Problematizing the Stereotype of the Prostitutes As Seen in Geling Yan's the Flowers of War

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PROBLEMATIZING THE STEREOTYPE OF THE PROSTITUTES AS SEEN IN GELING YAN'S THE FLOWERS OF WAR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

Florina Leonora Tyana

Student Number: 114214009

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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PROBLEMATIZING THE STEREOTYPE OF THE PROSTITUTES AS SEEN IN GELING YAN'S THE FLOWERS OF WAR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

Florina Leonora Tyana

Student Number: 114214009

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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TIME IS PRECIOUS

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Dedicated to

My beloved parents,

My little Brother,

And ‘you know who’

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In this part, I would like to send my love and thank them for this part of journey in my life. First and foremost, I would love to thank Jesus Christ, because HE listen to all my prayer and my parent prayer‟s.

To my thesis advisor, Elisa Wardhani S.S, M.Hum whose is always be patience to correct my thesis and for her big help in guiding me during the process of finishing this thesis. I also would like to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum for his guidance and support. For all the lecturers in English Department at Sanata

Dharma University and lovely mbak Ninik in the secretariat for their assistance during my study. Also thanks to my supportive team, WW81 Squad, Highschool squad, big thanks to my sister from another galaxy, Gloria and Maria, I will tell the world how wonderful and amazing they are. Andreas and Mama thanks for always listen to my story of all this time. The last but no least, big applause for my parents who are very patient and always support me. While working on thesis, I learn that you should push yourself harder than before to reach your dream and also finish things that you start. And for those who I can not mention one by one, I would like to thank to you all for making my life so colorful. God Bless!

Florina Leonora Tyana

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE ...... ii

APPROVAL PAGE...... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... vi

MOTTO PAGE ...... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ix

TABLE OF CONTENT ...... x

ABSTRACT ...... xii

ABSTRAK...... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 9 2. Theory of Stereotype...... 14 3. Review of Chinese‟s prostitutes in 1930‟s...... 15 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY...... 20

A. Object of the Study ...... 20 B. Approach of the Study ...... 21 C. Method of the Study ...... 22 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ...... 23

A. The Stereotypes Issue revealed through the women characters in the novel. .. 23

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a. Bad Evil Women ...... 29 b. Immoral women ...... 33 B. Problematizing the stereotypes issue about the Women of Qin Huai River .... 37 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ...... 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 45

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ABSTRACT

TYANA, FLORINA LEONORA. Problematizing The Stereotypes Issues Of The Women Of Qin Huai Rivers As Seen In Geling Yan’s The Flowers Of War. Yogyakarta: Departement Of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2018.

This thesis is problematize the stereotypes issues of the Women of Qin Huai Rivers As seen In Geling Yan‟s The Flowers Of War. This novel is taking place in Nanking, Republic of China. There are two groups of people, the Schoolgirl and the Prostitute living together in the American Church which is neutral territory.

There are two questions in the problem formulation in this thesis. The first question is how is the stereotype issues revealed through the characters of Women of Qin Huai River. The second question is how does the novel problematize the sterotypes Women of Qin Huai River in the novel.

The method of analyzing this thesis is library research. There two sources that the wtiter use, first is the novel Flowers of War. The second source is the journal and some book of theories to provide the evidences that are needed to conduct this study.

The results of the analysis in this study shows that the stereotype is not always patent, but it adjusts the situation of that time. As seen in the novel that the stereotype of the prostitute is always negative but in the novel there‟s a change of judgment towards Women of Qin Huai River which at the end, they do the action to save the girls. It breaks all the prejudices that were initially attached to them.

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ABSTRAK

TYANA, FLORINA LEONORA. Problematizing The Stereotypes Issues Of The Women Of Qin Huai Rivers As Seen In Geling Yan’s The Flowers Of War. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2018.

Studi ini menganalisa novel berjudul The Flowers Of War karya Geling Yan. Novel ini menceritakan kisah pada masa penjajahan Jepang di Cina. Ada sekelompok remaja dan prostitut yang tinggal dalam sebuah gereja Amerika untuk mencari perlindungan. Pada saat itu, gereja adalah tempat netral.

Terdapat dua pertanyaan yang harus dijawab dalam studi ini diantaranya, yang pertama Bagaimana isu stereotipe itu terlihat dari karakter Para prostitut tersebut. Pertanyaan kedua Bagaimana kisah dalam novel itu sendiri mempertanyakan stereotipe dari para prostitut tersebut.

Studi ini menggunakan metode pustaka. Terdapat dua jenis sumber yang digunakan dalam studi ini. Pertama, sumber utama adalah novel Flowers Of War. Sumber pendukung dalam studi ini adalah buku dan artikel dari internet yang berkaitan dengan topik dalam studi ini.

Hasil analisa dalam studi menunjukkan bahwa stereotip itu tidak selamanya paten seperti itu, tetapi akan menyesuaikan situasi kondisi pada saat itu. Terlihat dalam novel bahwa stereotipe yang tertanam pada seorang pelacur selalu negative tetapi terlihat dalam novel adanya sebuah perubahan penilaian terhadapa wanita Qin Huai River diamana mereka melakukan aksi pahlawan untuk menyelamatkan para gadis. Itu mematahkan semua prasangka buruk yanag awalnya melekat pada mereka.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Don‟t judge a book by its cover means that you should not judge someone‟s appearance without understanding someone‟s character deeper. Time changes, so do people. It is always easy to make a judgment towards others. In fact, there is always a positive and negative side. A positive judgment makes people more open minded, while in addition a negative judgement causes bad perspectives or point of view towards others which impact the person socially.

Some negative ideas are based on judgment towards others. We often find them in lives. We are living in the world full of people with different characters. Judgment can take the form of generalizations about a certain group of people. For example, The Chinese are presumably always good at business and are always successful. That stereotype or label sticks to the Chinese. However, not all Chinese can do both math and business. Chris

Barker said, stereotype is a simple representation which leads people to think exaggerately about others and often it concerns their negative traits (2004:188). Stereotypes often give a negative attribute to a person who is different from us. Barker also adds that stereotyping stick with those who are excluded from who are regarded as belonging to us. According to

Barker, Stereotype is;

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a vivid but simple presentation that reduces person to a set of exaggerated, usually negative, character traits and is thus a form of representation that essentializes others through the operation of power. (2004:188)

In the Flowers of War, the convent inhabitants generalize others on the basis of the expected characteristics generally shaped by most other similarly groups. The Women of

Qin Huai River who are known as a group of prostitutes are perceived as bad and immoral women. The consequence of this generalization is known as stereotyping. In other words, stereotype is a generalization that people make to label others.

Literary works reflect ideas in real life. They represent many characters of many different characteristics into print work papers. The writer of this novel highlights issues of humanity that has become big problems in this world. The thesis writer finds stereotypes issue in The Flowers of War‟s novel. The Stereotype issue is seen in the way the convent inhabitants perceive the women of Qin Huai Rivers.

The setting of the novel itself took place in Nanking, the southwest capital of Chinese

Republic controlled by Kuomintang faction, when it was bombarded, raided, and eventually occupied by Japanese army. In December 1937-38‟s, Japanese entered China. It is one of the terrified case of wartime, when there was also a massacre, known as Nanking Massacre or Rape of Nanking.

Many women from all social classes were raped. Other sources stated that, men were also being forced to sodomize others, in order to entertain the Japanese soldiers. “Chinese men were often sodomized or forced to perform a variety of repulsive sexual acts in front of laughing Japanese soldiers” (2014:366). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

This novel tells a story about a group of people who lived in church. There were two groups the school girls including the Father and Deacon and the Women of Qin Huai

Rivers known as Prostitutes. The story starts when Father Engelmann was going to St.

Mary Magdalene‟s girls dormitory. Because the girls can‟t reach the safety zone in another city, to keep them safe, Father Engelmann decides to take them to the church which is supposed to be a neutral zone. Father Engelman is an American priest who has lived in

China for many years. Then unexpectedly, a group of women also go to church looking for food and living. Long after that, three Chinese soldiers also live in the church.

The conflict starts when The Japanese soldiers find out that there‟s a soldier who has escaped from the camp. Then they find that the soldiers were hiding in the church. Soon, the Japanese soldier finds out that there‟s a group of women, then they took them away “to entertain” the soldiers. What makes it interesting is that the prostitutes are willing to help, even when they are already judged as bad women (The Women of Qin Huai River).

This study discusses the stereotype issue in the society of the novel, especially in relation to the perspectives of convent inhabitants towards the women of Qin Huai River.

The convent inhabitants, the schoolgirls, change their perspective towards the prostitutes after they are willing to replace the position and going to the Headquarters of Japanese

Soldier.

B. Problem Formulation

To understand the novel better, the problems are formulated as follows.

1. How is the stereotype issue revealed through the women characters in the novel? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. How does the novel problematize the stereotype of Women of Qin Huai River in the novel?

C. Objectives of the Study

After identifying the problem, then the thesis writer must go to the objectives of the study. It is based on the number of the questions in the problem formulation that are stated

previously. The first objective of this study is to see how the convent inhabitants are

treating the Women of Qin Huai River. The last one is looking for the stereotypes that being challenged by the convent inhabitants. The thesis witer tries to find the challenged stereotypes that are presented in the story explicitly and implicitly

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid any misinterpretation in understanding the title, there is a explanation on

several important terms mainly used and closely related to the topic. Stereotypes usually defines people by grouping them into certain fixed general characteristics they presumably

have. It helps to see the world‟s perspective easily, stereotypes first introduced in 1922, according to Dondio in his books The Sage Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and

Discrimination,

“Lippmann (1922) introduced the term „stereotype‟ to refer to the typical picture that comes to mind when thinking about a particular social group.Whereas early research conceptualized stereotyping as a rather inflexible and faulty thought process, more recent research emphasizes the functional and dynamic aspects of stereotypes as simplifying a complex environment.” (2010:7) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

As Lippmann said, stereotypes are conceptualized as an inflexibility and faulty of thoughts. It helps people to generalize the other group or social class. Sometimes it leads to negative assumptions. This thesis concerns the issues of stereotyping by the convent inhabitants toward the prostitutes.

The stereotypes of “bad women” stick to the prostitutes. At the end, the convent inhabitants experienced changing perspective/stereotypes toward the women. Even though it is not stated explicitly in the novel, it is implicitly understood through the action of inhabitants. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

The novel The Flowers of war is one of Geling Yan‟s bestselling novel. The writer wrote the story based on real events in 1937, known as Sino-Japanese War. This is a story about how one manages one‟s ego as a human, losing for the better one and how we help each other in unexpected situation. As we know, there were several group of peole who are lived together in the convent. At that time the school girls were stereotyping the prostitutes as bad women. After having hard time in war situation, they decided to support each other and help even sacrifice themselves. There are several previous researches on Stereotypes conducted by other researchers. One among others is Afrilla Nita Sary‟s thesis, which is the study can more or less be seen in the folowing quotation :

The thesis is meant to question or to argue against the Chinese Stereotype of women using the contribution of the major female caharcter in Buck‟s selected novels The Good Earth, The Mother, and The imperial Woman, such stereotypes are proven to be wrong (2007:vi)

In her thesis, she explains that the stereotypes of Chinese Women at in Buck‟s novel are arguable. There are three points that she wants to discuss, firstly, how are the characters contribution as seen in the novel. Secondly, how is the chinese women stereotype. The last one is in what way and why the contribution challenges the stereotype in the novel.

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Another thesis on stereotype of women is entitled “Japanese Women Stereotypes as

seen through the Four Makioka Sisters in Tanizaki‟s The Makioka Sisters” written by

Krisna Sari Mulyaningsih, she analyzed how Japanese women were put into some

stereotypes because of the traditional values and system that restricted and reduced them

into creatures that were made by the Japanese patriarchal society. She attempts to analyze

the stereotypes that were put to the Japanese women at that time.

In patriarchal society as seen in Japanese culture at that time, women were forced to

be an “ideal” woman by men. They cannot act and think whatever they want to. At that

time, Men have right to make rules for women, and it is also true for the ruler to gain the

benefits itself. There are three points in her thesis that she wants to discuss.

In order to identify the stereotype of Japanese women in Junchiro Tanizaki‟s novel, The Makioka Sisters, three problems are formulated. The first is how the character of each Makioka Sister is described in the novel. The second is what the Japanese society expectations on women are based on the characterization of the four sisters. The last is how the characterization and the expectation given for them stereotype Japanese Women (2011:xii)

From the quotation above, it can be seen that Mulyaningsih tries to analyze the four

characters in Makioka Sister that were put to the Japanese stereotype of women given by

men. The stereotype represents all of the Japanese women in the novel which is “the

stereotype of dependent women or the angel women and also the stereotype of monster

women”(2011:xii)

Another study which serves as a comparison for this thesis is a study on a prostitute

character done by Vina Ratna Sari in her thesis entitled “The Prostitute‟s Dilemma as seen

in Mrs. Warren‟s Profession, A Sociological Study on The Paradoxical Social Phenomena PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

th in the Late 19 Century‟s Britain”, she analyzes the main character, Mrs. Warren that was

rejected by her own daughter because she is an ex-prostitute and a brothel keeper. The

th conflict between her daughter and Mrs. Warren reflects the society in Britain of the late 19 century.

Vivie‟s response and the causes of Mrs. Warren being a prostitute are the mirror of th the sort of the social life in Britain of the late 19 century. Mrs. Warren‟s Profession was once banned from publication because it revealed the darkest side of class division in British society (1997:ix)

Here, Vina Ratna Sari also sees the paradox between the novel and the real life at that time. From her problem formulations, she tries to find three points,

The first one is to find out the dilemma of Mrs. Warren being a prostitute. Then beyond the dilemma, one may find out that the society in the play is experiencing paradoxical situations. Finally the last objectiv is to find out whether the situations in th the play are the reflection of the real society in the late 19 century which was having paradoxical social life as the consequence of the transition period from the old feudal system into democratic industrial nation (1997:ix)

Those are three points that she wants to discuss. According to her thesis, in the late

th 19 century people looked good in terms of their behavior when rhey are in front of the public but when they were home, they were completely different persons or could be the worst one.

The similarity from those related studies include the fact that two of the studies

discuss the stereotype issue in China and Japan. The first study is analyzing about the

Chinese stereotype that were labeled on chinese women prostitute as a troublemakers to society. The second study is also analyzing stereotype given to women by men. The Last PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

one is discussing about the Prostitue‟s dilemma on how they have to deal with their life as a prostitute in society.

Although, those studies and the study the writer is doing in this thesis share some common ground because they are discussing about the stereotype of women as troublemaker or bad women and how they are dealing with the stereotype issues that were attached on them, the focus of this study is distinguished from them as it means to challenge those common stereotypes discussed in those studies and tries to reverse the stereotype as the novel suggests.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are some theories that the thesis writer uses in order to analyze the problemetazing the stereotypes issues of the women Qin Huai Rivers as seen in Geling

Yan‟s The Flowers of War.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

The theory on character is used by the thesis writer in order to explain how the main character is described and the type of the main character itself. Then, the theory of characterization is used by the thesis writer to get the concept of the characteristics of the main character itself.

a. Theory on Character

Character is the first term applied to literary form in England and France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Based on Holman and Harmon‟s “A Handbook to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

th Literature 11 ”, Character is the existence of moral uprightness, and simpler notion of the presence of creatures in art that seem to be human beings of one sort or another. It is also a sketch of brief descriptive personage who typifies some definite quality.

The person is described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some vice or virtue or type, such as a busybody, a glutton, a fop, a bumpkin, a garrulous old man, or a happy milkmaid. Similar treatments of institutions and inanimate things, such as “the character of a coffee house,” also employed the term, and late in the seventeenth century, by a natural extension of the tradition, character was applied to longer compositions, sometimes historical, as Lord Halifax‟s Character of Charles II (2009: 95)

From that quotation above, characters can be described as a human or a person and

also a type of human, it depends on how reader assumes it. The thesis writer wants to describe the characters that appears in this novel, the prostitute (The women of Qin Huai

Rivers) and the inhabitants.

b. Theory on Characterization

The authors must have the technical skills to acquaint their own works to reader.

According to Blair, he said that “to acquaint the reader with the creation that authors

made, there are some combinations method that they used to characterize what his

characters are like” (Blair:1948:53). He also added that Characterization is the technique

used by the writer to make these characters alive. There are several methods that can be

used to characterize the characters. M.J Murphy has mentioned nine ways to create the

characters so alive and understable for the readers (Murphy:1972:161) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The theory uses to analyze the prostitute‟s characterization. This theory is suitable to

describe the prostitute characterization. Those ways to analyze the characterization are: a. Personal description

Describing the physical appearance, the author describes character‟s clothes, skin,

shoes and hair, so it can be understandable for the reader to see it. The author tries to

describe the detail as well, so the readers can get the accurate description. Murphy said

that the author can describe the character presentation and outer looks (1972:161).

Character‟s appearance is important role to symbolize the characterization. b. Character as seen by another

Besides telling by the appearance, the characterization also can be seen through the eyes. The reader also gets it as their reflected image. Giving the impression to another through their opinions, for example that woman has dim smile, unquiet eyes, rare sound of her voice, those are what man tries to describe by seeing the woman. “Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another

(Murphy:1972:162) c. Speech

The characterization of the character can be seen through the speech, what are the conversation that he/she has, giving the opinions of something and arguments. Through the conversation or the speech, it will give the clue for the reader to know his/her personality.

Murphy also stated that

The author can give us insight into character of one of the person in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character (1972:164)

As Murphy said that the reader will know the clue by the conversation that he/she has, they will understand the personality of the characters. d. Past life

Past life is also one of the ways to describe the personality of a person in literary works. In certain situation , the author and the reader will logically relate to certain kinds of characters in certain situation with certain actions (Blair:1948:53). Murphy also stated that

By letting the reader learn something about a person‟s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character. This can be done by the direct comment by the author, though the person‟s thought, through his conversation of through the medium of another person (1972:166)

From the quotation above, Murphy wanted to say that the event or past life of the characters can be seen through the person‟s thought, direct comment by the author, and the conversation as well and also the reader will be given the clues by his/her pas life so the personality can be seen as well. e. Conversation of others

Conversation of others is also one of the methods that the author‟s used to describe the character‟s personality. The reader was given the clue by the author through the dialogue she/he has.

The author can also give us clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give as a clue to character of the person spoken, spoken about (1972:167) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The characteristics is acknowledged in the conversation and also spoken to another people. The clue is how they speak and what they talk about, so the reader must realize for all the things, so they can be analyzed well. f. Reactions

According to Murphy, the author can also give us a clue by letting us know how that character reacts to various situation and events (1972:168). The reader will know what are the traits are by knowing the reaction of that person. g. Direct comment

Direct comment is also used by the author to describe a character. Murphy stated that

“the author can be describe or comment on a person‟s character directly” (1972:170). It means that, the author can give a clue to us as the reader directly. By mentioning directly to the character that she/he wants to created. h. Thoughts

A thought is also one of the methods the author used to describe the characters. By understanding the character‟s thought, Murphy give us knowledge of differentiation between the characters itself. He also says that

The author can give us direct knowledge of what person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel (1972:171) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The reader can do experiment while analyzed the characters in the novel. At some cases, the author just gives a different idea that is not match with real life. In the novel that could be accept as well. i. Mannerism

According to Murphy, behavior is also be able to describe the character. The author

also can describe their habit as well. The habit and the behavior give important role to reveal the characterization of a person (1972:173). It is also the traits that the author used to identify the personality of a person.

2. Theory of Stereotype

According to Barker in The Sage Dictionary of Cultural Studies, a stereotype is a

simple representation that reduces person to a set of exaggerated, usually negative. And also stated that, the stereotype suggests that given an inherent category and universal characteristic and it represents all what a person is or can be.

A stereotype commonly takes the form of a conventionalized idea, according to a solid formula in a common image that typecasts people.

Stereotyping commonly involves the attribution of negative traits to people, who are different from us, a process that points to the operation of power in stereotyping. In particular it highlights the role of stereotyping in the exclusion of “difference” from the social, symbolic and moral order since stereotypes commonly relate to those who have been excluded from the „normal‟ order of things (2004:188) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

From that quotation above, the difference makes thing categorize and exclude all of things from the normal category or common. Thus, the thesis writer uses this theory to describe the stereotype of the Women Qin Huai Rivers given as perceived by Inhabitants of the convent.

3. Review of Chinese’s prostitutes in 1930’s

The role of china in the practice of prostitution is very influential in Asia. In 1842,

United Kingdom and China signed a treaty called The Treaty of Nanking. Back at that time

Nanking was a capital city. There was many magnificient fleet and also because many westerner came to the city. They were doing trade any kind of commodity such as tea, silk, silver and porcelain.

Trading made China soon became wealthy and commercial. Many westerners came to China and made their new home. Pleasures such as gambling and prostitution naturally growing entertainment industry of the city. Later in 1930s, Nanking changed into battlefield between Japn and China. One of the worst holocaust in history. In secretly, Japan prepared the brothels for the soldiers and involved many asian women from central city in Asia such as Korea, China, Philiphines, Indonesia and Taiwan. The reason behind it, is because The soldier did not affected by the HIV/AIDS.

Niklas Dougherty in his journal entitled “Prostitution in Contemporary China: The

Case of Shangahi Jiading” stated that back at that time, women in ancient china divided into five major traditional classes, wives, concubines, servants, nuns, and prostitutes. Wives was from the good family background, well educated, pure, and has no previous record of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

marriage. Because China is a patriachal countries, so the wife had to be obedient to their husband. Sometimes the wives did not have to be beautiful so it make sense that the wives were just a tool for reproduction. (Dougherty:2006:5)

Concubines is the second class in social system‟s china. What makes it interesting is that beauty and the sexual appeal talent were appriciated. The characters of the Concubines usually are the spoil girl, very attractive (sexual) and young. Other fact that, the concubines were uneducated and from poor backgrounds. They can also gain an higher position except the wives died. In some way, the concubines more likely as a toy to their master.

(Dougherty:2006:5)

Servants known as slaves, they just did home work in the house and the gardens.

Servants could gain concubines status through a process called “receive a room”. Buddhist

Nuns were all celibates. They are uninterested in men at all. The lived in a bad condition but did not have compromise their dignity. (Dougherty:2006:5)

The fifth social class is the sex workers or prostitute. They were formally labeled below the wives, concubines, nuns and servants but at some point they were very skilled and entertaining. Some of them were trained since childhood, because of the economic issue in the family. Some parents sell their child to the brothel owner to fill their needs but there is also came alone because she is from a broken home family. Many factors are influence them to become a prostitute. Even, the prostitutes are the lowest class in society, but their status classified into three major of tiers. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

a. Tier I : Flower Courtesans : Singsong girls and long-threes

The first class is the flower courtesans which is the highest tier of prostitutes in nineteenth century in shanghai. In first classification, they split into three subclass, the first one is the Hua Courtesans, the Shuyu (singsong girls) and the Changsan courtesans. For more than thousand years, they had entertained the literarti. Beside that, they well known for their beauty and also their skills, such as singing, playing the pipa and also reciting stories (Dougherty:2006:10)

The courtesans also consider selling their body, if the price was right, they could be involved in sexual activities. After all, the most prostitutes are from the poor conditions, but they can elevate the social benefit of the environment where they have a chance to get their freedom and find the match spouse who would pay for their freedom.

b. Tier II : Yao’er, salt-pork ladies, pheasants, and saltwater sisters

In the middle class, Yao‟er tier, they will charge high for drinking company but only add a half of price for „cutting melon‟. Beside the Yao‟er tier, there‟s also salt-pork ladies which is offered sex on demand for reasonable price. Pheasants are the street hookers and also the largerst group of prostitutes in old Shanghai. They can be found in the restaurants, hotels and bars. They are agrresively advertising their services to people passing by on the street. The last subclass is saltwater sisters. They are served mostly the foreigner. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

c. Tier III : Opium prostitutes and dingpeng whores

The last two in bottom of tier were the prostitutes known as Opium and Dingpeng prostitutes. They charge the same price, middle to low worker. But most of all were the low worker customer. Sometimes the foreigner also come for their service.

Those are the three major tiers in China during the period 1842-1949. The prostitution actually strictly illegal, men could not have mistress outside the family, but they were allowed to “play” with their concubines or even a servant. Since the prostituion is illegal, usually the landord who can afford playing with the girls (prostitutes) lived nearby the country-sides and also were satisfied by his Wives and Concubines.

Besides that, in Feudal-patriachal Chinese Society, women roles are wife and mother who work strict in the household and responsible to take care of the family. They are also responsible for reproductive tasks such as giving birth. So women who are independently working somehow is kind of rare except for the high class society.

It is different from woking as an prostitute, they are also isolated by the society, the stigma of being prostitutes has always a negative connotation, such as „badness‟, degradation, helplessness, wretchedness, a craving for men and a preference for selling sex for money over work. Those ideas are stick to the prostitutes in chinese society (Eng,

2009:42) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Theoretical Framework

To answer the problem formulation in the first chapter, the thesis writer needs several theories to support those questions. There are three theories that used by the thesis writer in the analysis later.

The first one is the theory from William Harmon and Hugh Holman in their book, A

Handbook to Literature: Eleventh Edition, the thesis writer uses the theory of character to get the analysis of the characters more deep. And also the characterization from Walter

Blair and M.J Murphy, is answering the first question about how the character revealed the stereotype issue.

The second one is theory on stereotype. It will answer the last question, about how the theory supports the problem of the stereotype issue as seen in the novel. Thus, the conclusion of the study can be found from those theories that support this study. The last one is a review on Chinese‟s prostitute in 1930‟s. The novel has a twist that is very touching. The woman of Qin Huai Rivers have a chance to show people (the inhabitants) that they are good women or like mothers who save and sacrifice themselves for their children. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a novel which is based on true story written by Geling Yan entitled The Flowers Of War. The novel was first published with the title Jingling Shisan

Chai in 2006 and was translated to English by Nicky Harman in 2012.

Being one of the female writers who was born during the Cultural Revolution, Geling

Yan is a Chinese American author. She was born from a family of literary writers. Both her grandfather and her father were a poet. She then studied literature by studying at Wuhan

University and after migrating to America she took postgraduate education at the

University of Colombia.

One of her masterpieces is The Flowers Of War which takes as its background the war between China and Japan called Sino-Japanese War. At that time, the Japanese have taken over Nanking in December 1937. There were group of schoolgirls which hides in an

American Church. The couldn‟t get anywhere and they feel terrified about what might happen to them. There were rape and massacare in all over the town. This church was run by an American Priest, Father Engelmann who has been china for many years.

At that time, church is supposedly a neutral area in the war between China and Japan.

America is not yet in the war and so his church compound is supposedly neutral territory.

Unfortunately, Japan does not obey the rules. The schoolgirls safety is in danger. Not long

20 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

after the girls come, the prostitutes from the nearby brothel climb over the wall into the compound seeking refuge. The situation becomes more intense when wounded China soldiers appear.

The characters in the novel are found very beautifully twist. At first, the schoolgirls is a group of naive people, and is so confused to the brazen prostitutes. At the end of the story, the prostitutes put themselves in danger to save the schoolgirls. The prostitutes sacrifice themselves to save people who have looked down upon them. Humanity and heroism are two points that the novel wants to share, as quoted from the novelist‟s statement in goodreads.com “this is a novel full of humanity, at its worst and its best”

(Yan:2012).

B. Approach of the Study

To help analyze the Flowers of the war novel, the writer uses a sociocultural- historical approach. In her book, Reading and Writing about Literature which published in

1971, Rohrberger said that the most suitable way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization producing it.

It is easier to analyze the literary works based on the culture which the story is set.

She also stated that critics that interested in sociocultural-historical approach defines civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter (1971:9)

This approach is appropriate to analyze a literary work because literature is not created in a vacuum period. Therefore, in “Flower of wars”, the stereotype issue is being PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

constructed by the image of society and the influence of literature which consider prostitute as a negative traits. This thesis is also problematize to the civilization which is indirectly produces the novel studied here. The stereotype issues that challenge the civilization in which the story are set.

C. Method of the Study

The writer conducted the library research in which the primary data were taken from the novel entitled The Flowers of War and the secondary data were taken from some journals and materials book, which were theories book and approach book.

To complete the study, some steps were taken. The writer looked for the characters and characterization data and also the stereotype journal that proved the stereotype issues.

The second step was the writer collected the data, the evidences which were suitable with the theories. Thus, the data and evidences can solve the questions of the problem formulation in the chapter one of this study.

The third step was, dividing those evidences into two parts in every questions in the problem formulation, then the conclusion can be provided based on the evidences and the answer of the problem formulation, in order to find the result of this study. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter contains two parts of discussion. First part talks how is the stereotypes issues reveal through the characters of Women of Qin Huai River which is Yumo,

Hongling, and Cardamon . The second part is problematize the streotypes addressed the

Women Qin Huai River as seen in the novel Flowers of War. The analysis presents the data obtained from the sources which were analyzed in accordance to the theory used in the study.

A. The Stereotypes Issue revealed through the women characters in the novel.

There are two groups of people who live in the church, first are the inhabitants includes Father Engelmann, Deacon Fabio, George Chen, the schoolgirls. The second group are the prostitutes who comes late after the schoolgirls.

One of the schoolgirl is Shujuan. She is one of the main characters in the novel. She is a young independet girl. She went abroad and was sent to a dormitory school in Nanking.

Her Father has been awarded a scholarship and went to the U.S but because she already starts the school while her sister has not yet. Then she has to stay in Nanking and live in the dormitory. Her parents and her sister stay in America.

After all she is already comfortable with the situation, she become independent and mature. Suddenly, the attack is coming and she start to blame her parents for leaving her

23 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

alone in this teribble situation. She become more furious when her friend Sophie betrayed her. Sophie promised Shujuan to take her out when Sophie‟e father came pick her. Then the moment comes but Sophie didn‟t choose her, she betrayed her by leaving her behind.

Shujuan think that sophie is very cruel, she gives hope to her to live but then it was just useless.

Another inhabitant is Deacon Fabio who is raised by a Chinese granny who looked after him since his parent died. Once his American granny came to China and wanted to bring him back to America. But he refused it and choose to stay in China. When he was at his school age, his granny died and there‟s a friend of his granny who brought and looked after him since his granny died. He is Father Engelman who is a teacher in the seminarist school in Nanking. Since then, he lives together with Father and other priests. The priest is intrigued by his appearance as he the physical body of westerner but behaves like a Chinese man.

There‟s also Father Engelmann which is an old priest. He has been staying in

Nanking for a long time. He is the one who helps Fabio and raised him as his own child.

Besides Father, Deacon there‟s also two other servants who live in the church with them.

Both of them are an orphans.

They help father and Fabio in the church. They are helping each other very well.

They are being gratefull for Father who lets them stay in the church. They considered

Father and Fabio as their parents as well. George was a beggar who had rescued from the streets as a child and Father sent him to the cookery school. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The second group are the women of Qin Huai River which is known as the prostitutes. Yumo is one of the main characters in the novel. She describes as kind person,

she loves tot take care of her friends. She doesn‟t want her friends gets any trouble. When

Hongling and Cardamom are being punished, then she kindly speaking to Fabio and clear the problem as well.

“This is your last warning,‟ he said. „If you all come out of the cellar again, you won‟t be welcome here anymore.‟ „Yumo was apologetic, „I understand that we‟re not welcome,‟ she said. „But the women are really hungry.‟ „I‟ll come to food in a moment, Fabio said (Yan, 2012:24)

From the sentence above, beside she is kind, she is also well-mannered person. She

can handle the situation well, she compromises with Fabio politely. She also describes as wise and good leader. Whenever she speaks everyone will listen and do like what she said.

She has the power to control the women.

“Forget it,‟Yumo said. „Let it go.‟ Why should I let it go?‟ Hongling prostested. Her accent – she was from a poor province north west of Naking was very pronounced. „Because these people have allowed us to stay in this rathole. Because they‟re prepared to put up with us. Because we‟ve got no face to lose. Because when we‟realive, we‟re less than human, and when we die, we‟re less than demons. Because we can be beaten and humuliated by anyone at will,‟ said Yumo. (Yan, 2012:18)

From the quotation above, Yumo‟s answer is very deep and wise. She doesn‟t want to see Hongling fight with the girls, at least they should be thankfull to them because they let people like them (prostitutes) to stay in the church and give them food for two or third day. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Also Cardamom who is naïve, playfull and caring. What makes her very playfull is because her age is still young. She is barely the same age as the schoolgirls. She also very naive, she responded positively to everything even it is a sarcasm. Sometimes it makes her partner very annoyed. Once when they are ask Fabio for food, the way she answered Fabio truthfully without knowing the situation.

“how many meals do we get a day?‟ asked Cardamom How many would you like, Miss? Fabio asked scornfully. „Well, we usually get four meals, with an extra one at night time, Cardamom answered in all seriousness. (Yan, 2012:25)

At that time, Fabio was very angry to them, but she responded to his question positively. He is being sarcastic to her but Cardamom did not feel that way. It shows how plain she is.

One of the characteristics of Cardamom is naive. The way she controls herself in this determine situation. Once when she lost Hongling‟s tile, Jade shouted at her, “I‟ll skin your arse alive” she replied, there is nothing wrong with my arse.

“The stout, dark-skinned woman shouted: „If you lose one piece Cardamom, I‟ll skin your arse alive!” „There‟s nothing wrong with my arse, Jade! „Cardamom shouted back. (Yan, 2012:9) It

shows that she is too naive, actually what Jade means with word „arse‟, she will be very

furious if Cardamom lose the Mahjong tiles, but Cardamom thinks that Jade really want to skin her back. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Cardamom shows her big heart toward the wounded soldier, Wang Pusheng. She gives him a big dream of happy life even she knows he‟ll be die soon. The way she gives him hope to live, she showed how pure and naive her heart is.

Besides Yumo, there‟s Hongling which is different from Yumo and Cardamom. She is described a curvaceous woman who easily gets angry. She fits to negatives traits as prostitutes which is bad evil woman. She has slender eyebrows which believed to be a symbol of woman who is dangerous to have a fight with. She also known as temperament, mean and always acts without thinking first. Hongling will do as whatever pleases her.

“It was nothing to do with him. We found the biscuit ourselves,” said Hongling, her slender eyebrows arched like cresent moons. “Hongling frowned. „You little bitch! What you need is a good f---” (Yan, 2012:14)

There‟s one of the evidences that she is a temperament and mean person. She easily lose her temper. If Yumo did not stop her, maybe her hand will slap Shujuan‟s face. Beside temperament, she is also being ignorant person.

Also when they come to the library and and find the fireplace to make themselves warm. It is a place where Father usually came whenever he can‟t sleep. But this time, he found they are huddling up and holding out a garish assortment of underware to dry in wartmth. It makes Father really angry to them, but Hongling also speaking in high tone that she didn‟t want to leave the fireplace.

„I‟m not going! Said Hongling. There‟s a fire in here. Why go back and freeze to death?‟ She turned her back on the clergyman and stretched her bare feet towards the fireplace. She wriggled her toes as if her feet were talking in sign language. If you don‟t get out of here this instant, I‟ll make sure you all leave the church immediately!‟ said Fabio. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

„And how will you make us do that?‟ asked Hongling, her big toe managing to be both mischievous and provocative. „You want us to leave? It is easy give us a big brazier.‟ „I asked you to put the fire out. Did you not understand?, Father Engelmann said, pointing at the fireplace. „I was just about to, said George. „You‟ve obviously added more wood!, said Father Engelmann. „But g=George can‟t bear to see a nice woman like me freeze,‟ said Hongling with a twinkle in her eye.‟ (Yan, 2012:30)

She doesn‟t even care even Father was very furious. She is being ignorant, all she thinks is that she doesn‟t get cold and freeze to death. She also teasing back Father and

Fabio without hesitation at all.

At that time, they were living happily but then the news spread out of the town said

that Japanese announce the war between china and Japan. Almost half of Nanking city is full of the Japanese. By the aftrenoon, a group of the schoolgirls from the St. Mary

Magdalene mission came to the church looking for shelter.

Actually yesterday afternoon, they had taken by Fabio , George and Ah Gu to the river where there‟s a ferry to Pukou. But they could not make it because there‟s a tremendous seriuosly wounded soldier and pushed them aside.

Father think that it is very dangerous for them to stay near the river. They decided to go back to the church which is neutral territory. Father Engelmaan promises them that they will return to the dock near the river and if there is a ferry they will make for the safety zone and take refugee there. At least they are being relieved for what Father said.

„Now it was dominated by the two flags- the stars and the stripes and a Red Cross One – that lay on the grass as a signal to aircraft that it was neutral territory. (Yan, 2012:3) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

All of the man, girls and woman are killed by the Japanese. Then they find a place which is a neutral area because it was an american church, and there is a Red Cross or known as International Committee of the Red Cross. Shortly the church should be help the victims of the war and Father Engelmann is very confident that the Japanese never break the rule. So, he thinks that the church is an good option place to go, at least stay for a night.

However, the plan has changed when the prostitutes and the soldier came. The situation become more dreadful. Their first impression to the prostitutes was bad. The prostitutes could bring misfortune to them. The appearance of the prostitutes give shock to them, even the schoolgirls. After the prostituttes came, the inhabitants are put in danger, they all are looking down to the prostitutes which is bring misfortune to them. They sees the prosittutte as a bad women, disgusted and not well mannered.

Some of the stereotypes attached to the prostitutes in the novel can be seen from how they are treated by the convent inhabitans. Those stereotypes are bad evil woman and invisible woman.

a. Bad Evil Women

The prostitutes are treated like diseases by the convent inhabitants. As Yumo said, even when they alive, they live less than human and die, less than demons. Also she said, all they want is at least a „good death‟. Good death means they prefer died in the church rather killed by the Japanese which is very rude.

“Fascinated by the drama, the girls climbed, one by one, down the ladder, walked through the workshop and went to huddle together in the doorway. By the time Shujuan arrived, there were another four women on top of the wall. Despite Father PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Engelmann‟s attempts to keep them out, the firat two had succeded in jumping down. By this time Ah Gu and George Chen had joined the fray. (Yan, 2012:4)

The convent inhabitants only can see from the window in the attic, and are fascinated

by the view arrival of the prostitutes. They had no idea what they are doing, climbing up the wall, huddling through the doorway. Even Father and two servants joined him to keep them out. However, the prostitutes ignores them and help other to come inside the church.

Deacon Fabio also joined them in a hurry, he shouted “Get out! We‟re not taking in refugee!” At one moment the prostitute amazed and starred to Fabio who is a foreigner and

he spoke in authentic Yanghzhou dialect. Father noticed the girls are chattering while looking the prostitutes. He ordered Ah Gu to take those girls away, they shouldn‟t see the

Women.

“there‟s no room to swing a cat in the safety zone, it‟s crammed!‟ chimed in a younger girl. I know someone in the US embassy, „shouted another, her words tumbling over each other. „He offered to hide us there, but last night he went back on his word. He just turned us away! All that fun we gave him – all for nothing!‟ „Fu---r!‟ said someone else casually. „when they come looking for pleasure, it‟s all „sweetheart this‟ and „sweetheart that‟, but then...... !‟ (Yan, 2012:5)

All of the schoolgirls are shocked by their language, because they never heard

anything like that. For the Women it is their daily language, but not for the schoolgirls educated in a christian school of the congregation. Some of the teachers are nuns and priests. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

At that time Fabio is lose his patience. He attacked them with bad words, called them

Animal. They are all an animal, they can‟t understand what we said, just give them big real punched.

“Fabio lost patience. „you‟re wasting your breath talking like this to them. There‟s only one sort of language they understand: george, start being proper Monkey King and give them a real beating! „Fabio was in despair. „That‟s enough!‟ he shouted. „we‟ve got every single whore from the Qin Huai brothels!‟ (Yan,2012:7)

Fabio was very angry. Beside they‟re running out of food and water supply, the coming of those women will give a bad influence to the girls. They are careless about other people. Even Father Engelmann can‟t stop their embracement to come inside the church which is a holy place.

“There was pandemonium in the courtyard as the women ran around in search of food, water and a place to relieve themselves. One told another to hold up an expensive looking bottle-green velvet cape in front of her, saying apologetically to the „foreign monks‟ that they had been on the run all night. She could not wait any longer, she said, and dissapeared behind the cape as if taking a curtain call (Yan, 2012:8)

The prostitutes ran over the church wildly, they are looking for food first or something that reliefs their hunger. Because of their bad attitude, Fabio called them

„Animals‟. He‟s so furious, but Father scolds Fabio to behave himself with decency. It is the first day for the prostitutes to stay in the church. The women stay in the cellar while the girls in the attic. After taking walk in the church, the prostitute found the attic which is warmer and more comfortable to stay than in the cellar. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

It is very clear that they make a big distance between the women and the inhabitants.

They treat differently between the girls and the women. Beside Father has the responsibility to those parent who are from the eschelon highes society and a long-standing members of his congregation. The parents of the girl called him to take care of their child untill they come to pick them up. Ftaher have in faith to keep the girls safe until their parent come to pick them up. For a while he keeps wondering what happens if he can‟t keep the promise.

He just don‟t know what to do with the prostitutes, save them only make the child in danger. So that‟s why He tried to separate between the two groups, the schoolgirl and the prostitutes.

Beside that, Prostitution is known as the world‟s oldest profession, it can be detected throughout the history. In the ancient societies especially in the United Nation and

European countries, they believed that prostitution was closely connected to the religion for example such as Egyptian and Babylonian. Further when the Christianity outspread through the European and many other countries in western. They firm stand against prostitution which is considered as an evil because Christianity put an underline that the sex relationship between two couples outside the holy marriage is forbidden and cursed.

According to the law, they don‟t get the punishment but from the religion side, it is a curse

(Cayne, 1978:669)

From the sentence above, it is possible for the Inhabitants include the schoolgirls,

Priest, Deacon even the servant and the cooker, first impression of the women is an evil, because their religion teach them that the prostitution is an evil curse. Unfortunately, the

Women of Qin Huai River choose to stay in the church which belong to Christians Church. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

b. Immoral women

Three of the prostitutes come outside the cellar, they are looking for the biscuit in the dining room. Apparently the schoolgirls are watch them behind the curtains and bravely

Shujuan as one of the girls protested George by giving „those women‟ their food. They don‟t want to share the food with the women like the prostitute, it is clearch show by their action toward the women.

They are slighlty afraid of them but they at least well educated and have parents not like the women who almost an orphan. Their status is more higher than the prostitute, means the women itself. Furthermore, they could be become the the prostitute if they are not from middle to high family. For Shujuan who is feel betrayed by her family, the women infornt of her is the best target for their furiousness towards her parents. The way Shujuan prounce the word of „those woman‟ slighlty are mocking the women.

“George, how could you give away our biscuits to those women?‟ prostested Shujuan, pronouncing the words „those women‟ as if they were a term of abuse. “Was I talking to you?‟ Shujuan said, raising a hand threateningly at her smiling adversary (Yan, 2012:13)

After that, they came back to the attic and also for the women they are going back to the cellar. Many of the prostitutes didn‟t go to school like the schoolgirls, all they know is serve the customer well and getting paid for what have they done to them.

They didn‟t get any education from the formal school like other students do. All they know is just teasing men, choosing their outfit, playing on makeup. They learn how to attract a man and make them satisfy with their service. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

People who work as prostitutes usally come from the low class society. It is possiblle for parents sold their daughter or son to the Brothel. Because their parent can provide their needs. So they schoolgirls easily treated them rudely even though they are much younger than the women.

Once when they have soup and bread, Cardamom protests and made no attempt at good manner while asking for the food. When the food was about to spilled out on the floor, the girls was just acting like no one was there. In fact there was a cardamom who was strunglling how to get the soup in the pot.

“There was only a little left in the bottom, a few overcooked strips of cabbage and scraps of noodle. Cardamom grew bolder and picked up the ladle. The handle was at right angels tot he spoon, so you had to lift the handle straight up as if drawing water from a well. (Yan, 2012:35)

When Shujuan and Xiayou take a peek to the cellar. They are very suprised because the cellar was decorated as well like in the Brothel. They even didn‟t ask Father or Fabio while for taking wine and some books from the library. They even mocked Father and

Fabio by telling them to read aloud the Bible story while they are not paying attention to it.

Shujuan and Xiayou felt disgusted for what they see, and they decided to go back to attic. They can‟t stand for their language and bad attitude towards others while the prostitutes thinks that is a common use for them. They are like to tease people roughly.

Not long after that, the prostitutes come to the dining room and look for their lunch.

As always they are searching everywhere, but they couldn‟t find one. Fabio can‟t stand no more with their habits, come upstairs without permission, make noise in the cellar even worse they come to the library where all the Holy books and Bible are placed. They even PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

holding out a garish assortment of underwear to dry in warmth. Father also thinks that they are like viruses, if they are not be careful to them, they will spread out the bad influences like virus.

“these woman are like virus, he thought. If you weren‟t careful, they spread everywhere. When he got the door, he saw Yumo, Nani, and Hongling huddled around the embers which glowed in the fireplace, holding out a garish assortment of underwear to dry in the warmth and giggling in low voices. Here! In this place full of sacred books and holy pictures! Father Engelmann‟s jaw muscles went into spams. Convinced that these women would pay attention when he rebuked them, he called fabio from his bedroom” (Yan, 2012:29)

Father who are very angry at them, how can they come and act like not knowing what is this place for. They are not feel threatened by Father, they even tease him back by asking the book from this library and brought them to the cellar and making fireplace there.

Also when the time they almost nothing to eat and they run out of the water, Fabio

sent Ah gu, one of the seravants looking for the pond th at Yumo told him the day before,

but the fact that Ah gu is not coming back makes they are terrified, the worst can happen.

He could be killed by the Japanaese, unfortunately the next day Fabio found his dead body near the pond. The prostitutes really put them in danger, if they are not stay in this church.

The food and the water could be enough for the schoolgirls, and Father, Fabio and the two

servants, at least till they make it tot he safety zone. The women use the water to clean up and even wash their clothes, they did not consider many things, they just do what they want. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Once when Fabio come to the Cellar and he shouted furiously „This is not the Qin

Huai Brothel”, the prostitutes quietly down for moment then one of them tease him back, by saying, „oh so you know what our brothel look like‟, it makes him reallyangry.

“Fabio shot Yumo a glances which said: I always knew your air of refinement was humbug.” “Now you‟ve shown what you‟re really made of.” (Yan, 2012:85)

Fabio thinks that she is a little different from other women, but it turned out they all the same, lack of attitude, disgracefully act like nothing happened. They are being happy with their own world without thinking others who tried hard to survive from this terrible situation.

Because their lack of manner and education, it draws the conclusion for the inhabitants to judge them as uneducated women. It is very different with the life of the schoolgirls which is very systematical and synchronize with the Christianity‟s values as their own faith. They will get up on time in the morning after that they are gather to pray in chapel and go to study till the afternoon and pray again and it happens continually.

So it why they put a walll between the women and the inhabitants. Moreover, the judgement of society to the Women who work in Brothel is against the values of their religion. Also the judgement of the society who treated the prositututes like „nobody‟. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Problematizing the stereotypes issue about the Women of Qin Huai River

Stereotyping affects people to act accordingly to the attribution of negative traits. As

Barker said, stereotyping is a process that points to the operation of power. As seen in the novel , the prostitutes have no power while the convent inhabitants have. Also Donio as quoted from Lipmann‟s book “Public Opinion” said that stereotypes leads to the negative assumptions and also helps people to generalize the group or social class in the society.

Stereotypes is not an essential iherent in the individuals bearing the stigma, but it is constructed in the society.

Back in time, women were generally classified as less worthy than men even objected as the slave. The Imperial China which is based on the partriachal social class system consider women should be faithfull to their husband. As said Niklas said that relationship between men adn women were controlled by various social mechanism, foremost to preserve the prevalent system of male continuation of the blood line. Women are just a tool for reproduction and fostering of children.

According to the sentence above, the perfect education is how to maintain the strenghthen of the body and mind. Every individual is enabled to control the behaviour, physically or mentally. Therefor, as human we are enabled to attain our characteristic and really owned it.

The fact that Prostitutes is the lowest class in ancient women chinese class bear the judgement that they are less than human. People can look down to them, because the prostitute are powerless. As barker stated that stereotyping is a operation of power. People PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

who have more power will automatically treats powerless people differently. They are like infectious diseases, like Father Engelman said.

“These women are like a virus, he thought. If you weren‟t careful, they spread everywhere” (Yan, 2012:29)

Most of all the prostitutes come from the poor conditions which force them to earn oney even from young age. It is a usual choice for the poor family who ended up sell their daughter to the brothel, so they earn money and fulfill their needs.

The inhabitants judge all of the women from the Brothel as Evil and invisible people.

They also have a negative connotation as well in the society. Because of the moral ideas, the women should have done a good job as wife and a mother to their family. In those time, middle to high social class women are doing their job inside the house, they can‟t overpowering their husband as the head of the household.

Moreover Women who are working outside the house is kind of rare and weird at that time. Even the against the religion, Prositution is a disease, there will be no rape if prostitutes is not provided the palce for human lust. In Christian they are cursed as an evil.

In the novel the first impression of the inhabitants towards the girls is bad, rebellious, and also lack of manner. We can see in the novel as well how they treat the women differently. Their action shows it all towards the women.

The convent inhabitants called them animal and disgust creatures. Actually, the prostitutes are refused to stay in the church by the convent inhabitants. However, they insists to stay till the next or two days before they‟re going to the safety zone. At that time PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Fabio is lose his patience. He attacked them with bad words, called them Animal. They are all an animal, they can‟t understand what we said, just give them big real punched.

Fabio was very angry. Beside they‟re running out of food and water supply, the coming of those women will give a bad influence to the girls. It is already disgusting to see for the schoolgirls. The schoolgirls are witness such a vile scene from the window. They thinks that the prostitute as their bad luck. The girls are in increasing danger, and their safety is further compromised when the prostitutes nearby brothel climb over the wall into the church seeking refugee. At that moment, the church was in chaos situation.

They are really hate the women who pretends nothing happened. They think that the women put them in danger and it happened. At first they hate each other, even saying harsh word towards others. Mean and rude are labeled to the prostitutes, Shujuan is one of the schoolgirls, she sneak to the cellar and see what are those people up to. She fascinated by the way they change the cellar into their home, brothel. They spend their time while drinking wine and some of them having ciggarettes. She shocked by the behaviour of the prostitutes. All they do is against the norm that she had in the school. Now she knows that they are deserve to judge as bad women.

The next morning while they are having breakfast, the prostitutes eats in the cellar while the convent inhabitants in the dining room. One of the prostitutes, Cardamom appears then asked them for food. But the girls are pretend not to see Cardamom. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

„We only got given two loaves. They‟re really dry,‟ Cardamom complained No one paid any attetion.... „She‟s got dry bread, and now she wants soup?‟ „Does she think she‟s a part of family?‟ (Yan, 2012:35)

From the sentence above, the girls clearly mock her and looked down to her. For a few moment they totally not recognize her, but then one of the girls implicitly said that at least, cardamom should be thankful because the girls are willing to share the food with the animal creature like them. „Let us fill our bellies, don‟t let those prostitutes take away our food.‟ everytime they pray that the prostitutes will not get any food from them.

At the end of the novel, the inhabitants slowly see another side of the women. The significant changes of the prostitutes attitudes reveal their true characteristic or qualifies a human, although they have been despised by the society. First when Shujuan find out how loving cardamom was. She even risked her life to bring the happines through her pipa.

People always said whores had no heart, but cardamom proved it wrong. She takes care of the wounded soldier, named Wang Pusheng. Even other women mocks her because she totally change into loving care mature women. She cleaned and changed the wounds. She played the song with her pipa just to make sure Wang can sleep peacefully.

Also when the Japanese found out the presence of the girls. Yumo as the leader take a step forward to replace the girls‟ position. They said they are evil, immoral women but at the end they shows people that they are wrong about them.

“For a moment Father Engelmann was stunned. Then he realised what Yumo had said and felt releif over him, then guilt at his relief (Yan, 2012:141) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The women take a chance to be good in their next life. At least they can save the girls who are more precious rather than them. They had enough of worst situation like this, at least they are familiar with the man, they know how to attract them. But if the girls, they could be die then.

“You think you can hide yourselves away and you‟ll be reborn as nice young schoolgirls, just like that? Face it, you were born to be whores, the scum of the earth! But if you do good deed now, maybe you‟ll have better karma in the next life.‟ (Yan, 2012:142)

From what Yumo said, Fabio was touched because he used to live in the harsh circumstances like them. It was common to hear them take the oppurtunity, but so long as they felt this was their karma, they would always, in the end, accept any injustice fatalistically. They are brave enough to accept their karma now and they hope the future they can be the good one.

Actually, they find it different with Yumo, because the first impression of Yumo was kind, elegant like high class woman. But it is all blurred because all they know the prostitutes is an bad evil people who are willing to sell sex pleasure to everyone who can paid for it. It is against the religion and also the law. So they all generalize the prostitutes as bad women.

The facts that the prostitutes are willing to replace the girls position is a touch momentum for the girls, Father and Deacon. As Yumo said, they believed in Karma which is if you do good things now, maybe you‟ll get the better life in the next life. The stereotypes of the prostitutes proved wrong as seen in the novel. The prostitutes make a wise decision to replace the schoolgirls. They take a chance to proof the society that they PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

are also human too same like others. They also proved their presences is a gift not a disease like the society said.

Man as a social being basically couldn‟t live alone, always need the help of others.

The stereotypes of people about prostitutes is not good, saying that prostitutes have no feelings, they are just selfish comfort women. Although there are types of prostitutes who only sell the art does not sell the body, but somehow people still look down on and despise the work of prostitutes. People assume their presence is an insult to society.

In this novel the stereotype of a prostitute is depicted on Women's figure which also reflects traditional Chinese values, including: Prostitutes is an evil bad and immoral person.

People with the title or nickname of a stereotype of a comforting lady are also an ordinary human being, who wants to treat others worthy. The stigma of bad and immoral only refers to a small portion of their behavior in the past life or in the present. We will know other people realistically when we associate with them rather than based on prejudices derived from nicknames or titles. There is always a good side of every human though its outward

Appearance is awful. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The characters that are analyzed here are the prostitutes, Yumo, Cardamom and

Hongling, also there are the convent inhabitants, Father Engelmann, Deacon Fabio

Adernato, Shujuan (The schoolgirls). The novel written by Geling Yan and translated in

English by Nicky Harman, 2012. The novel tells a story of two group people who are living together in the church during the invasion of Japan to the mainland of China.

The characters describe the characteristic of the prostitutes revealed through their actions, dialogue, speech and also the thoughts. The approach that the writer use is sociocultural studies that help to compare the real situation at that time.

There are two problems discussed in this thesis. The first problem is about the stereotypes issues of Women of Qin Huai Rivers(the prostitutes) which bad and invicible person. Father and Deacon treats them differently between the schoolgirls and the prostitutes. They are looked down because prostitutes like them are not considered to exists. Although there are types of prostitutes who only sell the art does not sell the body, but somehow people still look down on and despise the work of prostitutes. People assume their presence is an insult to society.The second problem formulation is problematizes the stereotype issues labeled on the prostitutes.

Those stereotypes are proved wrong. At the end they prove that the prostitutes are not

43 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

bad evil women and they show that their existence is worth not to looked down by the society. They choose to sacrifice themselves for what they believed in. They are act like a hero to save the girls from the cruelty of the Japanese soldiers.

The novel reveals that names of terms by which the prostitutes are called and those labels are constructed by the society through time. The stereotype is not always patent or sticks to one person or group. As Barker said that Stereotype is a simple representation that reduces person to a set of exaggerated, usually negative. And also stated that, the stereotype suggests that given an inherent category and universal characteristic and it represents all what a person is or can be.

Therefore, we will understand other people realistically when we want to know them better rather than based on prejudices derived from society‟s given labels. You, me, and they share the same portion for better judgment. Better no to judge other by their covers PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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