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Paliuli Emergency Salvage Project Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Island of Hawai‘i EMERGENCY SALVAGE PROJECT HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK Written by: Catherine Glidden, M.A. With Contributions by: Edited by: Mike Heilen, Kilian Melloy, Jadelyn J. Moniz Nakamura, Ph.D Leslie Morlock, Susan Lebo, Jerome Ward, and Gail Murakami Pacific Island Cluster Publications in Anthropology 8 National Park Service 2006 U.S. Department of the Interior Paliuli Emergency Salvage Project Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Written by: Catherine Glidden, M.A. With Contributions by: Mike Heilen Kilian Melloy, Leslie Morlock, Susan Lebo, Jerome Ward and Gail Murakami Edited by: Jadelyn J. Moniz Nakamura, Ph.D. National Park Service Hawai‘I Volcanoes National Park 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. v EDITORS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 2 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................... 3 FIELD METHODS ......................................................................................................................................... 4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH................................................................................................................................ 11 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 12 Settlements and Subsistence Activities................................................................................................. 12 Historic Industries ............................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL UNITS ............................................................................................ 21 FEATURE TYPES........................................................................................................................................ 26 Alignments ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Ahu....................................................................................................................................................... 26 Bashed Area......................................................................................................................................... 26 Caves ................................................................................................................................................... 26 Cobble Mounds.................................................................................................................................... 27 C-shapes .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Cupboards ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Enclosures ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Filled Cracks ....................................................................................................................................... 28 Filled Depressions............................................................................................................................... 28 Modified Outcrops............................................................................................................................... 28 Mounds ................................................................................................................................................ 28 Mound Concentration.......................................................................................................................... 28 Papamū................................................................................................................................................ 29 Pavement ............................................................................................................................................. 29 Petroglyphs.......................................................................................................................................... 29 Pits....................................................................................................................................................... 29 Terraces............................................................................................................................................... 29 Terraced Slope..................................................................................................................................... 30 Trails.................................................................................................................................................... 30 Walls .................................................................................................................................................... 30 SITE DESCRIPTIONS................................................................................................................................... 33 Phase I Area ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Phase II Area....................................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3. EXCAVATIONS ..................................................................................................... 57 EXCAVATIONS UNITS................................................................................................................................ 58 Phase I Area ........................................................................................................................................ 58 Phase II Area....................................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. LABORATORY RESULTS.................................................................................... 73 RADIOCARBON DATING ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 73 MIDDEN .................................................................................................................................................... 74 Invertebrates........................................................................................................................................ 74 Shell ................................................................................................................................................................. 75 Echinoderms..................................................................................................................................................... 76 Crustacea.......................................................................................................................................................... 76 i Vertebrates........................................................................................................................................... 76 Surface Vertebrate Material ............................................................................................................................. 77 Excavated Vertebrate Material............................................................................................................ 78 Phase I Area ..................................................................................................................................................... 78 Phase II Area .................................................................................................................................................... 79 POLLEN ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................... 80 CHARCOAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 81 Total ................................................................................................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER 5. INDIGENOUS ARTIFACTS................................................................................. 103 BASALT................................................................................................................................................... 103 Adz Fragment .................................................................................................................................... 103 Basalt Disc........................................................................................................................................
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