ve, q h he, ll k , n ss it a oa r an d th n I c a s it U le be b , e h e ; ’ Tis m uc to or row a n d I wi n ot owe it h b , ll ; My love to love is love b ut to disgr ace it ; For I a a r it is i in ath h ve he d a l fe de , ll u it r a t a u s an d s a n d a b t w a a t . Th l gh weep , h b e h

“ a e c the c a oo a o So in the Gilg mesh pi , where ﬁ kle Isht r w s th t her a n d is repulsed by him beca use Of th e fa te tha t overtook Ta mmuz a n d her other lovers :

h r is th us an a mm u h o wa s to be or r ? W e e y h b d T z, w f eve at in h a s com of th e alla llu - ir ? Wh , deed, be e b d I i t t a in th e ir r su t of th co u tr i s w ll ell hee pl ly d e e l y q e e , To a mm u th e us a n of th out T z, h b d y y h , Thou didst ca use weepin g an d didst br in g gr ief before h im every a lla llu- ir so r i t of co or s t ou i st o The b d, b gh l h d d l ve ; But its in t ou i st r a a n d cr us w g h d d b e k h , ‘ i i s in th oo s cr in m in t a t n o t s t e . So h w w d y g, O y w g

The Greek Adonis thus a ppea rs composite of two Babylonia n e am a n d a ! hero s , T muz Gilg mesh

in s - 1 L e 409 4 4. ‘ r i Ha r o c t . 8. pe , p. , p 33 D 17 A N . 5 TAMMUZ, PAN CHRIST

o t n o t od O f a ot o r Pa n The st ry shif s w o a g n her s rt enti ely ; to ,

- n m u wa s a of ca a . Pa y a the shepherd god Ar di , ( the p st rer) s id to be the son of Hermes a n d on e of the da ughters of the oak- m an

D o or a ot of ! u a n d m a . ry ps ; , by n her legend , e s the ny ph C llisto He a s c i a s o ea t a n d ta O f a oa w des r bed ha ving the h rns , b rd , fee il g t, h e a n d a s co a . a wa s t his body w vered with h ir His bode in woods ,

ca or m o a - to wa s a a n d a n d ves unt in ps ; he shepherd , hunter ﬁsher, n cin t m o a spent his idle hours sporting a d da n g wi h the unt in nymphs . on e of t a m n om m a c wa s When hese n ed Syri x ﬂed fr his e br es , she 7 c a a o c so O t u§ Pa n h nged into reed , fr m whi h , vid ells , devised the shepherd ’s pipe

An d n t ist t ir an a n d a s son s , whe hey l , he le ﬂ hy g r i r r G ra te on their sc a n n el p pes of w etched st a w.

i Pa n wa s a n con a t t on a a a t un Th s in sider e dei y , pr e to ppe r ct tim to th e co u o of n c the o expe ed es nf si n his devotees , whe e w rd “ ” 9 a id to o the ow of a t o a n d a c . wa s s a p ni , fe r He p ssess p er inspir i n o c in w c n t uct o o to om th e a t O a c pr phe y , hi h he i s r ed Ap ll ; wh gre r le ’ D s it a c o t a a t wa s co c a t . a a elphi nse r ed Thi , will ppe r, is P n s l ses re l o io r c nnect n with ou present inquiry . m o o s c a o a a d wa a . The rigin l ho e Of this j lly, if rib ld , g Ar di His c ou i r i a n r o ot ult f nd ts wa y to Athens du ng the Persi Wa . Her d us 1 0 t us t a u t o the a t of Ma a t o c ta t n a ells h t j s bef re b t le r h n , er in A he i n en voys on their wa y to Spa rta were stopped by this god a n d com ma n ded to set up a n a lta r to him in retu rn for which his support h ou t m a a n t t e i a . wa s a ca w ld be given he g i s nv ders This done , ve u on th e c o o t a ua a c c a n d being b ilt A r p lis, where here were nn l s riﬁ es

to c - a ce in on o r h r s his h r. a t n a m to a o o a m a L er, by referring his e Greek w rd in m re f ili r

or o t ca t o t the ra m - a t a od use , p ssibly by iden iﬁ i n wi h he ded Egyp i n g u um c a o of th e o wa s con c a s th e u i a od Ch , re t r w rld , he eived n vers l g of a u h e n n t f o h n t t 7 6 mi v t a. o a o t e a t c n re, ( l g i s e d sh rt) , p heis i divin it y.

t a n it to ca t o a n d In Chris i n lege d , will be well re ll , his h rned ta iled deity supplied some of th e distin ctive fea tu res Of th e popula r co ce tio a ta n n p n Of S .

SO m uc for a mm u o a n d Pa n om n o . c ow t th e h T z , Ad nis We e C ircum sta n ces un der which they were supposed to ha ve been de t o —o r a s om wou a it a so t o s r yed s e ld h ve , b rbed by Chris . The s le " or h M eta m . . 6 1 t e p , l 9 e s qq. Mi t n L idas 12 - o c . l , y , 3 4 9 E n c clo a edia Bri ta n n i 1 h - d . ca 1 t c . 662 y p , , XX, 3 “ 10 VI, 5 . 518 TH E O PE N CO URT.

’ a uthority is a pa ssa ge in Pluta rch s dia logue De Defectu O r a cu lor m a n d a s ha s ta om its o co t it u it been ken bodily fr pr per n ext, ma be to ca th e a cou of a a o a n d th e y well re ll gener l rse th t di l gue , f its o cha racter o a uth r .

- 12 s i o t D 46 0. wa Pluta rch is known to ha ve l ved a b u A . . He o a t ae o a oeo a t a n o o a t t n a n d b rn Ch r ne in B ti , r i ed in phil s phy A he s , n a cti a om c u on oso a n d spe t his ve d ys in R e , where he le t red phil phy

ta u t the o t u a a . a c o t ca on o gh y u hf l H dri n He hieved p li i l h rs , being

‘ r n o c a m a de consul by T a j a n a d pr cu ra tor Of Gree e by Ha dri n . In

a e t to a t town of ae on a r wa s his Old g he re ired his n ive Ch r e , whe e he o n r o he ia o o com i the a rch n a d p ie st f t Pyth n Ap ll . There he p led “ ” gr ea t ser ies of Pa ra llel Lives which a re still a univer sa l a uthority for th n a c t of th e a c o a n d t too e life a d tivi ies n ient w rld , , here , , he com o r f o o ca a r m a r a for t i p sed a se ies O phil s phi l ess ys , e k ble he r skil ful interpreta tion of a ncien t idea s ra ther tha n for or igina l thought ; which rem a in a necessa ry steppin g- stone between the system Of

- a to a n d t a of the NeO a to t . su t u a c Pl h t Pl nis s As redly , hen , Pl t r h wa s n ot the m a n to whom a n y on e might cor rectly a scribe a n a dmis i t o c a s on ha t the g ds Of Gree e were de d . i o e e t r a lor m It Now for th e d a l gue De D f c u O cu u . begins by “ i i in o c n r n o a o not n g the decline Of bel ef ra les i Greece . The e is re s n

” ‘ “ to ui a ou t m a tt a Pluta rch in or to c inq re b t his er, s ys V , dis uss th e ca of the o a c b ut a t r a s the c on of de y r le , r he , we see extin ti them a ll in a c on e or two to co s t u c —for w a gener l , ex ept , n ider his s bje t h t rea son they ha ve so deca yed a n d th e deca y i s sa id to ha ve da ted n n a r from the Pelopo nesia W . o c a rc ot t a t (This will la ter prove to be f importa n e . Plut h n es h th e ca wa s n ot of own tim b ut ha d a a o s for de y his e, lre dy pr gre sed a r n t ne ly ﬁve ce u ries . ) O n e O f the a th e a o u D m u th e n c at spe kers in di l g e , idy s Cy i , ﬂ ly cha rges tha t the ora cles a r e silen t beca use th e gods will n o longer “ to co s t co u a n : It w r a o deign nver e wi h rr pt m kind e e w nder, when so m uc c s a a oa if n ot m Mo t a n d h wi kedness is pre d br d , erely des y a m a s o a old ou a a a n o m a in b ut Sh e ( Hesi d s id Of ) sh ld h ve b d ned nk d , if the divin e Providence should n ot ha ve pa cked up its ora cles out of ua r a n d ta its a tur ! every q ter, ken dep r e The dia logu e pr oceeds by con sidering whether th e ora cle were th e c com m u ica tio of th e od or r it oce in dire t n n g , whethe pr eded “ ” O f ir ts or d mo s o th ct a ze n . a t e dire ly by me ns lesser sp i , It le ns a tt a n d u t t a t aem o ma n ot imm o a l er view , s gges s h t hese d ns y be rt l ;

c t n a ta c of w c the m uc uo a a on e . i i g sever l ins n es , hi h h q ted p ss ge is Its co c LI t a th e ow of th e a a tio or o a c n lu sion ) is , h t p er exh l n , r le , 1 A ND . 5 9 TAMMUZ, PAN CHRIST

‘ a due a a n d a ae o n ot m m is in re lity to god , to d m n , yet it is exe pt fro a o a ca or ca a a to a ll etern cess ti n , imperish ble, unde ying, p ble of l sting — ity of time by which all things between Ea rth an d Moon a r e worn

a cco to our . om who a out, rding theory S e there be hold th t every ab ove a o out all a n d t thing th t sphere do not h ld to eternity inﬁni y, ” n fa r r u c to e t o a d a . but a e s bje t violent r volu i ns renew ls And , from a a n a a a th e a o a u t un re ching y ﬁn l expl n tion , di l gue le ves the q es ion “ a nswered ( §LII) These subjects I exhort both you a n d myself to exa mine frequently ; ina smuch a s they present ma ny holds for ob ection s a n d r ou for o c m o j , g nds the opp site Opinion ; whi h ti e d es not u O t o he a a at . S a s a t llow us to en mer te length hey must lie over, ls o a an d questi n Philip r ised about the sun Apollo . We come n ow to the single pa ssa ge of this dia logue ( §XVII) c c a n d c on whi h the whole of the ensuing dis ussion depends ; whi h is,

a a a a c of m co c - nevertheless , rem rk ble inst n e is n eption in news report m a o a n d a t. ing, of i possible re soning b sed on the erroneous rep r The pa ssa ge in question is a s follows : “ With respect to the morta lity of beings of the kind !daemons! I ha ve hea rd a ta le from a ma n who is neither a fool nor a n idle e — o a A emilia n to c a of ou ta lk r fr m th t the rhe ri i n , whom some y know e E itherses wa s a a o n ma of a n d a t a c w ll ; p his f ther , t w s n mine , e her a a ma n the a t a a o m of gr mm r . This ( l t er) s id , th t once up n a ti e he ma de a voya ge to Ita ly a n d emba rked on boa rd a ship conveying d a c an a n a . wa s mer h dise sever l p ssengers When it now evening, O ff E chin a d a ro a n d i ca the Isl nds , the wind d pped , the sh p , rried by wa s c e a a m o the a a a e the current om ne r P xi ; st of p ssengers were w k , an d a in a t a ha d s of m ny were still dr king, f er h ving upper . All a a c wa s a o a om n e ca sudden , voi e he rd fr m the Isle of P xi , of s e o lling ‘ ’ Tha m us t a cr a s to t t a a m wi h so loud y ﬁll hem wi h m ze ent . This a m u wa s a n E a ot no a m m Th s gypti n pil , k wn by n e to a ny of those on

a . a t n c on bo rd C lled wice , he kept sile e ; but the third summ on s ca an d a tt r a c he replied to the ller, the l e , r ising yet higher his voi e, ‘ a W t o a a Pa lodes a u s id, hen h u comest over g inst , nno nce tha t th e ’

a Pa n a . o a t a E ithers s gre t is de d All , up n he ring his , s id p e , were t co t a o a n d a t ﬁlled wi h ns ern ti n , deb ed with themselves whether it

to a s e or a too us were better do ord red , not to m ke themselves b y , a o a u c a n d to let it l ne . So Th m s de ided tha t if there should be a wind he would sa il pa st a n d hold his tongue ; but should there fa ll a a n d m sea off a a c lm s ooth the isl nd , he would procla im wha t he ha d a . t c e a a Pa lode he rd When , therefore , hey were om over g inst s, of sea a there being neither wind nor swell , Th mus , looking out from ‘ the s ca a w a ha d a a m tern , lled out to the l nd h t he he rd , n ely, Tha t 2 TH E PE O R 5 0 O N C U T .

’ the g rea t Pa n is dea d ; a n d ha rdly ha d he ﬁnished speaking tha n wa s a on e a n there mighty cry , not of , but of m ny voices mi gled to a a uc r gether in wondrous m nner . And in sm h a s ma ny pe sons were t the o ot a a o o n d a s a s hen present , st ry g spre d b ut R me , a Th mu w sent for by Tiberius Caesa r ; an d Tiberius ga ve so much credence to the ta le tha t he ma de inquiry a n d resea rch concerning this Pa n ; a n d a a a e th t the le rned men bout him , who were numerous , conje ” tu red wa s th e on e wa s om n d he who born fr Hermes a Penelope . to o m co t t This s ry, t rn fro its n ex , served for eighteen centuries — a s g round for the belief that a t the cruciﬁxion or the birth or —o f the the a a n d by the life Christ, gods of ncient world , re l a living t ca m to t a n d a n ew o r a s t divini ies , e heir end , rde w institu ed . The sa iling course described is the direct course from Greece to a m o e a o Brun dusium s n It ly , r especi lly from C rinth to , the outher

o om chin d a r e a t a to p rt of R e. The E a es Isla nds the entr nce the

of ut of o a a n d Pa lodes Pelodes Gulf Corinth ; Pa xi is just so h C rcyr , ( o u a o B th rotum at th e P rt s , the h rb r of u in Epirus) is northern end an of o c E chin a des a a 65 of the ch nel C r yra . From to P xi is bout n t c miles a d from Pa xi to Palodes abou 30 more . Then e north of

o c a a n d a c to Brun dusium ta a 100 . C r yr ross in I ly , bout miles o a a re The pa ssengers a boa rd this vessel were pr b bly Rom ns , tu rning from sightseeing in Greece ; if Greeks they were proba bly from Corinth or Athens ; the poverty a n d depopula tion of Greece

- Th e o o t a ut . being such tha t c untry f lk r veled b little y were , there i t a t a e a a t o o a fore , unl kely in h g to be f mili r wi h the f lkl re or ncient n wa s al a i o c . t a a loca l bel efs f Gree e The pilo , Egypti n , equ ly t to s ra nger them . Wha t actua lly ha ppened a t Pa xi a n d a few hours la ter at Pa fﬁc om the t t a n d ab a lodes , is su iently evident fr tex i self, is und ntly 2 ! P A ND . 5 1 TAMMU , AN CHRIST

B lletin des corr es on da n ces hel a n a . u proved by M. S lomo Rein ch ( p n i -1 ltes M thes et R el l es 1 . 5 9 a C u é u 7 . Q , 90 , Vol XXXI , pp ; lso , y i

i on s 1 wa s an a O f a . g , III , It the nu l mourning T mmuz The eﬂi s ca o sea a n d th e a t o c a om g y wa st int the , ssembled hr ng h nted s e tua : brief ri l , including the line

O a uovs O a uovs O a uovs n a vucya s f rom“

a mm uz ammu a mm u th e r r at is d a . T , T z, T z, ve y g e , e d

a n a a m a a z The pilot , Egypti n , n ed Th mus or T mmu , took the m h n ot o ﬁrst ha lf of the line a s a ca ll to hi self . W y he did kn w of

m wa s a m . the god for who he n ed , we need not inquire Not every Jew of Munich or Vienna who bea rs the name Isidor could pa ss a n o a a e examina ti n in the mysteries of Isis . The n me T mmuz b ing ex c o a a a o luded fr m consider tion , there rem ined only the phr se , rep rted n a ra E itherses i ccu tely by p ,

' ' IId 6 e a r cﬂv xe v p y s q , r i Pa n th e g eat s dea d .

Ha a a of a s for a c v y s is merely a superl tive w , like , inst n e, our ” a lm ighty ; but this the Roma n p a ssengers were n ot sufﬁcient Hel en is s o the a of a o c l t to know . Gra vely p ndering me ning the nn un e

t c e t a t c m y n ot the a d ment, hey de id d ha t the p r i le must refer, to ’ ective a s b ut od Pa n th e a o E ith er ses s a t c 6 j w , to the g ; y d pted p r i le o th e ua a n d o ow the c o t ha lf line of the Greek rit l , f ll ing dire ti ns of a t a o a m a o c on a off Pa lodes those P xi , the pil t Th us nn un ed rriving , ct th e m a a a ga in a ltering the di ion of isunderstood h lf line , th t

' ' 6 c a Hi t r cﬂv xcv p y s n q , r t Pa n is a The g ea de d,

u i a t a o s ppos ng th t hey were be rers of news of terrible imp rt , news a a o a o of the de th of a god ; where s t their he rers on sh re , they were a ou h m a s om e at a but nn ncing tha t t e ou rning w c plet d P xi , where U a n a n r cr a s co n t o O f ow wa s pon swe ing y, Of re g i i n fell worshipers , o P lo set up by th se a t a des. A s i m a S M . a ut t wa s a tu a Rein ch p , this noc rn l isunderst nding, co u o of a a w t a um a n a m due to a double nf si n divine n me i h h n e , ” a n d of t m a superlative epithet wi h a divine na e . m m a th o c a t the The sequel wa s re a rka ble . I gine e gra ve c un ils of th e u a a t a t r to t m a n behest br t l m eri lis Tibe ius , de er ine whether y t SO t a s th a a ha d ac ua c e a n d hing errifying e de th Of god t lly oc urr d , co c u o a Pa n n a m o o or aem o the n l si n th t bei g only de ig d , her d n , son of a n d a m or a n o a co a cc to an m god a t l , d nger uld rue m kind fro his demise ! 522 TH E O E N O R P C U T.

O n e might wonder tha t a mong the whole shiploa d of pa ssen wa s to a a a o n on a i gers none ssoci te th t m ur ing cry midsummer n g ht,

n a v e a r cﬂv xc u y s q ,

t o of a e a ti a wi h the w rship Adonis , still prev lent in Gr ece , p r cul rly co t c of the o o u so a o in the untry dis ri ts Pel p nnes s , ne r the sp t where

wa s . a . a a a o a ct c o c the cry he rd P us ni s n tes the pr i e in Arg s , whi h “ ”n o u o o p ssessed a b ilding where the Argive w men bewa il Ad nis . At Ama thus in Cyprus he describes a n a ncient sa nctua ry of 1 2 o a n d o t o a s t a a i a n d Ad nis Aphr di e where the w rship w s ill m int ned , i so a i a wa s o da a he in El s , f m li r the st ry even in his y, th t refers to “ it speciﬁca lly in describing a sa nctua ry of the Gra ces ; their ima ges a re of a a a a n d wood , their dr pery being gilded , but the f ces , h nds r o t n o o m a e f a . O e of a feet whi e m rble them h lds r se, the iddle one n h f a a d t e a o . a die , third sprig myrtle The re son why they hold these things m a y be conj ectured to be this : a s the rose a n d the m t a re a c to o a n d s a t t o yr le s red Aphr dite , a soci ed wi h the st ry of o SO o f a ll th e a c a re t a a n d Ad nis , deities Gr es mos kin to Aphrodite ; the die is a pla ything of youths a n d ma idens whom a g e h a s n ot yet ”1 8 robbed Of youthful gra ce . a a a wa s a n a t ua a a c a t of P us ni s n iq ri n , full of the n ient f i hs his a t a a n d our oa of o n ot of n ive l nd , shipl d t urists were evidently his o ! et e m a o O ! in diﬁeren t s rt . ev n they ust h ve kn wn their vid An an o lot t m a a s an a e d yet credul us hey ust h ve been . It w indeed g h a o of m n c for t e a o t e . when ncient g ds were de d the minds Gree e , tw c a om a n d a a o enturies province of R e , impoverished depopul ted , a for o a a ca ha d a d a ple sure ground the R m n v tionist, opted the f shions

n — a o —O f co a d th e fa ith o r the l ck there f her nquerors . Finla y suﬂi cien tly describes the indiff erence of the time “ a n c t o a c c Though ient supers iti ns were still pr ti ed , old religious c o a c ha d o c t feelings were extin t . The r les , which n e formed the mos h a c o of G k ha d a rem a rka ble of t e s red instituti ns the ree s, f llen into “ c ow co c u o a o de a y . It is , h ever, in rre t to s pp se th t the Pyth ness ’ o om the m of our a cea sed to deliver her resp nses fr ti e S viour s birth , t Em a a a for she wa s consul ed by the peror long fter. M ny or cles co a a t c o continued to be in nsider ble repute , even f er the introdu ti n a a a io c of l of Christia nity into Greece . P us ni s ment ns the ora le Ma

20 6. II, ,

1 2 . IX, 4 ,

VI, 24. 7. 0 h o n s ct r eece un der t e R ma . . G , Se XII

t r D r a c De ect 0 . u a c e O . Pl h , f , VII , 7 9 D H 23 A N . 5 TAMMUZ, PAN C RIST

“ 10 5 in a m a o a n Did mi c a s o t a c o . d , Cili i , the m s ver i us in his ti e Cl r s y w a m o a n d m c o u m c a a n d ere f us, u h c ns lted in the ti e Of Lu i n ; even 7 o a c t o 1 new r les were commenced a s a proﬁta ble specula i n . The o a c co t u to to o a o r les n in ed give their responses fervent v t ries , l ng a h a a o to fter they a d fa llen into genera l neglect . Juli n ende v red u c a n d con t D D o a n d revive their inﬂ en e , he sulted hose Of elphi , el s 1 8 Do o a co c th o e e a . a d n , n erning result Of his P rsi n expediti n He v inly a t m to to D a n d Da a ioc to t t e pted res re elphi phne , ne r Ant h , heir “ a o so a of o th e ncient splend r . Even l te a s the reign The dosius ea o a t D Did mi a n d u m o ex is Gr t, th se elphi , y J piter A m n were in 2! c b t r om a t o ca m u e u . ten e , f th peri d they be tterly silent The rev erence which ha d former ly been pa id to them wa s tra nsferred to tr o o h o o t ll a n n ll o o a w w u a a d o a c a . s l gers , ere c ns l ed by r nks c si ns O o a a a n d a r e a ll m tio a s ota Tiberius , th , H dri n , Severus , en ned v ries 21 a c c t ! e Of this m ode Of se r hing into the se re s Of futu rity . t hidden a o to w c a o o o h a d r o b th e divin ti n, hi h str l gy bel nged , been p hibited y la w of the w a a n d wa s o ot la w s t elve t bles , c ndemned b h by express t t i o I s a n d by the spirit Of the Rom a n s a e rel gi n . t wa rega rded even ”22 ee a s a n c a n d a c a ct c . by the Gr ks , illi it disgr eful pr i e a cr to a m a t a o w c In expl ining the y T muz r her th n Ad nis , hi h

o a o a t a r c M . a c u o w uld h ve been m re n ur l in G ee e , Rein h s pp ses the i c of a co o a n d c Bréhier a s to w ex sten e Syri n l nies , ites the ide dis i f B t th a w a t to e tt per s on o such . u e Syri ns ere p s le where tra de wa s a t a c a n d wa s a u n ot th e a on a n O ff th e tr tive , this ss redly c se islet r o - o It m a ck bound c a st Of Epirus . see s likely th t a hint m a y be

‘

o ow om a u a a . a a wa s b rr ed fr P s ni s Illyri , he s ys , settled by Pheni cia n s in the a ncient da ys ; Ca dmus a fter settling his kin in Boeotia “ a n d o h a d o a wa to w a m o th e a f unding Thebes , g ne y d ell ng Illyri n “ t E n ch elea n s w e his son o or cc t ribe Of the , h re P lyd us su eeded o the ”23 throne . Now r an w c o to a n d th e the Illy i s ere never l se the Hellenes , o a a mo Greek culture wa s n t widespre d ng them . Here the a ncient Semitic cerem ony might ha ve been ha nded down without the corrup

i A tt ca 2 . , XXXIV,

’ Alexa n r n Per e r in us Lucia n s de a d g . 1”

r tus H ist E ccles 16 . Th eodo e . , , III ,

t m i n r in 12 is a . 0 m a us Ma c us . r n u m . C ed e s H . C , p, p 3 4 ; A ell , XXII,

a n im ur Brouwr Histoir e de la civilisa ti on m ora le et r eli ieuse V L b g e , g des Gr ecs 2 S mma chus E ist . , VI , 3 ; y p , IV, 35 “ i ri r a ci us A n n 20 Hi s t 22 S a rt a n us H a d a n 2 us . T t , , VI , ; , I , ; p , ; Seve , p r i 620 6 . a s 1 . 5, ed P , ” o ust 2 C d. J , 9, 8, . I X, 5 , 3 4 T E E O 52 H O P N C URT.

nam z on s for h the r e s ere tion of e from Tammu into Ad i , w ich G e k w r s n n i s i th . a sa u the ans s e po sible And later, P u a s tells , Illyr moved ou “ ward a n d conquered Epirus : When the kingly govern men t ca me to ” “ an en d in E s at is a er he a rr s the o n piru , (th , ft t f ll of Py hu ) c mmo e n s l h a n the peopl grew saucy a d et al a ut ority t a ug ht . Hence ia n s a a s the n ia Sea E us Illyr , who inh bit the co t of Io n north of pir , overran an d subdued s a s in the t re n e ma e h the If thi le ds u righ di ctio , w y suppos t at

e l rs a re a e ha s ﬁsh en ro the dis . dw l e on P xi we colony, p r p of erm , f m r e Buthrotum E ra e an d r i n ri n a n d t i t of in pirus ; by c t adit o Illy a , versed in the an cient worship of Ta mmuz a s taught their forefa ther s th e en r th a i es the ore by Ph icia n tra de s in e Adri tic . This g v m proba b ility to their request tha t the pilot of a pa ssing vessel should acqua int those on the ma inla nd with the completion of their an n ua l

re o . e e s e an d se l me ce m ny They w r ending word hom , tho eft at ho we s s e re interested in their doing . Here seem a t lea st to b e a mor proba ble sta te of a ff a irs tha n a cha in of Syria n settlemen ts on a r - an d ock bound primitive shore . With the decision of th e council of Tiberius this even t might ha ve been left to oblivion in the imperia l a rchives but for the cha nce e e a a u a w s e a d n d refer nc in di log e of Plut rch , whose riting wer v lue a re r ed n er e h r i p se v amo g those by whom they w e n it e apprec a ted,

s a ea even ad. For n s tale under tood , nor, it would pp r, re upo thi were ma de to rest the dea lin g s of Christ with the shepherd-g od

In the struggle of Ch ristianity for recogn ition a mong those n e if a s r in holding the tra ditio , ev n no longer ctively ob e v g the the ds O the e was co e to worship , of g o of lympus , tim not yet m ’ e e a a an n ha d een ma n s ma i in conc iv th t the ncient p theo b of i g n g. a e a e n in r lit The gods were thought to h v lived, but to h ve b e ea y i s s a ma n o r ev l pirits , formerly permitted to mi le d nkind, but w powe h the s a less a fter the sa crifice of t e Cross . In philo ophic l Sta temen t a t wa s at is e e the a -da a o s of the c se , so lit le sue b tw en l tter y Pl t ni ts an c h r d the tea hers O f the Fourth Gospel , that a ssent to t eir doct ine o a o e s a of daem ns might h ve br ught the Gr ek into the Christi n fold. ' o o u a h th la But the c ncessi n involved too m ch, nd t e de mons of e P ton ists b en eficen t t n a ra a t , the influences uplif i g m nkind, were t nsl ed h a c m a n d a into the demons of the C risti n hurch , the i ps devils th t A la a for the a s s. nd se y in w it c pture of oul in support of this cour , a a s io a s a h a a e s well of the new relig n whole, the C risti n F th rs drew , o e a n d a a with m re diligenc ingenuity th n f irness, upon the literature “ IV. 35. s. M M ! PA N A ND H . 525 TA U , C RIST o n e O ut he r own s s f those whom they would co v rt . of t i mouth hould n e ars a e ma n ot al a s ha e n they b e convinced. O fe th t th y y w y ve b e a rit s r own en s a s when er u a ra b ove w ing hi tory to thei d , T t lli n g vely ” “ a s h b ri s h se a s the r s a n a ma e its ssert t a t Ti e u , in w o d y Ch i ti n me d r th e a r c d e m Pal ent y into world , h ving himself e eive int lligence fro ’ estin e of events which had clea rly shown the truth O f Chr ist s divin it a er be the ena e w h his own de in y, broug ht the m tt fore S t it cision a eca se had n ot i en the a a fa vor of Christ . The Sen te, b u it g v pprov l ”

s l re e t d o o a . it e f, j c e this pr p s l i i n a a n d wa s a r But Ch r st a ity g rew p ce , a it to wo ld more inter in n s a rea s for the a h th a n e histor ested ew philo ophic l son f it , n in w i al roofs a E se s C z sa rea d h s s . a d ic p , th t u biu of directe mini try Re re an a d th l - d a of Pam hilus the e a e d tr ine in e we l stocke libr ry p , lit r tur d e wa s at his s o al a n d was on e a s of Greece an Rom di p s , , mig ht lmo t his s dis sa r d e a a sc se . a y, sh e d d to supply me t for d ily di our At th t ta nce of time an d pla ce a n d with a mind so little a pprecia tive of the a ie era u e wa s n o to b e s o d a a n thought of th e e rl r lit t r , it t upp se th t en tire work would be digested ; a cha pter or text sna tched at random ’ c ha a a the a a s would suﬂi e. We ve lre dy followed pl n of Plut rch a ue De De ectu O r a culor um his s a e a the a had di log f , t tem nt th t or cles be n e S n es a n Wa r a n d his a a r en m decli ince the Pelopo n i , f ilure to si n n en a e rive at an y ﬁn a l con clu on concer i g them . Incid t lly w have ’ ’ n oted Pa usa nia s s interest in the oracles a lmost in E usebius s own h n n in h ris e. But beh t e ew a t e a a tim old, now , me g, Ch ti n me ning , a sserted by E usebius for this modest an d inconclusive exercise of i Pr ara ti o a n e i a Pl a r r es oll . h s e E v l c ut ch, the p i t of Ap o In p g , Book h ra l s In 14 t he t e w e s e . s V, refers to hol ubject of o c he quo e Por 1 phyry on the philosophy to be derived from oracles . In 5 he con “ cludes that the g ods were found to be demons haunting the ea rth and ensla ved to pa ssions ; wherefore it seems to me tha t I ha ve fol ” in a a 6 s lowed sound rea son turning w y from them . In 1 he refer ’ n d 1 t s it r se n to Pluta rch s dia logue , a in 7 quotes he tory of Ep he s e re in w the l ti , end g ith fo lowing “ fa r lu a c a the m at So P t r h . But it is import nt to observe ti e h a ha the the ae s whic he s ys t t dea th of d mon took place. For it wa a t the i be s c a a s rn t me of Ti riu , in whi h our S viour , m king his ojou men is e a e ee d a e among , record d to h v b n ri ding hum n lif from de mon s of every kind ; so tha t there were some of them now kneel ing before Him an d beseeching Him not . to deliver them over to the a Ta rta rus tha t a w ited them . “ ! o a the a u h ve therefore d te of the overthrow of the daemons ,

o Ap l , V. 526 TH E O E O P N C URT. of which there wa s n o r ecord a t a n y other time ; j ust a s you h a d the a bolition of huma n sa criﬁce a m ong the Gentiles a s not ha ving oc curred until a fter the prea ching of th e doctrine of the Gospel ha d a c ll m t o o re hed a a nkind . Let these refuta i ns from recent hist ry suf ﬁ ” ce .

O n e m a y a lmost infer from this sta tem ent of the ca se tha t E u sebius wa s n ot a o t c a u t b ut a lt ge her convin ed by his own rg men , th t he put it for th believing tha t it might fortify som e of his hea rers a n of a d a t a a t da . a m e o a more his re ders l er y Pl to hi s lf, wh se ide s w o t o co n t m a m o t out ere thus dist r ed bey nd re g i ion , ight l s reply of “ “ R e ubli c C a n ou a n c ca n ak his p , y suggest y device by whi h we m e them believe this ﬁction ? None a t a ll by which we could per sua de

w m . n . a d the men ith who we beg in but their sons , the next gen c a t a n d a ll a m a to r ion , subsequent gener tions , ight be t ught believe ” it . ’ The hea then gods wer e dea d to m en s minds ; the Gospel of had a a co a s a t u a Christ nnihil ted them ; nceived s r ggle of ide s , the c to a c a m d i Christia n la im wa s true . But visu lize the l i a n ﬁx t in m a t m a t a the a of a n a inds used to de ling wi h eri l things , l pse ide must be presented under th e g uise of the dea th of a n ea rthly being ;

ﬁsher - o on a co u ct therefore these f lk the isle of P xi , in nscio s ﬁ ion w a mm m too a n d m a c a s eeping T uz , isunders d isreported by Plut r h a a a c Pa n ca m m a a t for th e in ctu l f t weeping , be e the teri l wi nesses m a c c of th e ca t w t c ediev l hur h , physi l s ruggle Of Christ i h Anti hrist, o a t o of m n u Of the downfa ll f th e demons a n d the liber i n a . S rely a n idea so spiritua lly comprehensive needed no little ta wdry piece Of ma teria lism such a s this to bring it down to ea rth ! During th e Middle Ages there wa s much gra ve discussion a bout “ ” a co c o a re the dea th of Pa n a n d a s to his na ture . The m in n lusi ns “ m a c a s od Pa n sta ted by Abbé Ansel e, cited by Rein h , whether the g / wa s a s om a o u m a s the divin e , s e h ve th ught , Jes s Christ hi self, if Sa viour ha d needed to borrow th e na m e Of one of his enemies ; or whether the devil wa s forced himself to confess his tota l de fea t by ” o the Cr ss . r m a a a t o o R a belalis a Anothe ediev l expl n i n , qu ted by , is gr vely c a of w o a a a criticized by Reina h . A re ding the h le p ss ge will r ther a s ma a m t a a a indica te tha t Ra bel is wa king g e Of it, wi h gre t l ugh ’ t a c o t c a o hrown in . Plut r h s story is put with u h nge into the m uth ’ ta ho of the c o of b Of the a bsurd Pa n gruel , w tells de isi n Ti erius s “ ” cou c a th e o Pa n wa s son of M c a n d Pen el n il , th t supp sed the er ury

1 III, 4 5 .

H E E O 528 T O P N C URT .

r n th e a wn The Shephe ds o l , r er e th e in t of a wn O po d , Sa t simply cha ttin g in a ru stic row; u itt t ou t t t n F ll l le h gh hey he , Tha t th e m ighty Pa n Wa s kin dly come to live with them below ; r a s t ir ov s or s t ir Pe h p he l e , el e he Sheep, i s Wa s a ll tha t did thei r S lly thoughts so bu y keep .

’ Here we ha ve Pa n ta g r uel s identiﬁca tion of Pa n with Christ in seriousness ! And the hymn proceeds to Pluta rch via Eusebius :

orac s a r e um The le d b, No voice or hideous h um R un t r u th a rc e roo in wor s c i in s h o gh e h d f d de e v g, Apollo from h is Sh r in e C a n n o mor ivin e d e , r in With hollow sh iek th e steep of Delphos lea v g. No n i t tra n c or b r eathéd s gh ly e, pell, ir - r i s r m th e r tic c In sp es th e pa le eyed p e t f o p ophe ell .

’ The lon ely m oun ta in s o er An d th e r soun in or e d g Sh e, A voice of weepin g hea r d a n d loud la men t rom a un t s rin a n d a F h ed p g d le, E e it o a r a dg d w h p pl p le, The pa r tin g Gen ius is with sigh in g sen t ; With ﬂower - in woven tr esses torn i i a f n i s m urn The n ym phs in tw l ght sh de o ta gled th cket o .

In con s crat a rt e ed e h , An d on th e o a rt h ly he h , The La r s a n d Lemures m oa n with m idn ight pla in t In u rn s an d a ta r s r oun l d, A drea r a n d dyin g soun d ' A ﬂr ig hts th e Flam en s a t their service qua in t ; A n d the c i ma r s ems to sw at h ll ble e e , i i r r r hi n Wh le ea ch pecul a Powe fo egoes s wo ted seat.

The cold perspira tion of the a lta r- stone is a touch n ot found in u w t ta a ha d M ca r Eusebi s ; hile in the nex s nz , he but known it , ilton ’ ries Pluta rch s story back to its true orig ina l

Peor a n d Ba a lim orsa t i r t m s dim F ke he e ple , With tha t twice- ba tter ed g od of Pa lestin e An d moon e s ta rot d A h h , ’ H a n s u n a n d mot r ot e ve q ee he b h , ’ Now sits n ot gi rt with ta per s holy shr in e ; L bic Ha mm on s rin s his orn The y h k h , In va in th e ria n m a i s t ir un u urn Ty d he wo ded Tha mm z m o . A N D R S . 29 TAMMUZ, PAN CH I T 5

’ With Milton s solemn music this a ncient story m ight ha ve

’ ha d n ot c com o a o m Die Gb tter Gr i ech en la n ds rested , S hiller p sed p e , , in which he m ou rned th e genera l loss of the love Of bea uty which o o t ctio c a m o o r t a o f ll wed the des ru n Of l ssic yth l gy by the Ch is i n w rld , a n d a for it a ta t ta a o o c lled s reviv l . A few represen ive s nz s f ll w in ’ Lord Lytton s tra nsla tion

Mor e glor ious than th e m eeds ’ To a or c oosin i rtu s a t su im L b h g V e p h bl e, The gra n d a rchives of r en own ed deeds s a t f m s s c u c i Up to th e e s o Gods the elve o ld l mb . B or th e a un t ss R scu r of th e a ef e d le e e de d, Bowed down th e silen t a n d Immorta l Host ; An d th e twin ta r s t ir ui in ust r s S he g d g l e hed, O n the ba rk tempest-tossed !

“ A rt t ou a ir wor n o mor ? h , f ld, e ’ R turn t ou vir in - oom on atur s a c e , h g bl , N e f e ; ’ on on th e Min str s ma ic or Ah , ly el g Sh e , C a n we th e footstep of sweet Fa ble tra ce ! The mea dows mourn for th e old ha llowin g life ; Va in ly we sea rch th e ea rth of gods bereft ; An d w r th e im a wit suc wa rmt wa s r i he e ge h h h fe, A sha de a lon e is left !

o rom th e ort h a s on C ld, f N h, g e Over th e ﬂower s th e bla st that killed their Ma y ; A n d to n r ic th e wor s i of th e O NE e h h p , ” n r s A U ive se of G ods m ust pa s awa y. Mourn in s a rc on on r sta r r st s g, I e h y de y eep , But t n o mor n t r see ! hee e, Sele e, he e I ’ A n t rou h ca n d r h s d t e woo s a o e t e . h gh d I ll, deep ” N ic r i t o vo e epl es o m e.

’ Schiller s longing for the j oy an d a rt a n d bea uty of the Greek c iviliza tion wa s ha rdly more tha n ha d a lrea dy found such a bunda nt o o a a a r c e xpressi n in the Eur pea n Rena issa nce . It w s the n tur l ea tion a ga inst th e a rid forma lism of the Middle Ages ; b ut it troubled f o h the e u o o Mr s. a n d S e m d vo t s ul Br wning, replied with the poe of “ ” ’ ’ D a Pa n c a c o t E useb ius s a The e d , in whi h Plut r h s st ry , wi h ddi t o a s uc t m o m t of own a s i ns , w red ed to verse, wi h i pr ve en s her , proof t a a c t ha d b ut a a t o h t the n ien gods lived , th t they died the h ur of 2! ta a n tia a re o ow : Ca lva ry . The s nz s esse l to the story the f ll ing

’ 0 What She might ha ve said in r eply to Swin burn e s hom a ge to on e of the cla ssic pa n theon we ca n better lea ve to th e im a gi n a tion “

a s or sur t ou a rt r a t a n d a i r . Al , L d, ely h g e f But lo h er won r u wo n a ir ! , de f lly ve h An d thou di dst hea l us with thy piteous kISs ; B w r h r out i i r ut see n o o e m s ov . , L d ; h l el e —La us Ven eri s , V. 530 TH E O PE N CO URT.

a m f old the a r w n t on wa r C l , o , b k e d, cr m r ou t an win When a y o e l d h d, Ros u n a n d sw t sun wa r e p, deepe ed, ep d, From th e piled Da r k behin d ; sun s ran an d r w a An d th e h k, g e p le, Brea thed a ga in st by th e gr ea t wa il ‘ ’

Pan Pan is a . , , de d

An d the rowers from th e ben ches a c s u r in on his ac Fell , e h h dde g , f e, While depa rtin g In ﬂuen ces Struck a cold ba ck thr ough the place ;

’ An d the sh a dow of th e Ship Reeled a lon g the pa ssive deep ‘ ’ Pa n Pa n is a . , , de d

An d tha t dism a l cry rose slowly An d sa n s ow t rou th e a ir k l ly h gh , ’ Full O f Spir its mela n choly ’ An d etern ity s despa i r ! A n d they hea r d th e wor ds it sa id ‘ Pa n is dea d—G r ea t Pa n is dea d ’ ea d a a n i . P n , P , s d

Twa s th e hour when O n e in ! ion ’ Hun g for love s sake on th e cross ; hi ro a s c i wit in When s b w w h ll h dy g, An d his soul wa s fa in t with loss ; When his pr iestly blood dropped down wa r d A n d his kin gly eyes looked th ron ewa r d n Pa n s a The wa de d.

B the ov stoo a on in y l e he d l e , H is so Go a ros com t le dhe d e ple e, A n d the a s o s o n moa n in f l e g d fell d w g, Ea ch frgm off his golden seat ; All th e fa lse gods with a cry R en dered up thei r deity Pa n Pa n wa s a , , de d .

a i in wi e a cross th e is a n s W l g d l d , r n t v st- i t ir Di in They e , e l ke, he v e ; An d a da rkn ess a n d a silen ce Q uen ched the light of every sh rin e ; ’ An d Dodon a s oak swa n on g l ely, H n c rt to th e t m st on e efo h e pe ly, ” Pa n n a a Pa w s . , , de d

’ O ut ta a m a r of these s nz s the ﬁrst i pression is th t M s. Browning s ou a s a n d a a s th ght is free c reless her rhymes . See now her con elusion M A N D R . 1 TA MUZ, PAN C H IST S3

Ea rth outgrows th e mythic fan cies un si h er in h er out S g be de y h, An d those debon a ir roma n ces oun b ut u esi th e r ut S d d ll b de t h . ’ Phceb us cha riot-cour se is r un ; oo u o ts to th e sun ! L k p, p e , Pan Pa n is a , , de d.

rist at s n t u own th e an s Ch h h e s d gel , A n d th e whole ea rth a n d th e skies A re illumed by a lta r -ca n dles Lit for ss m st ri s ble ed y e e , ’ An d a priest s ha n d th rough cr ea tion Wa veth ca lm an d con secr ation ” Pan Pan i s a . , , de d

a re a a o to a the Here some not ble dditi ns the legend , rising from “ ” r o Mr o s. . r a a n d a a t fe v r of Br wning The sun sh nk grew p le , the fea rsome hour of sunset ; the rowers fell shuddering on their fa ces ; the a nnua l cry of m ourning ( followed next da y by a n org y “ ’ ” of celebra tion) voiced eternity s despa ir ! When the hea d of the ‘ ” c uc d the r o th en Pa n a s a n ll r iﬁe Christ fell on C ss , f w de d ; a d a the fa lse gods yielded up their deity they rent their divinity a s a g a r “ m a s a u a o a t m a n d a ent ; vest re sh lt th u ch nge he , they sh ll be ” c a n a n d o a m om a a e t m h ged , fr m th t ent dis ppe r d the ligh fro every o shrine . Even Eu sebius w uld ha ve difficulty in recogn izing his ex pla na tion under this resta tement !

But a a co u o m ma the p rticul r ntrib ti n of this poe lies , if one y sa n ot b t its o c a a u . Mrs so y, in its st nz s in intr du tion Here . Brown o c for a a m m him t a ing repr ves S hiller his p g nis , re inding h t hea then “ dom wa s m a n d c t a a t him a - o t no ore, i ing g ins well kn wn ra dition m entioned in a trea tise of Pluta rch (De O r a culor um Defectu ) a c ’ ‘ co a t ou of a o a o a cr of a t rding to which the h r the S vi ur s g ny , y Gre Pa n is dea d swept a cross the wa ves in the hea ring of certa in ma rin

e rs a n d the ac c a . , or les e sed Di r s ow a a c a t a ll? O r a s d M . Br ning ever re d Plut r h w her knowledge of the story derived from some 18th century common ‘u ta ry on Milton ? A more complete misquota tion it would be ha rd

a s h ow a c ui r t it ? ( If f l e, q ed hey )

f r Br n in Follower s of c dcn borg a re fon d o cla imin g M s. ow g a s on e of m i th e con cor an c to his wor s on ta in s n o r r n c to the selves. Wh le d e k c efe e e i rti u r n t r a re n um rous a ssa s in w ic stat s t a t th s a c la lege d, he e e p ge h h he e h h em i d aemon s an d ro s of th e a a n wor w r vi s ir its wh o t e g o s, d he e p g ld e e e l p , n u a n a ia n c or th e n t of r ist b ut wer e a ble to comma d h m lleg e bef e Adve Ch , r i m It is n o i wer e thereupon r etu rn ed to th e hells f om wh ch they ca e . t m Mr Brown in h a d in min som a ssa rom H eaven a n d ssible tha t s. d e p ge f ppell or n th e o owin rom A r ca n a C wlestia , eve f ll g “ Di in w ic tran sﬂowed t rou th e sti a in o 6373 . The v e h h h gh Cele l k gd m TH E E O 532 O P N C URT.

m ta c o a t a o a c c a e to i a gine . Plu r h n where s id h t the r les e s d ; he noted their decline thr ough a period of 500 yea rs ; he nowhere men ’ tion ed th e a o a o - how cou a on so n S vi ur s g ny, ld he h ve d e , bei g of the t a o o for a ow a n d a s ocu a to priest Py hi n Ap ll his n tive t n , pr r r Of Greece unde r the Emperor Ha dria n responsible for the enforce ment Of the la ws Of th e Empire a ga inst Christia n a ssemblies when ever compla int a rose ? His position wa s exa ctly tha t Of the younger 3 2 o a s o ae o of o ca m o a a in Pliny , wh m pr pr t r P nti the E per r Tr j n “ structed in investiga ting the cha rges a ga inst the Christia ns who a r e o o ou it n ot o to la ow a n a br ught bef re y , is p ssible y d n y gener l t o o t o o Do n o u wa to o for em . rule . g Of y ur y l k th If indeed they S o ou o ou a n d th e c m ro h uld be br ght bef re y ri e is p ved , they must be ” punished . A n d t a w m r w c wa s wo yet in spi e Of the l s Of the E pi e , hi h he s rn to c a n d c m w c wa s t a t to exe ute , Of his sin ere Hellenis , hi h he ini i ed u o a c wa s m a a o t for on e the m o a u ph ld , Plut r h de the uth ri y Of st bs rd ll t o o ca m co c t o m a a of a the he l gi l is n ep i ns Of ediev l Christi nity .

i D - i- a z f SO th e m u ts co . m z b u m o o yth r ns urse u u , de ig d the ca a s a th e a G b e Ac di n , perh ps helping their ﬁsheries in Persi n ulf, ca m a m m of a o a a a n d r a e T uz the B byl ni ns , typifying the dec y eviv l o m m c o to a t . a a a n t a a Of veget i n T uz , be use Egyp i n pil t h ppened a a m a n d a om a a mma a m u oo t be r his n e R n gr ri n is nderst d his ti le , wa s t a a t ta r c to Pa n th e m ot cto th e r nsl ed by Plu h in , erry pr e r Of rca a a n d th e a t of a m m w o a c to A di n shepherds ; de h T uz , r ngly s ribed Pa n P n wa s a u to m t a o t. a , l id by E sebius the inis r ti n Of Jesus Chris m ca m or c or wa s i a c hi self be e Christ , Anti hrist , k lled by Christ , o h t o to m a a t e a . e a a c rding the i gin ti n Of Chris i ns Ridicul d by R bel is , u m a a t ton th e to wa s a ow to a t sed i gin ively by Mil , s ry n iled d n e r h

r o ha d th e m t n or a a a a by M s . Br wning . And y h bee f mul ted by p p l o ci a of a n o t w wo m t c un l inste d English p e ess , the estern rld igh to da c tO o it a s a n a t c of a t y be expe ted uph ld r i le f i h .

ur n d t r or at t at tim in rn a a n d ia o ica could n ot be p e ” . a he ef e h e fe l d b l l s ir its issu rom the H s a n d r cis omin ion ov r th e ou s p ed f ell , exe ed d e S l r or wh o ca me f om th e w ld. “ 68 B or th e v n t of th e or in to th e wor i G n i i an d 5S8. ef e Ad e L d ld, ev l e pir its occupied a ll that r egion of Hea ven to which th e spir itua l wer e ’ r r ll r u f r . B t r h n t st aSer d a t . u a t t e o s t t w a t wa s elev ed f e L d Adve , hey e e h

i r llS. down in to the H e . “ I ha s n i n to n ow at as th e n a tur of th e sta t 69 14 . t bee g ve k wh w e e ’ of vi n ii a n d ir its wh o or th e or s n t occu i th e e l Ge Sp , , bef e L d Adve , p ed th e lower r egion of Hea ven ”

E is t I . p , XCV II R PA N TH E U STIC .

TH E B! E DITO R .

o AN is on e of the stra ngest ﬁgures a m ong the Greek g ds . He is a m ixtu re of ma n a n d goa t an d does n ot seem to j ustify the t t rt c o o i a re a Greek ta s e for bea u y . Neve heless if a r he l g sts greed

S F F N TATUE O PA N H EAD O F PA N STATUE O PA .

t n s th c n t r r r t rom r n s th c n tur . u . a cot a a s. A he , 4 e y Te f T lle Athe , 4 e y a co c t t a it it i on a ct a t nything n erning his s r nge de y, s the f th he is an i a od om th e a t orig n lly Greek g , his h e being rustic h un s Of Ar a a c di . TH E 534 E O P N CO URT .

m u The origin of his na e is q ite doubtful . Welcker ( in his i e 4 1 r iech sche t ter le n den 5 if . a m xi os G g , ) derives the n e from d , “ ” ' h o a n d l a t t e a wa s ( a a . a ds light, be ieves th rigin l spelling b w He reg r

PA A N N D DAPHNIS. “ i t 6 t is rou Pa n a n d m us a n d in s . n a t 2 ca s H . Pl y .( , 3 , 9 ) ll h g p Oly p r it t he r u f i ron in str uctin c i s m n tion compa es o t g o p o Ch g A h lle , e in g that both ha d been put up in th e Sa epta Julia ; b ut sin ce ther e is n o legen d in which Pa n is men tion ed in con n ection with Olym f in f r n is pus th e n a me ma y be a mista ke o Pl y o Da ph .

a s ca t t a a cco to o otu 105 a n d Pa u it signiﬁ n h t rding Her d s (VI , ) sa n ia s 37 8 o c a c co tut a om a (VIII , , ) t r h r es nsti ed pr inent fe ture in

a o om mi n the a t asco wou his worship . Another deriv ti n fr ( L in p ) ld t n a s m a et o a t th e mo cha ra c erize Pa the herds n , y it is p ssible th re

TH E E 536 O P N CO URT.

’ Da th e a rt of owi th e a cu phnis in bl ng syrinx , s lpture which is m a inly rema rka ble for the contr a st between th e virginlike boy a n d

h - t e ou c a n d coa a o a a c . r gh, rusti rse fe tu res Of his g od n tured te her a re o e a a a 2 10 2 t a of We inf rm d by P us ni s ( , , ) h t in the temple Asklepios a t Corinth the sta tues of Pa n a n d Selene were sta nding ’ together in commem ora tion of Pa n s devotion to th e goddess of the m a n d com a o a m t Nika n dros il oon , this bin ti n is lso en ioned by , Virg a n d t m to co o or h of Pa n m o hers . This see s rr b a te t e deriva tion fro

PA N E B! B O V RCO M E ACCHUS .

wfos a s o i a od of or the - od b ut the ha s d rig n lly the g light sun g , leg end neve r ga ined m a ny a dherents a n d ha s certa inly n ot a ff ected the on i o genera l c cept on f Selene . Pa n a lso excels in the a rt of da ncing though his motions a r e n ot c o a b ut a re m a om c a w wa Terpsi h re n rked by c i k rdness . He is the a t o o n d r ot ca f o c a . a a c p r n fr li , fun g esque pering He le ds the d n es of n m a n d the m a a a u com a f Ba the y phs en ds , the be tiful p nions o c c u -D o h s ionys s . TH E PAN RUSTIC . 537

A ru stic deity of Ita ly ca lled Fa unu s wa s very sim ila r to Pa n a n d is t t it him Of en iden iﬁed w h . Pa n ca m u a a t th e a tt of Ma a o on c be e pop l r f er b le r th n , whi h O cca sion he is supp osed to ha ve helped the Athenia ns by sprea ding a c m o a ot t th o o a p ni a ng the Persi ns . Herod us ells e st ry a s foll ws VI 105 ( , )

V L E A O TIVE RE I F.

rom th e cro o is a t t n s r r sen tin a ot or t r F A p l A he , ep e g dev ee bef e h ee n m s ui Pa n y ph g ded by .

a c ti th e c t the com And in the ﬁrst pl e while they were s ll in i y , m a a s a m to a t a s a n nders sent Pheidippides essenger Sp r a . He w t a a n d it wa s to ca m Now a s A heni n his business rry essa ges . he

m a t a n d o to the t a i m et Pa n hi self rel ed rep rted A heni ns , Pheidipp des the o oo Mo t a t o a o a a n d o in neighb rh d Of un P r heni n b ve Tege , he t ld how Pa n ha d ca lled him by na m e a n d sa id to him tha t he should a sk th e t a t ha d a to t ct him c A heni ns why hey l ge her negle ed , sin e he 38 TH E O E O R 5 P N C U T.

wa s well disposed towa rd th e Athenians an d ha d a lrea dy done them m a n d o c t o th ut A the uch good w uld on inue t do so in e f ure . The n ia n s believed tha t this wa s true a n d when they were a ga in in a sta te of pea ce a n d quiet they built a temple to Pa n under the cita del a n d ” o i eve ry yea r they pr pitiate h m with sa criﬁces a n d torch ra ces .

TH E L E RELIEP * AMA TH IA .

Greek mythology sta tes tha t Pa n enjoyed terrifying the lonely “ ” a a u a n d th e a w nderer in woodl nd solit des , word p nic is derived o a ctica o O Pa n a fr m the belief in these pr l j kes f . The Atheni ns honored Pa n by devoting to him a grotto on th e northwestern slope of the o a the a t i a t o o f Acrop lis bove spring Clepsydr , wi h n th t por i n

This well - kn own ma rble is som etim es in ter pr eted to r epresen t th e child hood of ! eus wh o is secr etly ra ised in a ca ve by th e n ym ph Am a ltheia whe r e ’ t a n s rv s a om a rc o o ists a i a you hful P e es a s th e god pl yfellow. S e he l g expl n th e scen e a s r epr esen tin g Pa n a n d his twin brother Arkos brought up by th ei r m t r ssi Ma r r in e o he ( po bly a o O o ) . 539 PAN TH E RUSTIC .

o io of O e tua t c o to th e the r ck tha t is ca lled th e Ba st n dyss us , si ed l se a left of th e a scent through th e Propyla e .

The pa renta ge of Pa n is rela ted differently in different legends .

' a he son of m a n d o e or a a of Pen el He is s id to be t Her es Penel p , g in o n i s i a t m t m a to a i the o pe a d a ll the su tor . Th s st e en is de expl n wr ng etym ology of his nam e which in deﬁa nce of the qua ntity of th e “ ” o ll r a a he a to vowels is here a ssum ed t m ea n a ( w) . Ag in is s id

son of m a n d D th e m of th e oak S ﬁs be the Her es ryope , ny ph tree ( p ,

S a d p e) . ’ t of a o for a m the a n d O vid ells P n s l ve Syrinx , ny ph Of reeds , describes h ow th e virgin is cha nged into a reed a t the th e m oment m ma o f being ca ptured by th e ena m oured de igod . The lover kes

D A N X S K . PAN SYRIN . A PAN MA

coin f Th l r B um ist r 1 1 0 o e ousa . om a . A p F e e , II , 5 pipe of the reed a n d expresses his disa ppointment in the pla intive stra ins of this m usica l instrument so frequently found in the ha nds O f shepherds . Another legend describes th e love of Pa n for Echo who lea ds h im ic b ut a o c m t o by her vo e never ll ws her lu sy su i or t ﬁnd her . While Pa n is ugly a n d mischievous he is a lways represented a s good n a tu a n d c a m to a a o t t o n m o t s red is l i ed be f v ri e wi h g ds a d r a l . The m ost comprehensive description of his history a n d cha ra cter is pre served in on e of the Hom eric Hymns which we here quote in full in ’ Cha pma n s cla ssica l tra nsla tion :

’ in Mus t is c i of H rm s o - ot o s S g e , h h ef e e l ve g j y Goa t- fooded t o- orn am orous of n ois , w h ed, e, 540 TH E O E O P N C URT.

a t t rou the a ir r n s a ll a orn wit tr s Th h gh f g ee , d ed h ee , o t r o s wit m s w os n im n s T ge he g e h Ny ph , h e ble k ee C a n r a n c oot t a t a ff ct to sca eve y d e f , h e le Th e m ost in a ccessible tops of a ll t i t st r oc s a n d r use to ca Up gh e k , eve ll O n Pa n th e r i t- a ir G od of a stor a , b gh h ed p l ; Who et is a n a n d o ss a n d cot owe y le l vele , l h

PA N O N L A AMP. Between th e bra n ches is seen th e face of a woma n sometimes t r r n In e p eted a s E cho a d som etimes a s Selen e .

By lot a ll loftiest moun ta in s crown ed with sn ow; ‘ to s of i s a n d cliﬁ i n ss s All p h ll , y h gh e e , n co s s an d th e ortr s All sylva p e , f e ses r r t orn i st qu a c s, a n d t r ot ov , Of h e . e he he e he e d h e An d som tim s a ur m n t of his o e e , by ll e e l ve, i a th e wat r so tn ss s om tim s W ll w de e y f e e . S e e ( In quite opposed capriccios ) he climbs 541 PAN TH E RUSTIC .

a r st roc s a n d i st r w The h de k , h ghe , eve y ay i t n wi con R un n in g their r dges. Of e ll vey ’ i s u t a a tc - tow r s to w r s H m elf p o w h e p, he e heep r r n c ft t r ou i s a s st Ha ve thei obse va e . O h gh h ll eep

His oa ts r un s u on a n d n r r sts. g he p , eve e n turn s a a n d i s on sa a a sts The he he d, fl e v ge be , Ma d of their sla ughter s ; so m ost sha r p a n eye ttin u on t m a s h is a m s let Se g p he , be fly rou a ll t ir t ic st ta str i s A n d t n Th gh he h ke pe e . he ( When Hesper us ca lls to fold the flocks of men ) From th e green closets of his loftiest r eeds i n H e r us s ort a n d o w t so s. he f h , j y h g he feed n un r s a ow of t ir motion s set Whe , de h d he , H e a s a r s or t so r o oun sw t pl y ve e f h p f dly ee , A s n ot a ir t a t in th e ow r s r in b d h fl e y p g,

T PA N O FFERING A SACRIFICE O DIO NYSO S . Behin d Pa n m a y be seen E ros holdin g a la rge bun ch of gra pes in H e is s a t n oa t t a t is utti n sa t r who r a i s s his han d. e ed o a g h b g a y e a n r in n c a m defe e .

mi st th e a s set m a s th e t ic ts r in A d le ve , ke h ke g h er sour sor r ows sw t n wit h er son Of , ee e ed h g, n r i i i n a r i n r n R u s h e d v s o s v ed so a d st o g. A n d then th e sweet- voiced n ymph s tha t crown his moun ta in s ( Flocked roun d a bout th e deep- black- water ed foun ta in s) a in it i r con t n ti n f n F ll w h the e o o so g. To which th e echoes a ll th e hills a lon g ir r r u sion n r n t r The epe c s s a dd. The he e a d he e ( Pla ced in th e m idst) the g od th e guide doth bea r a ll t ir a n c s win in in a n d out Of he d e , d g , ’ n c s i s r in roun a out A ly e h de, be p kled d b i i r A t ood ca st on h s s ou s. n d t us W h bl , h lde h he, ’ it w ma son s ma in ta in s th a a crit W h ell de g , l y h is r min in si n m a ows crown Of f ee d, lke e d ed it a cin t s an d sa ff ron s t a t a oun W h hy h , h b d 42 TH E E 5 O P N CO URT .

’ In sw t- r a t o or s t at th un n umber ed ra ss ee b e hed d , h g i r l ( Bes des their scen ts ) give a s th ough a l they pa ss. An d t s in a ll t ir a sur s r ra is he e, he ple e , eve e ’ ’ The blessed gods a n d lon g Olympus pra ise i a ous H rm s wh o of a ll sa i L ke ze l e e , I d Mo r t u ll th c n st p oﬁ s p to a e gods o veyed . ’ Wh o i wis cam in to th A rca dian sta t l ke e, e e, ’ a t s r ic in oun ta in s and a ll c ra t ( Th h f , eleb e For n ur s of ﬂocks w r ha d o r o e , ) he e he v wed a g ve ’ um a m ed n ius to hi ( S Cylle ) s godhea d s l ove . ! et even him self ( although a g od he were) a in a s ua i s s in o rn t r Cl d q l d heep k , g ve ed . he e ’ r F r n r i A m o ta l s sheep . o soft love e te n g him

’ S E V A ATYR R MO ING A THO RN FRO M PAN S FO O T .

on or m h is stat to his con c it tr im C f ed e e ed , A n d ma h im on in a n tr m r de l g, ex e e deg ee, ’ n o th e a ir - a ir ir in Dr o T e j y f h ed v g y pe . ic er e cou sh e m a h im con sum m a t Wh h he ld, de e ’ The flour ishin g r ite of Hym en s hon or ed sta te ; A n d br ought him such a piece of pr ogen y A s s ow a t rst si t m on strous to th e h ed, fi gh , eye, Goa t- oot two- or n e u of n ois n t n f ed, h d, f ll e eve he , A n d ( opposite quite to other ch ilder en ) i t a r a o n s u t O w t n o t a r . T ld, wee l gh e , he ed de h e ! et stra i t h is mot r sta rt an d in a r gh he , fled, fe , si t of so un satis in a t in The gh fy g h g, In a u r u r ist r in whose f ce p t fo th s ch a b led sp g.

TH E E O 544 O P N C URT.

st a n c a a t a c a n c a m a on A r g e in ident n rr ed by Plut r h of ex l ti , ” Grea t Pa n is dea d ! crea ted a stir ﬁrst at the Court Of Tiberius a n d

TH E O K . PAN IN Z DIAC. A PAN MAS

’ ' Her e we ha ve a combin a tion Fr om Ba um eister s Den kmaler des kla ssi ’ of Pa n th e oat r s d sch e A lter tu s 1 1 n m 0 . g he d g o , II , 5 g o a n d Pa n a s th e cosm i c A l? . then echoed through the Ch r istia n wor ld fr om th e days of Eu sebiu s o to th s n m It r o m t co i im ih d wn e pre e t ti e . s a pp xi a e inc de nce in t e wt th e dea th Of Christ wa s un der stood a s a divin e r evela tion Of extra

PA N S K MA S.

o a n ca . . r ff tr a a rdin ry sig iﬁ nce Mr Wilf ed H . Scho , the nsl tor of Th e Per iplus of the E rythr a ea n S ea who is pa r ticula rly familia r TH E 4 PAN RUSTIC . 5 5

t a a t a n d West a t a o t of with the in errel tions of E s . b u the beginning “ ” t a era a t c a mm Pa n a n d the the Chris i n , in his r i le T uz , Christ in t um t a u ct a a n d a r om presen n ber re ts this s bje in det il , we le n fr his expositions tha t it is on e of th e m ost curious verba l m isinterpreta tions t a h s occ sto of a t o t con h t a ever urred in the hi ry hum n h ugh . The n ection s between Pa n a n d Chr ist a r e purely accidenta l a n d yet in these differen t na m es there is a sim ila rity which bewilders us a n d e i i r nders the r combina tion mystify ng . The a n cient Ta mm uz is on e of th e m ost importa nt prototypes

O r - m n a n i ca a t o i f t. a a t who Ch is He is god , n rn i n of the de y is born a s a a i i the co r s of t m a n d a s to a a i hum n be ng, d es in u e i e w ke life g n . The celebr a tion o f a Ta mm uz Good Frida y wa s m a rked by the “ ” a m ta tio a mm u - a a a n d t i a m a l en n , T z , the All gre t is de d , h s l ent t o a cu stom st com mo a t the tim the c u ci io of t i n , ill n e Of r fix n Chris , wa s taken up by m a riners a n d ca r r ied to Rome where its stra nge sound mystified the imperia l hou se a n d ca used constern a tion a mong “ ” “ o o isto t r o the a ll- a religi u s pe ple . Being d r ed f m gre t into Pa n the grea t its repetition a m ong Christians ca u sed it to be inter preted a s Pa n either a s th e repr esenta tive of a pa ga n pa ntheism or a s r st the i ca n a t o G od m is a ll in ll s Ch i , n r i n Of hi self, who a to h i o pe ple . Mr c off ha s c w t a m a c a r t i . S h sket hed i h d ir ble le ness h s pha se in the i tor th e a h r st a mm uz a n d Pa n w i h s y Of ide s, C i , T , here a cc dent a n d their in tr insic kinship ha ve produced a m ost su rpr ising a n d i i com i a tio profoundly S gn fica nt b n n .

H E PE N O U RT

A MO N TH LY MAGA ! IN E

Devoted to th e Sd en ce of Reh gi om th e Rsiig ion ot Sd en cq sn d

the E xten si on of th e Relig i ous Parlia men t Ides .

68 L . VO . No. 8 G 1 1 XXVII ( ) AU UST, 9 3 NO 7

o i h T ur Publishin Com sn 1 1 . C pyr g t by he O pen Co t g p y, 9 3

D H RI TA MM ! PA A N T . U , N C S

FURTHER NOTE S ON A T! PICAL CASE OF M! TH - TR ANS E E FER NC .

L E H S O B! WI FR D . CH FF .

a c t m e of The O en C our t t m 1912 N re en nu b r p ( Sep e ber , ) I sketched the history of the tra nsference a n d developm ent of a m t c th e a n t c tom of a a o of Ta m y h , by whi h ncie us the nnu l m urning muz h a s been m isinterpreted by Pluta rch a s a la ment a t the dea th “ ” of a Pa n an d a t o a c a c ota t o the Gre t , fin lly, hr ugh h n e qu i n by ca to t a a s oo of a s tio Eusebius , rried in Chris i n legend pr f the ser n tha t the inca rna tion a n d pa ssion of Christ h a d brought a bout the a a n a t f the o c of n downf ll d de h o elder g ds . The sequen e the lege d “ ” “ wa s o o om a ta of Ra a a n d the a t t f ll wed , fr the P n gruel bel is , N ivi y ” “ ” m of M t o o of of c to Hy n il on , thr ugh the G ds Greece S hiller the “ ” n r o m o m D f s . o o a t o ea d Pa o M . Br wning A re th r ugh ex ina i n of ” th ea ppa ritions of th e Grea t Pa n in the litera ture O f Christendom shows how strongly th e ta le ha s influenced the most diverse im a in tion s i s t c cca a a n d a o a t g a . Th prehis ori A di n B byl ni n ri e ha s n ot o t r t a b ut h a s a s o i r nly gone in o Ch is i n legend , been upheld l g ca l p oof o f i t a o ma an d a a a s th e ce of i a Chr s i n d g , tt cked essen Chr sti n fa ith . It m a y therefore be of interest to tra ce its wa nder ings since Eusebius ’ first suggested the Christia n sig nifica nce of Pluta rch s 6 pufya s n ay ’ r e0v xev c the a mm a a E ith er ses a a v r q , whi h gr ri n p , s iling in essel stee ed on e a m ha d m rom a t a o r by Th us , isreported f ri u l verse verhea d from th e shore of Pa x os below Corfu

' ‘ O a oﬁt O a oiit O a m n tr a v é‘ a t ‘r tdw me u u p p y ,

at The a cco mpa n yin g photogra ph shows th e vicin ity O f th e scen e of this ’ in ci n is a n In th e a c roun 13 th e or i in a of rn o B6ckli de t. The l d b kg d g l A ld n s 450 TH E O EN O T P C UR . N D 451 TA M U z A . H , PAN CHRIST

Eusebius ha d sa id “ fa r But it is m o a to th e tim a t So Pluta rch . i p rt nt observe e c For it wa s t which he sa ys th e dea th of the daemon took pla e . a the t m of i i in w ic our a o m ak s o n a m o i e T ber us , h h S vi ur , ing his oj ur ng m en co d to a i in u a om aem o of , is re rde h ve been r dd g h m n life fr d ns ou a t o th e a t of the o t ow of the every kind . ! h ve heref re d e ver hr

st a s ou ha d th e a o it O f a sa c i c a m o daemons . ju y b l ion hum n r ﬁ e ng h i O th e Gentiles a s n ot ha ving occurred until a fter t e prea ch ng . . f h o o c o t o Let ta t s m t uffi c . e G spel . these refu i n fr re en hist ry s e We ca nnot sa y how seriously Eusebius intended th a t this sug

tio o r c m a n his ges n sh uld be e eived . It is erely episode in grea t ’ o a n d s to a a t a tour d es r it t a a ct w rk , eems h ve been r her p h n dire s t t f ct But th e c wit of th e a tt - da s ta emen o fa . lever l er y Greek wa tra n a t to the a r t a m of the m i a a ti a n d a sl ed in id li er lis ed ev l L n , ﬁn lly mer th ro th e i co i O f th e a a c a s a r a e ged , ug h red s ver es Ren iss n e , evel tion from a ia t a cc t d w r o , e rly Christ ni y , newly ep e by the este n w rld . It would be inter estin g to know h ow fully the writings of E u se l w a a a to m a c c t o b us ere v il ble the ediev l hur h in wes ern Eur pe . r a t th e a ha m a n wa s a ctica a o t G eek , f er d ys Of C rle g e , pr lly f rgot en to c a so a te th e r a t c o th e ﬁlio u ngue ; espe i lly , f r g e s hism ver q e in the r m a a om C eed . Eusebius y h ve survived in s e La tin a bstra ct or c m u of i s n t ucti b ut a o a t o o a m o pendi m pr e tly i s r on , qu t i n fr m ere

a t i ta c wa s of o o a c in th e a n d he hen l ke Plu r h d ubtful imp rt n e West , it is quite possible tha t the Pa n story slept throughout th e da rk i n O f c oo m m u . a c s O f n lle ni m The rese r he the s h l en , Aquina s a d his o ow m a a o it to th e b ut t h f ll ers , y h ve unc vered few , o t e m an y it oba a n o u t th e a a 2 pr bly rem i ed unkn wn n il Ren iss nce .

” a mous a in tin s a n of th e D a r roduc as th e r n i f p g, The I l d e d, ep ed f o t spiece of t is issu h e.

r r t li 1 P a e a a io E van e ca . p g , V, 7

Portion s of th e wr itin s of E us ius tra n s at in to a tin g eb , l ed L by Tra pe zun tius w r r in t a t n ic b ico a us n son in 1 0 a n ot r in , e e p ed Ve e y N l Je 47 ; he com r n in 1 r st co i plete tran sla tion a ppea ed a t Colog e 539 . The fi mplete mpr ession o h r t t f th e Pr e a r a tio E va n eh ca a s t a t dit R t f t e G eek ex o p g w h e ed by . S e ri t Pa ri in 1 un r ri i of th e Kin f a n i a n d n t a s o ra n . ph p ed 544, de p v lege g F ce In this edition ( a copy of which is in th e Libra ry of Con gr ess a t Wa shin gton ) G a n fit th e n a m of the i ot a a rs as Th a m n us u . not r ition ut e p l ppe ( ) A he ed , p r i r us or I uier r forth by a Fr en ch Jesuit n a med F . V g e ( V g ) a ppea ed a t R ouen in 162 an d was r r in t a t i sic in 1688. t r ition s w r t os of 8, ep ed Le p O he ed e e h e Hein i h i sic 18 2 Ga is or or 18 Mi n in th e Pa tr olo ia c en , Le p , 4 ; f d, Oxf d, 43 ; g e ( g Gr ce Pa ri s 18 Din dorf i sic 186 H ik H sin for s 1888 a n d ee ) , 57 ; , Le p , 7 ; e el, el g , ; ifi r or 1 0 G o d . , Oxf d, 9 3 ’ ifi r d n ot s 20 the o owin r ma r is ma of th e Pa n In G o s e ( IV, 7) f ll g e k de story ‘ i i f E us ius in acc tin t is ta a n d n in in it a The S m l city o eb ep g h le, fi d g ’ ’ lamen ta tion o evil da m on s a s pr esa gi n g evil to them selves from our Saviour s is less won r u t a n the cr u it of m o rn wr it r s who su se dea th , de f l h ed l y de e p ’ ‘ r h ris u h n t Pa n is n o ot t an t im s . wort I o lec that th e G r ea t he Ch h elf See C d , 4 2 TH E O PE CO RT 5 N U .

The a wa kening of th e Dea d Pa n in Christia n legend came t r o a a n a of i a m r o M a who 1542 h ugh Sp i rd Sev lle , n ed Ped exi , in i a wo t t Silva di va r ia lecci on a o t c m i a tion publ shed rk en i led , s r Of o p l ’ of m a r o s ta s om a t a t th e a o G ellius s N octes vel u le , s ewh f er f shi n Of

A tti cce It h a d a co a o t r wa s a n c r sion . nsider ble v gue ; he e Fre h ve

r o M c th e t t L es diver ses a t o . published T u n n , by C i hel , under i le le on s de Pier r e M essie en til- h om me dc S eu ile mises de C a stella n g , g , r oi a r a r isien of w c th e o t it o a ~ en F a n s r C l. G u a i c p g p , hi h f ur h ed i n p in 1 1 pea r ed 6 6 . ’ O f Mexia s work th e thir ty- second cha pter trea ts of sever a l t n t a t a a t th e r t of our or to r a h is~ hi gs h h ppened bi h L d , ld by seve l i tor ia n s a om th e a cco t th e a n st . ot a , side fr un Of Ev gel s He qu es “ in O t r om t a t w th e i to t wit h er sa f S . y g Je e , h hen Virg n ﬂed Egyp h c i a ll the i o a n d im a s o t a t a n ow r om h ld , d ls ge Of g ds in h l d fell d n f t eir a ta r to th e a r t a n d t a t th e or a c t s o s or r a t r h l s e h , h les Of he e g d , he ”

i s c a a n d n o on a t r a w r . o s on dev l , e sed l ger g ve hei ns e s And he g e “ i i t rom s m n r med to sa t a t t s m a c c St. to co y h h r le , i ed by Je e , ee s be ﬁ b ta c a n c t m a n a t o wa s a a a who did y Plu r h , ex ellen , l h ugh he p g n , n ot e t s t n n or wh t occ r r a n d ot s beli ve he e hi gs , y hey u ed ; he qu e ’ Pluta rch s full a ccount Of th e pa ssa ge Of E pith er ses fr om Gr eece to ta of o ca to the i ot r om th e a Pa x os a n d I ly , the supp sed ll p l f isl nd Of , th e e titio th e ws wit a n w r n am n t a t Pa lodes a s Of r pe n Of ne , h s e i g l e , ,

e t r a c lor m a c th e stor given in his De Def c u O u u . He pref es y by ’ “ in t a t in ta s tim w c wa s a te th e ea t O f Observ g h Plu rch e , hi h f r d h ” r st m en r c e t a t t ei O r a c s h a d a i a n d t a t Ch i , pe eiv d h h r le f led , h “ Pluta r ch could n ot expla in it otherwise tha n tha t som e daem ons ” “ ” o 0 a s ma n o it Th tor h a d ie a t 8 a w t t a . s d d , l h ugh he did i h u f h e y suff ers somewha t in th e Spelling Of th e na m es ; Pa x os a ppea rs a s ’ Pa r a x ix a n d th e ot a s A tta ma n t s som C o ist r or , pil , hu by e py s er

sc i th e or i i a n d s n c th e n entirely ob ur ng g n eque e Of e l ge d . The “ in u ir s is m n t o a n d n t a t it wa s th e q y Of Tiberiu e i ned , his ﬁndi g h ” “ t t a n d a con c e a a r t o o i s i s t s ru h ; Mexi lud s , pp en ly f ll w ng Eu eb u , hu it is eviden t tha t everywhere th e devils compla in ed of the n a tivity of our or a s ca s t i str ct o for a ca c at o th e L d , u e Of he r de u i n ; l ul i n Of tim e shows tha t these thin gs occu r red a t th e tim e when he suff ered

for us or a itt a r w wa s r i a n d a n is in t , l le e lier , hen he d iv ng b h g hem ” “ o h a e a n s t a t is to b e o m t e wo . t a t fr rld Mexi xpl i h it . supp sed h t r t Pa n the rea t Pa n od O f the s r s om his G ea (like G , g hephe d ) wh to a wa s som ma st i wh o t ost hi they sa id be de d , e er dev l , hen l s

’ tua l stem 8 wit Mos im s on n ot in r uta tion of th e stran e Sy , I , 5 5 , h he l g e ef g con ceit In Pluta rch th e story 18 told a s eviden ce tha t th e so- ca lled g ods wer e ’, morta l .

454 TH E E O RT O P N C U . the Pa n story from Pluta rch in his little book on the cea sing o f ” a c t a at th e a a Turn ebo m to b e or les , r nsl ed by le rned Adri n he see s ’ o o of a co ct t t for n ot a t M ia o s in p ssessi n rre ex , he does repe ex s err r , ’ b ut co ct ocat th e to a t Pa xos a n d the ot a m e rre ly l es s ry , gives pil s n a s am a n d o t i c o a i h a d Th us he a ls correc ly cites Euseb us . S h l rsh p moved ra pidly in tha t genera tion between 1540 a n d 1570! La va ter ’ t c t a Ma r sus ot on O Fasti to th e ff ct hen i es P ulus in his n es vid s , e e “ t a t the a t a t t on Pa x os w c o ow th e da h voice he rd h nigh , hi h f ll ed y ’ of our o a o th e t t a of wa s m a c L rd s p ssi n , in nine een h ye r Tiberius , ir ulousl o t om a t coa t to a o c th e a ion y given f r h fr deser ed s , nn un e p ss o f o r o a n d o For Pa n n a ll : a n d so i u G d. L rd sig iﬁes l kewise , the ” of a ll a n d of n a a t h a d ff oe lord , u ivers l n ure , su ered . And he g s on to t a o t a a t o to a o a Vuillin of ell Of gh s ly pp ri i n friend , J h nn g a a c to a o t of its so t th e H n u , whi h he believes h ve been , like m s r , wo of ta rk Sa n . 1683 itio a a t the a of a The ed n Of L v er, in Libr ry Congress , be rs th e a utogra ph of John Locke ; a n d h a s a symbolic pa ge preceding the t t L udovico La va ter i Theolo i ex imii de s ectris lem urib us i le , , g , p , a rii r ’ i ti on ibus : Tr a ta t er a r e s L v . sa c a sq p a g us v e u u . By Ludwig “ ” a t t m o t m t t o o a t o t o v er , hen , s e inen he l gi n , hr ugh his ruly g lden ” “ ” t a t wa s th e D a Pa n ca to t a t re ise, e d rried in English li er ure , t a m m t a th e i c of o t m r hrough no less ediu h n pr n e p e s , Ed und Spense , w o o S h e hca r ds a len de a in 5 2 A e lo a h se l vely p C r ppea red 1 8 . In g g ” a th e m o t of Ma 5 14 r a quint , n h y, verses , we e d

m use w a t a ccoun t ot t s wi m a I , h b h he e ll ke on e for th e ir w ic ot ta The h e h h he d h ke , A n d th e ot r for a in his o r s ta s he le v g L d ke, h r When G rea t Pa n a ccoun t of Sh ep e dcs sha ll a ske .

’ “ r a Gr ea tPa n t th e And Spense s Glosse expl ins , , is Chris , very G od of a ll sh e h ea rds c a t m th e a t a n d oo p , whi h c lle h hi self gre e , g d s a m t t m t a l ed to him hepherd . The n e is mos righ ly ( e hinks) pp y ;

for Pa n si n ifieth a ll or m ot t w ic o th e o . g , O nip en , h h is nely L rd Jesus t a t a m a s r m m ca i his And by h n e ( I e e ber) he is lled Of Euseb us , in oo D e r a r a t a n h o t r o t t a o stor e fifte b ke p ep . E v g . w he ef re elle h pr per y o tor st co ta c in h is to tha t purp se . Which s y is fir re rded Of Plu r h ,

o th c a i of a c : a n d of La vetere t a a t his bo ke Of e e s ng O r les r nsl ed , in ” ’ l r i o o ta c tor in booke Of wa king sp g htes. (Then f ll ws Plu r h s s y “ mm a r w c Pa n t o of om to th e t su y) By hi h , h ugh s e be unders od grea

a ta a w o kin dom e at t a t ti wa s i c th e S n s , h se g h me by Chr st onquered , o a n d a a t i e to etern a ll ga tes of hell br ken up, de th by de h del ver d

a t for at t a t t m e a s a t a ll O a c c a a n d en de h , ( h y , he s y h , r les sur e sed , a s ir t t a t er o to u the eo e t h ch unted p i s , h w e w nt del de p pl , hencefort T MU! PA N A ND H S . AM , C RI T held th eyr pea ce : ) a n d a lso a t the dem a un d of th e Emperour e i r who t a Pa n s ou b e an swer e wa s m a T be i us , h t h ld , de him by the s t a n d est a t a it wa s the so of c r c a n d wi es b le rned , h t nne Mer u i Pen eIO e : et thin ke it m or o m a n t th e a t r p y I e pr perly e Of de h of Ch ist , th e o a n d Pan t ff f r c nely very hen su ering o his ﬂo k . ” a t the a m A e lo a s 109 - 112 a L er in s e g g , verse , we re d

Well ywis was it with sheph ea r ds thoc ou t a in n ou t a r t e to fore oc N gh h v g, gh fe ed h y g ; For Pan h im selfc wa s t ir in h erita un ce he , r n c A n d little them served fo their ma yn ten a u e.

And the Glosse expla in s ! “ Pa n him sel c G od : a cco n a s is sa D t o c f , rdi g yd in eu eron mi , a t o of th e a e of a n aa to th e tr of n o Th , in divisi n l nd C n , ibe Levie tio of ta o bee a ott for G od him selfc wa s he por n heri g e sh uld ll ed , t ir ” in h r i e ta un ce .

‘ e o of t s to of co Suﬂicient The Sp nser versi n hi s ry is , urse , ex i o t r a i fo t o t n M o n d . pla n t on r ts subsequen a d p i by il n a M s. Browning “ O n the continent th e Dea d Pa n reappea rs in the C a n tes et ’ discours d E u tra el of du a in p Noel F il , published ’ This versa tile a n d a m u sing writer quotes Pluta rch s stor v en “ t o o M a a n d o ve th e o Pa n th e a n ire , fr m Pedr exi ; bser s , by w rd , cien ts r stoo n ot o the od of th e e r b ut a o the unde d nly G sh phe ds , ls ll ” God of a things . e ma the ta e rea a in 1591 the De Ma or um In G r ny l ppe rs , in g ’ D m n a i i t o o in D o oma n i n ce o om n a c a a er of B d s cem n a . O Of F s h r , v si n pa ges 4 a n d 47 Fischa rt refer s to th e va rious identiﬁca tions of th e ” r a t Pa n t h i an d a ta but t n m a at a G e wi h C r st S n , hi ks he y r her h ve ” th “ been e Old Ada m . a 1600 a t i a a r a n a o m o com a t o Ag in in , E sleben , ppe ed n ny us pil i n ’ e tit e Ma i ca w re i ta c t wa s uot in n l d g , he n Plu r h s s ory q ed full , while the comm ta tion w t e Pa n wa s a ta t or th e en ry ques s he h r S n , Chris “ so m en a n d so i i e in th e Dwm on ola tri a of m u uls Of l kew s Re igi s , m 1693 a . H burg, In 16 15 a ppea r ed a t O ppenheim De Divin a ti on e a t M a g i cis Pr sti iis ea n a c Boissa rd r i Pa n is o a t a e g by J J ques , whe e n f und p ge “ 36 it the n ot t a t t the o of a ll a t r P n , w h e h Chris is L rd n u e , like a od o ce the U n iversa l G . The v i s referred n ot to a good a ngel or a ” t t h im dem o b u o t . n , C ris h self In 1629 th e story rea ppea rs in the sublime Hym n on th e Mor n ’ ” of t a t v t of n M to w c a ing Chris s N i i y Joh il n , hi h I h ve a lrea dy

’ G u r es a ceti euses d Noel a Fa il See v e d it . A ssézat 5 f ed ed by S , II , 339 , la tsko Pa ri s 18 a so G . R i s R a be mmenta r 6 ei sic 18 , 74 ; l eg , , II , 53, L p , 39. H E E T O P N CO URT.

ot f w a a t a a e th e Va tes of u Mo . e d qu ed A ye rs l er ppe r d Pierre ulin , or Petrus Molin aeus ( 1568 of which cha pter 11 of pa rt III is ot to the sto of th e a t of Pa n it th e co c o t a dev ed ry de h , w h n lusi n h t “ it wa s due to voices of dem ons who kn ew tha t th e dea th of Chr i st ” “ h a d ended the reign of Sa ta n ; b ut tha t it m ight a lso m ea n Chr ist i m n 1 or . a C . hi self, All All ( P ul , xv o a ta th e tor in 1664 wit th e R oomsche M o en t H ll nd kes up s y , h g heid of oa a n s A 1 c m O uda a t m t a m . t a 7 J hi , published A s erd p ge 6 a c c t a n d th e a n a tion ff r t a Pa n m t Plut r h is i ed , expl is O e ed h t igh ‘ ’ i t th e a ll r a s m o o a th e D be Chr s , , but pe h p re pr b bly evil . a a in in 1680 a a in m t a m th e Dem on str a ti o And g , ppe red A s erd eva n li c of t or t D n H i o m e a a uet us. g Bishop Hue , Pe rus iel In v lu e a 93 1 a t c t th e tor a t a t II , p ge , f er i ing s y , he s ys , And his h ppened a th e m of th e a t of r i t wh o th e t Pa n a t r of ti e de h Ch s Jesus , is rue , f he a ll t in a n d or of a ll a t r w om th e m t o o i t m ea n h gs l d N u e , h y h l g s s t n the m o of Pa n u der sy b l .

SO fa r in t ir se ra co r es th e wr iter on m a c on ost he ve l u s , s g i , gh s , a n d on t o t oin t if o . U o t we c t a e a th e Stor he l gy p his p , ex ep R b l is , y

Pa h n ot sti n e It h a s n cc t r Of n a s been que o d . bee a ep ed a s a t uthful sta t m n c n d th e e a n a tio s n i a t a h a s o w t t. e e t Of f , xpl n Of Eu ebius g e i h

B t n co e th r s r s r io ro st on io s u ow m s e ﬁ t wo d Of e us p te . A c scient u

o a n r i e o hi b i a n a In 16 i n s t s d so . 83 t m a H ll de ﬁnd b y nd el ef , s ys h s , a Mora a ea c r n a m ton va n Da i in A m vi n pr he ed An ius le , publ shed st r da isser ta ti on e e r a culi et r m thn i or r e m D s du e d o s v a a e c um . La te in 1696 a ppea red his De orig i n e a c pr og r essa idola tr i et supersti ti o n um a n a t n it is tim to ca a t on th a - o n . V D le hi ks e ll ha l e e sy g i g n c n n d i n r t io A n t a ccepta nce of these a ie t a a l e supe s it ns . d a s to h e “ ” to h t of th r a t Pa n a i s ry of t e dea h e G e he is especi lly skept ca l . He

uot s it r e r to Ba r on ius in C en tur ia tor es M a deb ur enses 2 q e , fe s g g , I , , “ 15 w er r a te a s r t s a o t th e a Pa n th e tim of , h e he el s b u di ie b u de d in e ” r i Tibe us . i r n i h f on a n a c s ea t e ot o . t Ag in F e h rd n e disbelief F enelle , in h is H istoir e des O r a cles 1686 a n d in a r io s se t it ( , v u sub quen ed ions) “ o s th e to w th e ote t Va n Da a n d a t qu te s ry , revie s pr s s Of le , s ys , his r a t Pa n wh o i n r to t wit G e d ed u der Tibe ius ge her h Jesus Christ, is th e m a ster m o w os m re wa s i e t a t a Of the de ns , h e e pi ru n d by h de th a od so n e cia to th e r or if t s a n a t o a s Of g , be ﬁ l unive se ; hi expl i n ple es ou n ot for a t r a ll on e m a io s i co tra m a in to th y , f e y p u ly g ve n ry e n gs e

a m t in in m a tt r r i io — t a t Pa n is s s e h g e s Of el g n , his Gre Je us Christ m s w os a t ca s or r ow a n d n ra con st r n a tio am hi elf, h e de h u es s ge e l e n ong h n h o ca n n o on r rc t i t ra n r m n I t m o w e . t e de s , l ge exe ise he r y ny Ove 457 T PA N A ND H T . AMMUZ, C RIS is thus tha t th e mea ns ha ve been found to give this Grea t Pa n two ” v f r t a c ery dif e en f es .

t is tim a mm - Pa n a s t t ta c a n d By h e T uz , in erpre ed by Plu r h E h a d too c o o to t a a c for usebius , been l sely w ven in Chris i n te hing ’ such m ockery a s Fontenelle s to pa ss unreproved a n d so n ow we com e to th e form a l defense of the story a s a revela tion of Christia n

1707 o a t t in . a a a truth In Je n Fr nc is B l us , Jesuit pries , published ’ t a r R é on Ih oir e O r a cles dc Mr de Fon ten elle a se a ist e d s . S r sbu g p , o a l o r t a n a l sur les a u teur s d n s l que le n efute le sys ém e de M . V D e des or a cles du a a n ism e sur la ca use et le tem s de leu r silen ce p g , p , ’ ’ at on on eta blit le sen timen t des per es de l ég lise sur le m em e et o f it su o a t a t a n ot . a cco t o j . The rigin l re ise I h ve f und An un ’ in o i Pla n c s Dicti on n a ir e des S ci en ces O ccu ltes is given C ll n de y ,

a 1 48- 2 But ot rom a n t a n published a t P ris in 8 5 . I qu e f English r s a o Ba lt A A n we o he Histor o O r a cles tr a n sla ted b t . us : n s r t t l i n y f , y i o r o l 1 fo a r e t he hu ch E n a n d 709 . . s t C ( H Bed rd) p f f g , London , s a th e o of Pa n a o t a s o th e o a ( Thu we h ve st ry d p ed , it were , int R m n a n d ica n c c n ot on tiﬁca l or a co a a ctio Angl hur hes ; by p rchiepis p l n ,

t m a t isa 22- 4 e but we o a . O n a w s ill y believe , with u d pprov l) p ges rea d : to to O f a m u r a t ta c tr As the s ry Th s el ed by Plu r h , it is ue , E i h a n t i o r r ion i useb u s s i ser ed t in his B ok dc P aepa a t e Eva ngel ca . ’ But ca n ou sa tis on t i tor s to o t a th e o a c y y h s s y he relie pr ve , h t r les O f th e n t r D ? ! ou ca ot b ut o Ge iles we e delivered by evils nn kn w , t at ro c a a t a ot r a o for it the 4th 5th h he p du es gre m ny he Re s ns in , o o for an d 6th o . t a s a a om the b ks Of his W rk As his Story, ppe rs fr it of the a a t m a very T le Ch pter where he rel es it , he only kes use ’ O f it to s o t a th e a t t m ha d own d t a t th e h w , h t He hens he selves , h r a t t a rt t O a c ha d c a a ri g e es p Of heir r les e sed fter the Birth Of Ch st , a n d t a t n ot the r a s t a o n a t h , knowing t ue C u e Of his extr rdi ry Even , ’ t ha d a scrib d it the D a t of t o Daem or t h o hey to e h h se ons Spiri s , w , ’ b elie d o r t O a c a s t . E o n hey v , presided ve hese r les usebius did n t co c m s w t t tor w tr or n o r ern hi elf, he her his s y ere ue . Pe ha ps he b e ’ li n o r t a o o At a st i ev d it mo e h n y u d . le t is very certa in he did n ot e D m o co b t a t t ae . a co c o elieve , h h se ns uld die But wh t he n luded fr m t tor tr or a s wa s a n d a wa w a t ou his s y , ue f l e , l ys will be true , h ever y f i k ’ ma sa o t : . a t a t a c n owled d t a h r y y l st Th the He hens g , h t t e g ea test ’ of t O a c e ha d t a ct a d 2n cea d. pa rt heir r l s hen u lly s . Tha t those

to t to of D a of t or of i D m on s ries , hey ld the e th heir Gods the r ae s , ’ a r to s a a roa a m o t t r h h ving neve begun pre d b d ng hem , ill unde t e ’ r i a t w c t m our a x eig n Of Tiber us , hi h i e S viour e pell d those evil S r ts it wa s a s l n o to om t i pi i , e i y k wn , wh hey were to a scr be th e Si E 458 TH O PE N CO URT.

c of O a s a n d th e o t of t a t m c t s len e r cle , ver hrow h E pire , whi h he e ” Daemons formerly exercised throughout the World by their m ea ns . P ost hoc er o r o ter h oc! ( , g p p ) “ ’ This is th e only Rea son for which Eusebius m en tion d this Story : He m akes use of it a s a n a rgum ent ver y proper to convince h t h t o f t t o t m I t e a t e m o . t He hens , by Tes i ny heir Au h rs he selves is t or a t a t ou o m a it a s for a a i c heref e in v in , h y w uld ke p s F ble , s n e a t a ll i o t t t at t i a wa s t f er it w ll be ever und ub edly rue , h h s F ble curren a m th e a t a n d t a ta c a te it to a th e ong He hens , h t Plu r h rel d expl in ‘ i a su ien t to iﬁ h o ct O f S lence Of O r cles . This is ﬂi c j ust e t e C ndu a n d to t a t h a d r a so to n t hi s o a s Eusebius , shew h he e n i ser in W rk , he ha s o t t a or tr to co t a c d ne , his ( whe her F ble ue S ry) by pying his Pl e t r l t f a c en i e y ou o Plut r h . I quote a lso the hea din g of cha pter IV in which th e following a ppea rs “ o c t th e to of th e D a t of th e a t Pa n Eusebius nly i ed S ry e h Gre , to prove the Cessa tion o f th e Hea then O r a cles by th e A ckn owledg m f s ent o the Hea then them elves . i r r or i o i t t w t a s h a d a t c t t. Whe her e e ue f lse , Eu eb us re son i e “ Som e of these discussions a s to th e na tur e Of th e Gr ea t Pa n ' a re m m a r é m in M emoi r es de li tter a tur e tir és su ized by Abb Ansel e , ’ ’ des r e istr es de l A ca demi e r o a le des In scr i ti on s n t a t th e g y p , pri ed i 24 ol a n 17 . V . . H gue ( VI , p Am ong other eighteenth cen tury criticism s of this legen d m a v c t tt c H eidn ischen O r a keln sic 1730 a t a a tio be i ed Go s hed , , Leip , ( r nsl n

of o t N m a n n D M a n o Pa n Plu ta r chi a 17 4 . e U a 3 F n enelle) J y , g , ps l , r wn to r w o r m a on o (ve y possibly kno Swedenbo g, h se e rks the d wn a O f th e m on s a a r a o : a n d a n His tor ia f ll de I h ve l e dy qu ted) W g er, de m or te m a n i Pa n is sub ex a men r evoca ta Miscella n ea Li g , in p si n sia 143- 163 e . , IV , o ta r his Di cti on na ir e hiloso hi ue a t c O a c V l i e , in p p q , r i le r le ’ 1779 : GEuvr es 349 m m a r on t r ta tio ( see , XLV , ) su izes F enelle s efu ns of c t to a n d e t m a a i st t t c tic t a . his n ien s ry , d fends he g n heir pries ly ri s ” Tha t it wa s still fa m ilia r in Germ a n y is shown by th e O beron of Wiela nd ( 2 18 : published in 1780)

E s is so stil h icr a ls sci der r oss Pa n t le , g e ” r n Gesto be . Wha t we m a y ca ll th e text- book sta ge O f the Pa n legend is

' c in he r iechische G btter lehr e c 670 wh o rea hed t G Of Wel ker ( II , ) sa ys of it : “ t m of e a s a a who s oo th e In the i e Tib rius , hrewd p g n , under t d in suﬂi cien cy of the Ofﬁcia l pa ga nism a n d orphism in th e presence of T A N D S 459 AMMUZ, PAN CHRI T . th r a o em t a n d wh o o a th e o a of th e o e Ch isti n m v en , f res w d wnf ll hyl

o c a m r s n in th od Pa n th e n i r a od s z i p ntheis pe o ified e G , u ve s l g , u ed t to a s a o n t n wo to o th e w of h is his s ry m u i g, finely rked , h ld je el i r r i n Bu th a a t of th e thought a n d so to give t grea te b llia cy . t e s v n s court of Tiberiu s m isun der stood or en dea vored to m isapply th e om r it to th e rca ia Pa n wh o h a d n e n a i en by refe ring A d n , ver bee qu l ‘ fie h r a n d a s t e G e t Pa . l i o s ol i a s n a c o s r C ultes M thes et R e i n v . Th s , Rei h b e ves , ( , y g , a cu r o s iec of a a t o a tra n m i t r of III ) is indeed i u p e expl n i n , s ge x u e i i eighteenth century cr iticism a n d ea rly n in eteenth century myst c sm . It is ca t ow om a Bulfin ch his A e o Fa ble dupli ed , h ever , by Th s in g f , “ under title Pa n “ As th e na m e of th e g od signifies a ll Pa n ca m e to be con sid er ed a symbol of th e un ive r se a n d per sonifica tion of na tur e ; a n d la ter still to be r ega rded a s a represen ta tive of a ll th e gods a n d of hea then ” ’ ” i in t oti i r of c sm ts . a a a r c s o i elf And g , f e qu ng S h lle G ds Gree e ’ “ ” “ a n r r own n s D a Pa n t s a re o e on a n d M s. B i g e d hese line f und d ea r ly Christia n tra dition tha t when the hea ven ly host told th e shep r a t t m of th e irt of r ist a roa n ea r he ds Be hlehe b h Ch , deep g , h d t o a ll the is of r ec to t a t th e a t Pa n wa s ea hr ugh les G e e , ld h gre d d , an d t a a ll th e ro a t of O m wa s t r o a n d th e s ra h t y l y ly pus de h ned , eve l

i i in o n r s deit es were sent wa nder ng c ld a d da kn e s . r r e om a r t t n sion of t s or m on a e t he t . He e , inde d , s e s ling ex e s y A g c m a ot a o th e a cco t i n in th e H is tor o M a ic su h y be n ed , ls , un g ve y f g t a c r o n in et n t c n t a iostr o E li ha s Lévi ! a h by h t u i us ee h e ury C gl , p ed , or his tr a m on o is on sta n t a r n a r en c by ue n e Alph se L u C , e eg de F h ” pr iest a n d soi - disa n t O r ienta list a n d exploiter of the occult

in t m a t on th e s of or tton a n d of ma n a n ot r m a n of i e , n e les , L d Ly y he ot in t a t r o — wh o cites th e Pa n to a s a s c m en of m a c n e h pe i d s ry , pe i gi a rt a s o o , f ll ws “ It is a m a tter of gen era l knowledge tha t a t th e Advent ‘ of r ist s s a oic w t wa i in o r the sea cr r a t Ch Je u v e en l g ve , ying G e ”5 Pa n is dea d

For c sc io of th e e o m n t of t e n th e re ent di uss ns dev l p e his l ge d ,

t a o f ron n A r h r r a r m a co . st o Ma in c iv li e de y nsul ls , E Ne le ulb , f

el ion issen scha t 156 - 8 m o icci i i sw ib d. R g f , XII , ; Sey ur de R , , XII , “ 579 a n d O tto in e c of ei er ! um Tod r o s n ; We r i h H delb g , des g s e ” id 467- 473 for w c a n d r r n a ib . ot c a P ns , , XIII , ; hi h he refe e es I h ve r r la of oston to tha nk M . Alf ed E B .

In th e co r of th e on istor of t en we a s n u se l g h y his leg d , h ve ee

i r tr a n s a t on . E . a it c n t u is R i r Son See l by A W e , e e ly p bl hed by de , A lzen n r n n so r i w in t ce m o n on i 1 1 . Lo do ; a l ev e , L d , Ap l 5, 9 3 E 460 TH E O P N CO URT .

D - zi - a h eca a mm a n d a c o s a how umu zu b me T uz , how by uri u verb l m t r ta t o a mm u t a Pa n who wa s a isin e pre i n , T z in urn bec me , expl ined both as Christ a n d Antichr ist ; h ow th e expla na tion wa s ca rried to t a o r i t a t a t a e in Chris i n legend , exp unded in Ch s i n doc rine , t ck d by ot a o m r s a n d c ic a n d a r Pr est nt ref r e Fren h skept s , defended in ng y r o c t a n d an ca r m a ej inders by a Fren h Jesui Angli n p iest . There re ins only to cite th e a doption O f this story a s th e essence O f Christia n a t a s th e c t a n t O f a tta on a t a s a o f i h , en r l poi ck Christi ni y religi us

‘ a n s st a a d o d philosophica l y em . This ppea rs in th e K si a h f Haj ?

‘ A d l- ! di c r o t 1 b a e ez a . t t 53 b t t Of Sir Ri h rd F Bu n (wri en in 8 , u ﬁrs in a t co t 24- 27 ' published p r IV , uple s

“ ‘ ’ A n d w n a t n t G r a t Pan is a u ros th e ou a n d o oro s cr he , le g h , e de d p e l d d l u y, ’ i h er d n th e r un n r i h e k a mour w t o o a s o a n t s . A gl g d, ple d f ded y

! ea Pa n was a the a a r n cam a n d s i h is s a t en a t th e sun , de d , N z e e e e zed e b e h , ota r O f th e R i - od w os on e is th r a n d t r is on e The v y ddle g , h e ee h ee ;

’ os sa n in cr O f h er ited Sin s i t o er th e or its co r s Wh e dde g eed p l w ld ld g ey pell, ’ In r ista s ow r a an d n a t the r a th e a r O f H eve y v h ed a g ve, e h g ve gl e ell

’ Till a ll Life s Poesy sin ks to prose ; rom a n ce to dull R ea lity fa des ’ ” r a Ea rth s ﬂush O f gla dn ess pa les in gloom a n d God a ga in to m a n deg des.

r a th e mo rn i a mm re ta t a s th e a t He e , perh ps , u ng Of T uz , s ed de h h o t m NO co c th e r a t Pa n ma t e t o . Of G e , y rest in s ry Of Chris end un il Of the church will be likely to for mula te it a s a n a r ticle Of th e fa ith ; le m or ﬁtl in th e r s O f s a n d Mi o t to t it e y live ve e Spen er Of lt n , here gla dden th e souls Of m en

But see th e ir in st , V g ble H a th la id h er Ba be to rest ; im is our t ious son s ou r a n in T e , ed g h ld he e h ve e d g ; ’ Hea ven s youn gest- teemed sta r Ha t h er o is ca r h ﬁxed p l hed , H er sleepin g Lo r d with ha n dm a id la mp a tten din g ; A n d a ll a bout the cour tly sta ble

- r Br ight ha r n essed a n gel s sit in or der se vicea ble .