 63 BC elected consul of Rome  Created first triumvirate  Crassus: wealthy political leader  Pompey: brilliant general married Caesar’s daughter  During triumvirate Caesar becomes governor of Gaul (France).

 Julia (Caesar’s daughter) dies  Removes link between Pompey and Caesar  Crassus had died  Pompey and Caesar become rivals  Civil War began  Caesar’s army much more experienced  Caesar forces Pompey to retreat to Egypt  Pompey is killed by Ptolemy XIII (Cleopatra’s Brother)  Festival held to pronounce Caesar as king, he refuses  Mark Antony presides over festival  Senators feared Caesar’s power  Stabbed 23 times in the back  Beware of the Ides of March  Not Egyptian  Cleopatra is Greek from the family of Ptolemy's  First Ptolemaic ruler to learn Egyptian  7 languages total  After her fathers death she and her brother ruled Egypt “together”  Cleopatra 18 her brother (Ptolemy XIII) 10  Octavian was Caesar’s heir to the throne  Republic restored forcing Octavian to create another triumvirate, Mark Antony and Lepidus  Antony marries Octavian's sister to seal the deal  Soon all three became rivals  Antony raises an Army to take on Octavian  (Lepidus is told by Octavian to not get involved or he would kill him)  Civil War starts

 Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra  Antony commits, Cleopatra commits suicide after Octavian turns her down  Octavian kills Caesarion  Octavian changes his name to Augustus (exalted one)  Festival is held  He takes the crown.  Pax Romana

The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome

. Republic Government . Roman Law . Latin Language . Roman Catholic Church . City Planning . Romanesque Architectural Style . Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch