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©2010 Marta Cabrera Serrano ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2010 Marta Cabrera Serrano ALL RIGHTS RESERVED IDENTIDADES CULTURALES Y NACIONALISMOS EN LA ESPAÑA DE HOY: EL “MISTERIOSO CASO” DEL NACIONALISMO ANDALUZ by MARTA CABRERA SERRANO A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Spanish written under the direction of Professor Yeon-Soo Kim and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION IDENTIDADES CULTURALES Y NACIONALISMOS EN LA ESPAÑA DE HOY: EL “MISTERIOSO CASO” DEL NACIONALISMO ANDALUZ By MARTA CABRERA SERRANO Dissertation Director: Professor Yeon-Soo Kim My dissertation explores the construction of Andalusian cultural identity and its relationship to the political project of the Andalusian region in the context of national and diverse cultural identities in modern Spain. It is my goal to offer a new approach to the dynamics of political and cultural nationalism through the Andalusian case, and to contribute to the academic debate on nationalism, both in the Spanish case and in a global context. My research demonstrates how the Andalusian case, which does not completely fit into any theoretical model of nationalism, serves to put into question the problematic national identity of Spain after Franco’s dictatorship and into the present, as well as the cultural mechanisms and devices used to preserve, manipulate, or question the construction of “Spanishness” in the twenty-first century. The dissertation is divided into four chapters that deal with Spanish national and cultural identities in the twenty-first century as portrayed in cultural productions published in the past twenty years. Chapter one exposes the historical construction of Spanish nationalisms, displaying the differences that the Andalusian case presents in this ii panoramic review. Chapter two examines the diverse paths of other sub-State nationalisms in Spain, such as the Basque, the Catalan, and the Galician, which often exhibit a monolithic identity oppressed by state nationalism. While this is not the case in Andalusia, this contrast will establish a constructive debate over the use of cultural identities to justify political nationalisms, and critically examine the possibility to escape exclusive national identities within the Spanish nation-state. Chapter three intends a revision of the myths and stereotypes built around Andalusia and shows how its cultural identity has been co-opted as the principal cultural sign of the national identity. Finally, chapter four considers the possibility of a cultural nationalism in Andalusia through the analysis and interpretation of the various renderings of the Andalusian identity in films and narratives produced in the twenty-first century. These texts reveal the conflicts of the Andalusian region, trapped in folklore and tradition while attempting to redefine itself in the context of modern Spain. iii Dedicatoria Como no sabían que era imposible, lo hicieron. Esta tesis está dedicada a todas las personas que siempre han creído en mí, incluso cuando yo no creía. A esa roca que me ha mantenido a flote y a todas esas piedrecitas blancas que me ayudan a encontrar el camino. A mis padres, porque siempre me han dado la libertad para decidir y para equivocarme, y el apoyo y la fuerza para seguir adelante. A mi padre, que es mi fan número uno y que me ha transmitido siempre la curiosidad y las ganas de seguir aprendiendo. Y a mi madre, cuya fuerza me inspira cada día para seguir adelante. A mi hermana, que siempre ha tenido la confianza que yo no tengo y ha sabido pincharme para que siga adelante. Y a Martina, que aunque no lo sabe, desde antes de nacer me inspiraba cada día para seguir trabajando y poder terminar. Y que seguro que seguirá inspirándome a partir de ahora. A Jose, que ni por un momento dudó de que lo conseguiría, y sin cuya fuerza no lo habría conseguido. Y que me obligó a creer que podría hacerlo. A José Manuel, fuente de constante inspiración y capaz de hacerme reaccionar en los momentos complicados. A todos los compañeros de Rutgers que a lo largo de los últimos cinco años no han dejado de alentarme, de apoyarme y de soportarme tanto en la euforia como en la catástrofe; especialmente a los que se tomaron la molestia de leer una y otra vez los borradores de la tesis. Gracias por sus comentarios siempre útiles. Agradezco especialmente a Molly, por su paciencia infinita y su energía siempre positiva. iv A todos esos amigos de España que nunca supieron muy bien lo que yo hacía ni cuándo terminaría, pero que han sabido darme ánimos y hacerme reír cuando lo necesitaba. Quiero dar las gracias a todos los profesores que han trabajado conmigo en Rutgers, que me han ayudado a madurar y a seguir aprendiendo; especialmente a las profesoras que forman parte de mi comité doctoral, Yeon-Soo Kim, Margaret Persin y Phyllis Zatlin. Desde mi primera semana en Rutgers tuve la oportunidad de trabajar con ellas y pude apreciar su entusiasmo y su dedicación. Tengo que agradecer de manera especial a Yeon-Soo, que no ha dejado nunca de animarme y ha sabido siempre guiarme en este laberinto profesional y personal. Gracias a mi lector externo, el profesor José Manuel del Pino; es para mí un honor contar con él en mi comité doctoral. Gracias también a Rosy y al resto del personal del departamento de español, por su sonrisa constante y su buen hacer. Esta tesis está dedicada a todas las personas que creyeron en mí cuando yo no podía. Porque sin todos y cada uno de ellos esta tesis no se habría terminado. v Índice de contenidos Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedicatoria ……………………………………………………………….….…. iv Índice de contenidos ……………………………………………………………. vi Introducción ……………………………………………………………………. 1 Capítulo 1. La identidad cultural andaluza en el contexto de la cuestión nacionalista en España ………………………….….….. 20 Capítulo 2. Héroes y villanos en el Estado de las Autonomías: Las “nacionalidades históricas” y los “hechos diferenciales” …………. 78 Capítulo 3. La Andalucía del siglo veinte en el imaginario nacional: Estereotipos, propaganda, nostalgia y subversión …………………….. 146 Capítulo 4. Las nuevas retóricas de lo andaluz: ¿Desmitificación, des- orientalización o desorientación? La Andalucía del siglo veintiuno ……. 207 Conclusión ……………………………………………………………………….. 290 Obras consultadas ………………………………………………………………… 301 Curriculum Vitae ………………………………………………………………….. 327 vi 1 Introducción. Identidades culturales y nacionalismos en la España de hoy: El “misterioso caso” del nacionalismo andaluz La presente investigación se propone examinar la relación existente entre la identidad cultural andaluza y el resto de identidades nacionales o culturales en España – consideradas como constructos históricos de la modernidad– y analizar la situación de la identidad cultural andaluza en relación con el proyecto político del nacionalismo andaluz. Para ello, la disertación se sitúa en el marco general de los nacionalismos en España en un intento de repensar la dinámica entre el nacionalismo político y cultural en el contexto de las teorías generales sobre el nacionalismo y más concretamente en el debate sobre la problemática de los nacionalismos españoles contemporáneos. En dicho contexto, el caso de Andalucía es único, complejo y contradictorio: el nacionalismo andaluz, que no aspira a la consecución de un estado político independiente del Estado español, se separa desde su raíz del concepto tradicional de nacionalismo, esto es, la ideología que busca la congruencia entre la unidad nacional y política (Gellner, Nations 6); carece de representación parlamentaria regional o nacional; no sólo carece –afortunadamente– de movimientos terroristas que desestabilicen el poder, sino que los movimientos nacionalistas radicales en Andalucía no tienen relevancia social o política. Al contrario que el resto de los nacionalismos periféricos peninsulares, el nacionalismo andaluz no se sustenta en la oposición al “Otro” ni en el rechazo a lo español; aunque paradójicamente, es utilizado por otros nacionalismos, particularmente el vasco y el catalán, como lo “Otro,” como aquello que estos pretenden combatir y de lo que pretenden alejarse, esto es, la imagen tradicionalmente impuesta de “lo español” por antonomasia. Por otra parte, los “hechos diferenciales” que permiten a 2 otros nacionalismos periféricos reivindicar un estatus especial o superior quedan muy diluidos en Andalucía: se trata de una región históricamente asociada a la Corona de Castilla que carece de una lengua distintiva. A pesar de ello, el “andaluz” ofrece un fuerte componente dialectal muy diversificado, que se presenta interesadamente como unificado.1 Incluso la delimitación del territorio andaluz se hace complicada, ya que durante casi ocho siglos el actual territorio de la región estuvo dividido entre la España cristiana y la musulmana. La conciliación de la herencia musulmana con la moderna cultura española resulta a su vez problemática.2 Sin embargo, y a pesar de presentar un nacionalismo débil o difuso, la identidad cultural andaluza es una de las más reconocibles en el ámbito nacional español –incluso más que algunas de las identidades que se acompañan de una fuerte reivindicación política– hasta el punto de servir de sinécdoque de lo español y para reforzar la identidad de España como nación a lo largo de diferentes periodos históricos. Ortega y Gasset, una
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