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University of Oklahoma Graduate College UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE POLICY NARRATIVES AND CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY MAKING OVER THE DISPUTED DIAOYU ISLANDS: TESTING SYSTEMS THEORY IN CHINA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By LU, TAO Norman, Oklahoma 2012 POLICY NARRATIVES AND CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY MAKING OVER THE DISPUTED DIAOYU ISLANDS: TESTING SYSTEMS THEORY IN CHINA A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY ______________________________ Dr. Aimee Franklin, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Ronald Keith Gaddie ______________________________ Dr. Gary Copeland ______________________________ Dr. Jonathan Monten _____________________________ Dr. Mark Frazier © Copyright by TAO LU 2012 All Rights Reserved. Dedicated to my parents, Aimee and Mengdan Acknowledgements I am very happy that I finally come to this stage when I can thank all those who have helped me in this process in a written format in my dissertation. This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and help of several individuals who in one way of another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this project. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Aimee Franklin, the chair of my dissertation committee. This project would not even have existed without her encouragement, guidance and support. I enjoy each of those intensive meetings I had with her, and it has always been a pleasesure to discuss about any research projects with Dr. Franklin, whose wisdom and charisma demonstrate the excitement of academic research. This dissertation also received guidance and support from Dr. Mark Frazier, Dr. Jonathan Monten, Dr. Keith Gaddie and Dr. Gary Copeland. Their advice and assistance greatly contributed to the completion of this dissertation. In addition, my colleague and friend Sondra Petty generously offered help in reviewing the rough draft of this dissertation. It would have been much more difficult without her help. Last but not least, I would like to thank my beloved Mengdan Bao. I cannot imagine those days dominated by intensive reading and typing without her prescence and support. All in all, I am so grateful that I am the lucky one who has all those encouragement, support and help from so many people. Your prescence has made this process enjoyable. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... ix Abstract ......................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 3 Small Islands, Big Influence ...................................................................................... 3 Why are Islands so Important? ................................................................................... 6 Policy Approach of Studying Islands Disputes .......................................................... 8 Domestic and Foreign Policy Narratives: How It Helps. ......................................... 10 Conclusion: Structure of this Dissertation ............................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUNDS: CHINESE HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, AND FOREIGN POLICY MAKING ................................................................................... 16 I. Memory of Humiliation: China Before 1949 .................................................... 16 II. History: Contemporary China’s Anti-Japanese Sentiments ................................ 28 III. Top- down: PRC Government and Chinese Foreign Policy Making ................. 32 The Chinese Political System ............................................................................... 32 Organizations in China’s Foreign Policy Making ............................................... 39 IV. Bottom up? : Intellectuals, Public Opinion Leaders and Foreign Policy Making in China .................................................................................................................... 42 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................... 47 I. Balance of Power and Assertive Policy over Disputed Islands ............................ 48 II. David Easton’s Analysis of Political Systems ..................................................... 51 III. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Making ....................................................... 59 Public Opinion and Foreign Policy in China: Fragmented Authoritarianism .... 65 Does Public Opinion Influence the Government or the Opposite? ...................... 71 Turning to the Bottom-Up approach: Models of Chinese foreign policy making. .............................................................................................................................. 76 IV. The Two-level Game and the “Black Box” ....................................................... 80 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 85 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ................................. 87 I. Research Questions ............................................................................................... 87 II. Definition of Key Concepts ................................................................................. 89 “Institutions” and “Regimes” .............................................................................. 89 v “Environment” ..................................................................................................... 90 “Policy Actors” .................................................................................................... 91 “Policy Inputs”..................................................................................................... 93 “Policy Outputs” and “Policy Preferences” ........................................................ 94 “Demands” ........................................................................................................... 96 “Feedback” .......................................................................................................... 97 III. Methodology: Narrative Analysis ...................................................................... 98 On Narrative Analysis .......................................................................................... 98 Data Collection................................................................................................... 103 Narrative Analysis in Chinese Language ........................................................... 110 An Example of Analysis: Hilary Clinton’s Speech on the South China Sea....... 112 IV. Threats of Validity ........................................................................................... 120 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 121 CHAPTER 5 DIAOYU ISLANDS – GOVERNMENT POLICY ACTIONS .......... 123 I. On the Diaoyu Islands ..................................................................................... 123 Three Eras in the History of the Dispute ............................................................ 125 II. Crises and Policy Actions of the Chinese government...................................... 129 1996: Japan demonstrated effective control, China reacts with low-level Protests ............................................................................................................................ 129 2004: China Demanded the Release with High-Level Protests and Japan Cooperated ......................................................................................................... 140 2010 Japan Arrested Chinese Fisherman and China’s “Countermeasure” Policy ............................................................................................................................ 143 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 148 CHAPTER 6 POLICY NARRATIVES ..................................................................... 150 I. 1996: Passive Government and Active Public .................................................... 151 Government Official Narratives - “In history, Okinawa does not include the Diaoyu.” ............................................................................................................. 151 Intellectuals: “Historical evidence” .................................................................. 157 POLs: Military Means ........................................................................................ 161 II. 2004: Increases in Assertive Foreign Policy ..................................................... 166 Government Narratives: “Chinese Territory.” .................................................. 167 Intellectuals: “Historical and Legal evidence was undeniable.” ...................... 170 POLs: Patriotism
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