TA MMU! PA N A N D C H R IST O TE S O N A T! PIC AL C AS E O F M! TH - TR ANS FE R E NC E AND DE VE L O PME NT B! WILFR E D H SC HO FF . TO G E THE R WIT H A BR IE F IL L USTR ATE D A R TIC L E O N “ PA N T H E R U STIC ” B! PAU L C AR US “ " ' u n wr a p n on m s on u cou n r , s n p r n u n n , 191 2 CHIC AGO THE O PE N CO URT PUBLISHING CO MPAN! 19 12 THE FA N F PRAXIT L U O E ES. a n t Fr ticpiccc o The O pen C ourt. TH E O PE N C O U RT A MO N TH L! MA GA! IN E Devoted to th e Sci en ce of Religion. th e Relig ion of Science. and t he Exten si on of th e Religi on Periiu nen t Idea . M R 1 12 . V XX . P 6 6 O L. VI o S T B ( N . E E E , 9 NO 7 Cepyricht by The O pen Court Publishing Gumm y, TA MM ! A A D HRI T U , P N N C S . NO TES O N A T! PIC AL C ASE O F M! TH-TRANSFERENC E AND L DEVE O PMENT. W D H H FF. B! ILFRE . SC O O ME o a e r a era on the f ur millenni b fore the Ch isti n , there lived a ia a E rate a d ri r s lluv l pl in b rought down by the uph s n Tig s iver , a n d th a a u a an h ad a t bordering e Persi n Gulf, T r ni people , who ta ined a c c a n an d to onsiderable degree of iviliz tio , who tilled irri a the so o a an d n is g ted il, underto k l rge public works , ventured lo g d s o o h a sea - ta nces by ea f r the excha nge f g oods . They wors iped god E a an d e wa s a n e D m z or , includ d in their mythology oth r god , u u i , “ ” - - dunm zi ab zn r e son of a . e i his at , t u the deep w ter Conc rn ng tributes it is n ot necessa ry to elabora te ; th e rea der ma y find them ‘ o t n t sa m s fully discussed by c mpe e t a uthori ies . This e god wa a dopted " t the a e of the ho a o ate ab in o p nth on Semitic peoples w ss ci d with , sorbed or expelled ( a ccording to va rious a ssertions) these Tura nian pla in- dwellers an d sea - fa rers ; an d in Semitic Babylonia the Tu a a D a a z od o t a n d ea r ni n umuzi bec me T mmu , the g of y u hful joy b uty , personifying the a nnua l death a n d reviva l of na tura l life a ccording to se c a n d me . a u s a o a the quen e of winter sum r His ttrib te , ls , h ve o s d so t a for c on e o c been thor ughly tudie , h t referen e need nly ite ’ old n Bou h c t o o . a G e a J . G Fr zer s g , of whi h the hird editi n c nt ins two o Adon is A ttis a n d O siris a n d The D in G od v lumes, , , y g , wherein ’ a mm r o o a ll this litera ture is ma rsha lled . Fr zer s su a y f ll ws 1 L Kin Ba b lon ia n R eli i on a n d M tholo Lon on 18 P. en . W . g, y g y gy, d , 99 ; J - sen s ch b lon ische M then a n d E en B r i n 1 00 M. a strow R e , A y p , e l , 9 ; J , tu n r lee li A s r i . a ra n E des s r e ion ligi an a ; Ba bylon a nd sy a ; M J. L g ge, g : i 1 it n r s 0 . sem iq es, Pa , 9 5 14 5 TH E O PE N C O U RT . We first meet with Ta mm uz in the religious literature of Ba by n h o lo . t a a a s t e ut u ou or o of a the He here ppe rs y hf l sp se l ver Isht r , a t m ot - o th e m o im of th e o uct gre her g ddess , e b d ent repr d ive energies of atu e . r a a mm u wa s i to a a a y n r Eve y ye r T z bel eved die, p ssing w om th e c a r to oom t a a n o a n d fr heerful e th the gl y sub err ne w rld , every ‘ yea r his divin e m istress j ourneyed in qu est of him to th e la n d from w c t n o t i to o of a n w s hi h here is re urn ng, the h use d rk ess , here du t ’ n o lies on door a d b lt . Du ring her a bsence the pa ssion of love cea sed to opera te ; m en a n d bea sts a like forgot to reproduce their kin ds ; a ll s t a t n t t c on o ti t life wa hre e ed wi h ex in ti . S in ma ely bound up with the goddess were the sexua l function s of the whole a n im a l n om t a t w t ou c t cou n ot ki gd h i h t her presen e hey ld be discha rged . A m essenger of th e grea t g od E a wa s a ccordingly despa tched to c h e o on om so m c n res ue t g ddess wh u h depended . The stern quee the n n a on Allatu or E r esh - ki a l a m cta t of i fer l regi s , g by n e , relu n ly a ow ta to a t of i a n d to a t ll ed Ish r be sprinkled with the W er L fe dep r , com a n o a t o a m m u t a t t o m t in p y pr b bly wi h her l ver T z , h the w igh to t to the wo a n d t a t t r t l return ge her upper rld , h wi h their e urn a l a m n t for th a t m n a tur e might revive . L e s e dep r ed Ta m uz a re con in e a a on a m c i n him o n ta d in sever l B byl i n hy ns , whi h l ke t pla ts tha t u c a . a t a a to a a n n a m o n q i kly f de His de h ppe rs h ve been u lly ur ed . h m u c of ut m en a n d om m to t e shrill si fl es , by w en a bout idsumm er m o t a m a t him th e m o t f mm o a . in the n h n ed f er , n h T uz The dirges m c a n t a n ffi of the a od s were see ingly h ed over e gy de d g , which wa a s t ur a a oi t t oil a n d c a a r ed w hed wi h p e w ter, n n ed wi h , l d in robe, i um of c n o i o th e a ir a s if to t i wh lethe f es in e se r se nt , s ir h s dorma nt senses by their pun gent fra gr a n ce a n d wake him from th e sleep of ” dea th . These cerem onies a re described in th e Ba bylon ia n a ccoun t of “ ”2 D s a n to a the o i the e cent of Isht r i H des , wherein w rsh per of Ish ta r seekin g to know whether th e dea d m a y retu rn is wa rn ed how to obta in their relea se from Alla tu “ i h h er r a s t tur n th s t h r h o s n ot to t n o e .