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Zigeuners’ in Film En Muziek

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Zigeuners’ in Film En Muziek Universiteit Gent Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Vakgroep Geschiedenis Academiejaar 2011-2012 De haat–liefde verhouding tegenover ‘zigeuners’ in film en muziek. Een historisch onderzoek van representaties onder het naziregime in vergelijking met de revivals van stereotypen in het postcommunistische tijdperk. Verhandeling voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad master in de geschiedenis Rutger Roeyhaert Stamnummer: 00703622 Promotor: Professor dr. Gita Deneckere Universiteit Gent Examencommissie Geschiedenis Academiejaar 2011-2012 Verklaring in verband met de toegankelijkheid van de scriptie Ondergetekende, ………………………………………………………………………………... afgestudeerd als master in de Geschiedenis aan Universiteit Gent in het academiejaar 2011- 2012 en auteur van de scriptie met als titel: ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… verklaart hierbij dat zij/hij geopteerd heeft voor de hierna aangestipte mogelijkheid in verband met de consultatie van haar/zijn scriptie: o de scriptie mag steeds ter beschikking worden gesteld van elke aanvrager; o de scriptie mag enkel ter beschikking worden gesteld met uitdrukkelijke, schriftelijke goedkeuring van de auteur (maximumduur van deze beperking: 10 jaar); o de scriptie mag ter beschikking worden gesteld van een aanvrager na een wachttijd van … . jaar (maximum 10 jaar); o de scriptie mag nooit ter beschikking worden gesteld van een aanvrager (maximumduur van het verbod: 10 jaar). Elke gebruiker is te allen tijde verplicht om, wanneer van deze scriptie gebruik wordt gemaakt in het kader van wetenschappelijke en andere publicaties, een correcte en volledige bronverwijzing in de tekst op te nemen. Gent, ………………………………………(datum) ………………………………………(handtekening) 2 Inhoudstafel Inhoudstafel 3 Woord vooraf 5 Dankwoord 7 Algemene inleiding 8 Situering onderzoek en probleemstelling ............................................................................... 8 Onderzoeksvragen .................................................................................................................. 9 Onderzoeksopzet .................................................................................................................. 10 Hoofdstuk 1: De definitie van ‘zigeuners’ als ongrijpbare groep? 15 1.1 Middeleeuws negatieve beeldvorming en stereotypering. ............................................. 15 1.2 Zigeunerstammen en hun afkomst ................................................................................. 17 1.3 Tsiganologie ................................................................................................................... 20 1.4 Beeldvorming in de 20ste en 21ste eeuw ....................................................................... 23 Illustraties hoofdstuk 1 ......................................................................................................... 28 Hoofdstuk 2: ‘Zigeuners’ als een folklore object in nazi-Duitsland. 32 2.1 De geromantiseerde zigeuner ......................................................................................... 32 2.2 Zigeuners in de maatschappelijke context van nazi–Duitsland...................................... 36 2.3 Himmler en zijn houding ten opzichte van zigeuners .................................................... 43 Hoofdstuk 3: Films over ‘zigeuners’ ten tijde van nazi–Duitsland. 47 3.1 Ter ingeleide ................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Films over/met zigeuners in nazi–Duitsland. ................................................................. 47 3.3 Leni Riefenstahl: ‘Das Blaue Licht’ (1932) en ‘Tiefland’ (1954). ................................ 62 3.4 Carmen en de cafes cantantes ......................................................................................... 70 3.5 Voorbeelden van films over zigeuners buiten nazi–Duitsland. ...................................... 72 3.6 Ter uitgeleide .................................................................................................................. 73 Illustraties hoofdstuk 3 ......................................................................................................... 75 Hoofdstuk 4: Zigeunermuziek onder de nazi’s. 93 4.1 Ter ingeleide ................................................................................................................... 93 4.2 Django Reinhardt en de zigeunerjazz ............................................................................. 94 4.3 Zigeunerjazz onder het hakenkruis ................................................................................ 97 4.4 Wat is zigeunermuziek, en wat is het niet? .................................................................. 102 4.5 Zigeunermuziek in een internationale context ............................................................. 105 4.6 De dualiteit en complexiteit van zigeunermuziek in nazi-Duitsland ........................... 109 4.7 De oneigenlijke liefde-verhouding voor zigeunermuziek ............................................ 113 Illustraties hoofdstuk 4 ....................................................................................................... 115 3 Hoofdstuk 5: Films met zigeuners vanaf ca. jaren 90’ tot nu. 118 5.1 Ter ingeleide ................................................................................................................. 118 5.2 De toestand van zigeuners in het naoorlogse Europa ................................................... 119 5.3 Het romantische tegenover het anti–romantische beeld van zigeuners in de films...... 126 5.4 De realistische zigeunerfilms ....................................................................................... 141 5.5 Ter uitgeleide ................................................................................................................ 146 Illustraties hoofdstuk 5 ....................................................................................................... 148 Hoofdstuk 6: De populariteit van de zigeunermuziek: muziek festivals in België / buitenland en zigeunerartiesten/groepen 156 6.1 De populariteit van zigeunermuziek............................................................................. 156 6.2 Manouche revival, flamenco pop, Oost–Europese zigeunermuziek (Taraf de haidouks, Kocani Orkestar,…). .......................................................................................................... 157 6.3 Balkan beat ................................................................................................................... 167 6.4 Festivals ........................................................................................................................ 171 Illustraties hoofdstuk 6 ....................................................................................................... 182 Hoofdstuk 7: Het nazi tijdperk versus postcommunistisch tijdperk 187 7.1 Een vergelijking qua representatie van zigeuners op het vlak van de film. ................. 187 7.2 Een muzikale vergelijking: Van Django tot Dj Shantel. .............................................. 191 7.3 Algemeen besluit .......................................................................................................... 193 Bibliografie 194 Archief ................................................................................................................................ 194 Literatuur ............................................................................................................................ 194 Internetbronnen .................................................................................................................. 199 Beeldmateriaal .................................................................................................................... 203 4 Woord vooraf You cannot walk straight when the road bends… ‘Je kunt niet rechtdoor lopen als de weg afbuigt’… is een Roma spreekwoord uit de documentaire film When the Road Bends: Tales of a Gypsy Caravan (2006, Jasmine Dellal).1 Bij het zien van deze film kwam ik voor het eerst in contact met de verschillende soorten zigeunermuziek die er bestaan. Het is dan ook een voornamelijk muzikale documentaire waarbij de zigeunermuziek in verscheidene landen in beeld gebracht wordt. Mijn interesse en fascinatie voor dit volk werd nog versterkt door enkele films te zien waar er een romantische beeld van hen gecreëerd werd waarin hun onbekommerde leven en muziek centraal in leken te staan. Met dit beeld in mijn achterhoofd begon ik aan de studierichting geschiedenis aan de Universiteit Gent. Tijdens de lessen van Prof. Bruno De Wever kwam ik meer te weten over WOII in al zijn facetten (waaronder nazi–Duitsland en de Holocaust) en de naoorlogse geschiedenis. Via keuzevakken in de Slavistiek over zowel de geschiedenis van Rusland, Centraal en Zuid–Oost Europa gedoceerd door Prof. Raymond Detrez kwam ik meer in contact met een andere vaak minder gekende wereld. Hierdoor kwam ik in aanraking met de oude koninkrijken in de Balkan, de Ottomaanse wereld, de Sovjet-Unie, Joegoslavië, postcommunistisch tijdperk, … Dit zijn allemaal zaken die een zekere invloed op mij hebben nagelaten. Verder viel mij bij mijn studies vooral op dat er heel weinig of zelf bijna niets over de zigeuners werd gezegd. Naast het feit dat zij ook één van de vele slachtoffers van WOII waren, wist ik zo goed als
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