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The Marine Mollusks of Easter Island (Isla De Pascua) and Sala Y Gomez

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The Marine Mollusks of Easter Island (Isla De Pascua) and Sala Y Gomez The Marine Mollusks of Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Sala y Gomez HARALD A. REHDER SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 289 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiotogy Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 289 The Marine Mollusks of Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Sala y Gomez Harold A. Rehder SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1980 [ tf/u« o ABSTRACT Rehder, Harald A. The Marine Mollusks of Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Sala y Gomez. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 289, 167 pages, 15 figures, 14 plates, 1 table, 1980.—As the result of the study of over 7000 specimens, about half of them personally collected during two weeks on Easter Island and the remainder borrowed from or examined in museums and other institutions, the presence of 133 species of marine and halophilic mollusks is recorded from Easter Island. Only three species (all common on Easter Island) are recorded from Sala y Gomez. Of these 133 species, 18 are identified only to genus or family because they are repre- sented by material too insufficient or too imperfect on which to base a description, or because their taxonomy is still under study. There are 48 endemic species, a 42 percent endemicity, which would seem to justify Schilder's proposal of a distinct Rapanuian biogeographical province for Easter Island and Sala y Gomez. The faunal relation- ships are primarily closest to Hawaii and secondarily to Pitcairn-Rapa-Kermadecs- northern New Zealand, a pattern that may point to these three areas—Hawaii, Easter Island, and Pitcairn-Kermadecs—as relicts of a former, more widely distributed fauna. Following the introductory, descriptive, and analytical sections, the 133 species, assigned to 65 families, are recorded or described. The majority of species are figured. Forty species and two subspecies are described as new, and three new genera are proposed. An addendum presents revisions occasioned by the appearance of a paper that includes significant new knowledge of the mollusks of Hawaii. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN : The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Rehder, Harald Alfred, 1907- The marine mollusks of Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Sala y Gomez. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 289) Bibliography: p. 1. Mollusks—Easter Island. 2. Mollusks—Sala y G6mez Island. 3. Mollusks—Classification. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology : no. 289. QL1.S54 no. 289 [QL428.5.E25] 591'.08s 78-11153 [594'.09'9618] Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 3 History of Knowledge of Molluscan Fauna 4 Materials Studied 6 Ecological Observations 8 Easter Island 8 Sala y Gomez 10 Faunal Analysis 11 Endemicity 12 Relationships 12 Account of Species 15 ClaSS POLYPLACOPHORA 16 Family MOPALIIDAE Dall, 1889 16 Class GASTROPODA 16 Family FISSURELLIDAE Fleming, 1822 16 Family TROCHIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 18 Family STOMATELLIDAE Gray, 1850 20 Family NERITIDAE Lamarck, 1812 21 Family LITTORINIDAE Gray, 1840 25 Family RISSOIDAE Gray, 1847 26 Family ASSIMINEIDAE H. and A. Adams, 1856 30 Family ORBITESTELLIDAE Iredale, 1917 31 Family CAECIDAE Gray, 1850 31 Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE Gray, 1850 32 Family DIASTOMIDAE Cossman, 1985 33 Family CERTTHIIDAE Fleming, 1822 34 Family CERITHIOPSIDAE H. and A. Adams, 1854 40 Family TRIPHORIDAE Gray, 1847 41 Family VERMETIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 47 Family PLANAXIDAE Gray, 1850 48 Family EPITONIIDAE Berry, 1910 (1812) 51 Family JANTHINIDAE Leach, 1823 52 Family EULIMIDAE Philippi, 1853 53 Family STILIFERIDAE H. and A. Adams, 1853 57 Family HIPPONICEDAE Troschel, 1861 58 Family CREPIDULIDAE Fleming, 1822 61 Family FOSSARIDAE Troschel, 1861 62 Family STROMBIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 63 Family NATICIDAE Forbes, 1838 64 Family TRIVIIDAE Troschel, 1863 66 Family CYPRAEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 66 in SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Page Family CASSIDAE Latreille, 1825 68 Family MURIGIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 69 Family CORALLIOPHILIDAE Chenu, 1859 75 Family COLUMBELLIDAE Swainson, 1840 76 Family BUCCINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 80 Family NASSARIIDAE Iredale, 1916 (1840) 82 Family MITRIDAE Swainson, 1831 83 Family MARGINELLIDAE Fleming, 1828 85 Family TURRIDAE Swainson, 1840 86 Family CONIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 90 Family TEREBRDDAE Morch, 1852 92 Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE Gray, 1840 94 Family RETUSIDAE Thiele, 1926 95 Family SMARAGDINELLIDAE Thiele, 1925 96 Family SIPHONARIIDAE Gray, 1840 97 Family TRIMUSCULIDAE Burch, 1945 (1840) 98 Family ELLOBIIDAE H. and A. Adams, 1855 (1824) 100 Family JULIIDAE Dall, 1898 (1871) 102 Family APLYSIIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (1809) 103 Family NOTARCHIDAE Eales and Engel, 1935 103 Family UMBRACULIDAE Dall, 1889 104 Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Menke, 1828 (1822) 105 Family DORIDIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 106 Class BIVALVIA 106 Family NUCULIDAE Gray, 1824 106 Family ARCIDAE Lamarck, 1809 106 Family MYTILIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 107 Family MALLEIDAE Lamarck, 1819 108 Family PECTINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 109 Family LIMIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 109 Family LUCINIDAE Fleming, 1828 110 Family LASAEIDAE Gray, 1847 Ill Family CHAMIDAE Lamarck, 1809 112 Family SEMELIDAE Stoliczka, 1870 (1825) 112 Family TELLINIDAE Blainville, 1814 113 Family HIATELLIDAE Gray, 1824 113 Family TEREDINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 114 Class CEPHALOPODA 114 Family OCTOPODIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 114 Species Advectitious or Erroneously Ascribed to Easter Island 115 Family TROCHIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 115 Family LITTORINIDAE Gray, 1840 115 Family NASSARIIDAE Iredale, 1916 115 Family ARCIDAE Lamarck, 1809 115 Family PECTINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 116 Addendum 117 Literature Cited 118 Plates 133 Index 158 The Marine Mollusks of Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Sala y Gomez Harold A. Rehder Introduction his zoogeographic regions (Schilder, 1965:171-177) in which he considerably emended the boundaries of Since 1957 I have been involved in a study of the the Polynesian Province, extending the province in a littoral marine mollusks of Polynesia. Although I have northwesterly direction to include Howland Island, given an outline of my research project in several pre- Baker Island, the Tokelau Islands, and the Phoenix vious papers (Rehder, 1964; 1971; 1974) I feel it is Islands, and separating Easter Island off as a distinct well to summarize here the main aspects of my study Rapanuian Province. Johnston Island, which he re- since they introduce the reasons for selecting Easter tained in the Polynesian Province, should in my opin- Island and Sala y Gomez as the object of my first ion be assigned to the Hawaiian Province. As modified report in depth on the Polynesian fauna. by all of these emendations, this province covers an When I started this study I chose as the geographic oval area stretching for 4000 miles from Howland framework for the Polynesian fauna Schilder's "Poly- Island in the northwest to Ducie Atoll in the south- nesian Region" (Schilder, 1938-1939:219-220); I east (Figure 1). Schilder proposed 10 subprovinces for follow Powell (1958:360) in calling Schilder's regions this area. "provinces" and in using the term "region" for what In essence, the object of my study of the Polynesian Schilder called provinces. In Schilder's original pro- fauna is to test the validity of the Polynesian Province posal this Polynesian Province was described as form- as a biogeographical concept. To all appearances ing a roughly triangular area with Kingman Reef at Schilder based his classification solely on data obtained the northern apex, Easter Island as the eastern point, from one family of mollusks, the Cypraeidae. I am and with the
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