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The Meaning of Christianity in the Film and Novel “The Flowers of War”

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Item Type Article

Authors Hwang, Youngmee

Publisher Nordic Forum of Sino- Western Studies

Download date 02/10/2021 14:04:09

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/170093 TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmand Novel TheFlowersofWar “ ”

YoungmeeHWANG

(Professor,Sookmyung WomenƳsUniversity,SouthKorea)

Abstract th :WhenthinkingoftheChristianspiritofMartinLutherƳspracticeofloveforoneƳsneighboraswefacethe５００ anniversaryof Martin LutherƳs Reformation,theauthorsoughttorevealthetheologicalideasofLutherin Chinese JinLingShiSanChai literature．Wedemonstratedthatthefilmandnovel, ,writtenbytheChinesewriterYanGeling, effectivelyreflectedtheconceptofsacrificeandloveemphasizedbyLuther．“Jinling”isanoldnameforthecityof TheFlowersof War Nanjing,ravagedbytheNanjing Massacrein１９３７duringtheSinoＧJapanesewar．Thefilm takes placeinthisverycityandatthattime,tellingthetragicstoryoftheschoolgirlsof WinchesterCathedral．Japanese soldiersdemandthatheturnthegirlsovertothem．Thestoryendswiththeprostitutessacrificingthemselvesforthe girls,disguisedasthem．Thenovelhasasimilarplot,withthedifferencebeingtheabsenceofthe mortician．LutherƳs ethic,thataChristianmustbeaChristtohisneighbor,isreflectedinthesacrificeoftheprostitutes．Depictedasdisguised schoolgirlswithgiltＧedgedbiblesintheirhands,theactionsoftheprostitutescanbeinterpretedasthepracticeofthe Christianideologyofsalvation．Theiractionsdepicttheimageofthescapegoat,symbolizingthesacrificeoftheChristfor oursins．Basedondocumentsofarealevent,Yan Gelingintentionallychangedthebackgroundfrom acollegetoa cathedraltoaddareligiousscheme．“The HeroesofNanking”effectivelyportraysthetheologyofLuther,revolving aroundtheideaofsalvation．Thispaperaimstoprovethatthewriterofthenovel,YanGeling,successfullyillustratesthe ideaofChristianity,andfurthermorethatthedirector,ZhangYimou,intentionallydiminishedreligiousschemestoappeal totheChinesemajority,mostofwhomarenonＧChristians．

KeyWords :TheFlowersofWar;YanGeling;ZhangYimou;theNanjing Massacre;MartinLuther

Author :PH．D．,Film Critic,ProfessorofSookmyung WomenƳsUniversity,South Korea,Mailaddress:＃１１４,Sunheon bd．CheongpaＧro４７Ｇgil１００ (CheongpaＧdong２ga),YongsanＧgu,SeoulKorea,１４０Ｇ７４２,Email:hym４３２２＠sm．ac．kr

．Introduction Ⅰ

th Aswefacethe５００ anniversaryoftheProtestantReformationofMartinLuther,thereisaneed 〔１〕 toexaminehow ChristianityisreflectedinChineseculture．OhSunbang statesthatChristianity th activelybegantobespreadin Chinafrom thelate１９ century,andinhisthesisthe worksof ChristianauthorsareanalyzedtoexaminethethoughtoftheChinesepeopleonChristianreligious

〔１〕 OhSunbang,TheChangesin２０thCenturyChineseNovelsandChristianity,(Seoul:SoongsilUniversityPress,２００５),５．

１３７国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２ life,Christianity,and Westerncivilization．Thisthesisalsoattemptedtoexaminethe meaningof 〔２〕 ChristianitythatappearsinChinesenovelsandfilms．RolandH Bainton assertedthatthecoreof theChristianprinciplesofMartinLutheristhataChristianmustbeaChristtohisneighbor． JinLingShiSanChai 金陵十三钗 TheFlowersof Therefore,theauthoraimstocomparethenovel ( War 严歌苓〔３〕 byYanGeling ,aChineseworkthateffectivelyencapsulatesthisideaofLutherandisawork 张艺谋金陵十三钗 TheFlowers thathasnotbeenexaminedmuchinKorea,withdirectorZhangYimouƳs film ofWar〔４〕 whichwasbasedonthenovel,todeterminethedifferencesinthemeaningofChristianityinthe novelandwhenmadeintoafilm．Thatis,theauthoraimstoexaminehow Christianethicswereexpressed throughthenovelofYanGelingandthefilmofZhangYimou,andtodiscoveritsmeaning．Theauthorwill examinethisinmoredetailinthenextchapter,buthereletusnotethattheseworksarebasedontheevents 金陵女子大学 thatoccurredatJinlingWomenƳsCollege duringtheNanjingMassacre．Despiteanabundanceof researchonYanGelinginChinaduetotheexcellenceofherliteraryworks,notmuchresearchhasbeen 〔５〕 conductedin Korea．Ataninternationalseminar,theauthor,HwangYoungmee presentedacomparative TheCriminalLuYanshi 陆犯焉识 Coming studyoftheoriginalnovel byYanGelingwiththefilmremake Home 归来 ComingHome (２０１４)byZhangYimou．Theoriginalnovelthat isbasedontakestheformofthe lifestoryofthemaincharacter,theintellectualLuYanshi,from１９２１to１９９０fromaperipheralfirstＧperson pointofviewofhisgranddaughter．ItdepictsthetragedyofanindividualandafamilycausedbytheCultural JinLing Revolution．Thenarrationmethodused,aperipheralfirstＧpersonnarrator,isthesameasthatusedin ShiSanChai TheFlowersofWar ( ),whichdepictsthetragedyoftheNanjingMassacre． JinLingShiSanChai TheFlowersof War YanGelingƳs ( )wascreatedbasedontherecordsof peoplewhoexperiencedtheNanjing Massacrefirsthand．Shebasedhernovelonfourrecords,John JohnRabe DerguteDeutschevonNanking〔６〕 RabeƳs , ,inwhichhewroteofhisexperienceprotecting ２５０thousandChineseasthechairoftheInternationalCounciloftheNanjingSafetyZoneduringthe TerrorinMinnieVautrinƳsNanjing〔７〕 Nanjing Massacre; byMinnieVautrin,theDeanofAcademic AffairsatJinling WomenƳsCollegewhoalsoworkedintheSafetyZone;theDiaryofZhengRuifang 程瑞芳〔８〕 TheRapeof Nanking ,anemployeeatthedormitoryofJinling WomenƳsCollege;and by 〔９〕 IrisChang ,whichwasbasedontheserecords． Adaptedfromdocumentsofarealevent,YanGelingintentionallychangedthebackgroundfrom acollegetoacathedraltoaddareligiousscheme．Beforewritingthisnovel,YanGelingwrotethe Sanctuary 避难 screenplayforthefilm (directorsHanSanping& ZhouLi,１９８８),whichchangedthe

〔２〕 Bainton,RolandH．,HereIStand,(Nashville,TN:AbingdonPress,１９７８),２３０．〔３〕 YanGeling,JinLingShiSanChai,TheFlowersofWar,ChinaPeople＇sPress,２００７,ShanxiNormalUniversityPress２０１１)．Translatedby 严歌苓金陵十三钗中国工人出版社陕西师 KimYikyung,KoreaneditionofJinLingShiSanChai,Seoul:WoongjinThinkBig,２０１２．( ,« », ,２００７, 范大学出版社２０１１．) 张艺谋〔４〕 ZhangYimou ,TheFlowersofWar,film,２０１１． AComparativeStudyofYanGelingƳsTheCriminalLuYanshi ComingHome 〔５〕 Hwang,Youngmee, andZhangYimouƳs ,(International ConferenceofChineseLanguageandLiteratureResearch& ChineseLanguageEducation２０１６(Macao),２０１６),１４２Ｇ１４５． JohnRabeDerguteDeutschevonNanking 〔６〕 Rabe,John, ,(München:DeutscheVerlagsＧAnstalt,inderVerlagsgruppeRandom HouseGmbH,１９９７)． TerrorinMinnieVautrinƳsNanjing 〔７〕 Vautrin,Minnie, (Champaign,IL:UniversityofIllinoisPress,２００７)．程瑞芳 ZhengRuifangƳsDiary 〔８〕 ZhengRuifang , ,Chinese NationalArchives,No．４,２００４ (１９３７? １９３８,Chinese National Archives,２００４)． TheRapeof Nanking 〔９〕 Chang,Iris, ,(New York,NY:BasicBooks,１９９７)．

１３８ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar” backgroundfortheeventsfromJinlingWomenƳsCollegetoacathedral,addingaChristianmeaning． JinLingShiSanChai TheFlowersof War Thenovel ( )waswrittenbasedonthisscreenplaywith 威 somechangesincharactersandevents．ThecathedralinthenovelistheWilsonGospelCathedral 尔逊教堂．ThisstudyaimstoanalyzetheChristian meaningofthisnovelandfilm throughthe JinLingShiSanChai ChristianidealsofMartinLuther．YanGelingfirstpublished asamediumＧ lengthnovelin２００７,andexpandedittoafullＧlengthnovelwhendirectorZhangYimouwantedto makethestoryintoafilm． However,inthefilm,directorZhang Yimouchangedthenameofthecathedralfromisthe 威尔逊教堂 WilsonGospelCathedral inthenovelto Winchester,portrayedthepriestEngelmannas dead,andchangedthemaincharactertoamorticianwhohadcomeforthepriestƳsfuneral．Thatis, ZhangYimouintentionallydiminishedthereligiousschemetoappealtotheChinesemajority,mostof whomarenonＧChristians． Theplotofthefilmisasfollows．“Jinling”anoldnameforthecityofNanjing,isravagedbythe TheFlowersof War NanjingMassacrein１９３７duringtheSinoＧJapanesewar．Thefilm takesplacein Nanjingatthistime,tellingthetragicstoryoftheschoolgirlsoftheWinchesterCathedral．Thefilm involvesJohn,amorticianforthepriest,FatherEngelmann,whobecomestheguardianoftheschool girls．Hefacesanobstaclewhentheprostitutesofanearbybrotheltakerefugeinthecathedral, whichwasdesignatedasaneutralgroundbythe Geneva Convention．To make matters worse, Japanesesoldiersdemandthatheturnthegirlsovertothem．Thestoryendswiththeprostitutes sacrificingthemselvesforthegirls,disguisedasthem．Thenovelhasasimilarplot,thoughlacking thecharacterofthemortician． Thisstudy aimsto approachthe differencesinthe novelandfilm throughthe Christian JinLingShi perspectiveofMartinLuther．Notonlyhastherebeenalmostnoresearchconductedon SanChai in Korea,thereisnoinＧdepthresearchonthisnovel,whichisbasedonvarioushistoric records．AcademicsinChinahaveresearchedthebasichistoricmaterialforthisnovelandfilmfrom variousperspectives,whichtheauthorreferredtointheprocessofthisanalysis．Theoriginaltextof theChinesereferencesisincludedasanendnote．Inthisstudy,inordertopreventconfusionbetween 金陵十三钗 Jin thenovelandfilm,whichhavethesamename, ,theauthorwillrefertothenovelas LingShiSan Chai TheFlowersof War (２００７,２０１１)andthefilm as (２０１１)．Inaddition,for ChinesenamesorChinesereferences,theauthorwillrefertotheminEnglishbutwillalsoinclude theoriginalChinesewherenecessaryfortheconvenienceofthereader． TheFlowersof War InKorea,thereisnoresearchonthenovelandonlytwostudiesofthefilm have 〔１０〕 beenpublished．YuKang Ha arguedthatthefilm,ratherthanemphasizingtheNanjing Massacreasa historyoftragedy,concludedinthecreationofaheroandtheprotectionofpureChina．Moon Hyoung 〔１１〕 Sun focusedonhow WinchesterCathedral,asanewhomethatrepresentsWesternmodernizationasseen throughtheeyesofShujuan,changesfromaverticalspacetoahorizontalspace．Toelaborate,thecathedral wasatfirstdividedverticallybyclass,withtheprostitutesstayingatthebasementandtheschoolgirlsliving

张艺谋〔１０〕 YuKangHa,“Tragichistoryleftasincompletehealing:ZhangYimou ( )ƳsTheFlowersofWar２０１１,”LiteraryCriticism ３６,２０１４:２１Ｇ４２．〔１１〕 MoonHyoungSun,“ThelandscapeofwarinpersonalmemoriesofNanking:Ananalysisofthe‘House’imagesfromTheFlowers ofWar,theChinesefilmdirectedbyZhangYimou．”VisualCulture２０,(TheKoreanAssociationforVisualCulture,２０１２):３９Ｇ６８．

１３９国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２ above．However,thisconceptisdestroyedwiththeselfＧsacrificeoftheprostitutes,bringingequalityandthus makingthecathedralhorizontalinthesenseofclassdivision．Sheconcludedthatintheend,onlythe “nostalgicperspective”ofagirlrecollectingasceneofhistoryasa memory wasleft．Otherthanthese 〔１２〕 studies,theresearchofKim Heongyueal focusesonneitherthenovelnorfilm,butontherecordsofthe eventsoftheNanjingMassacre．ResearchwithinＧdepthanalysisofthenoveloracomparisonofthenovelto Jin thefilmarenonexistentinKorea．Incontrast,researchpapersbyChineseacademicsofthefilmandnovel LingShiSanChai aretoonumeroustolist,about１００recorded．Thetopicsofresearcharequitevariedand includethetransformationprocessfromliteraturetofilm,analysisoftheactualrecordsoftheevent,andits Christianmeaning,butmostlyfocusedonthefilmthanonacomparisonofthenovelandrecords．王 RegardingthecharacteristicsoftheauthorYanGeling,themasterƳsthesisby WangLongbo 隆博〔１３〕 emphasizesthatYanexpressesemotionswellandatthesametimeincludesastrongfemale character,throughananalysisoftheeffectstheauthorƳspersonallifehadonherworksandthe 田姗姗〔１４〕 characteristicsofherliteraryworld．TianShanshanƳs masterƳsthesis statesthattheunique lifeexperiencesofYanGelingarereflectedinherworks,andanalyzesherperspectiveonwomen．杨青〔１５〕 Yang Qing emphasizedthevisualshock with whichthe womenin differentpositions; studentsandprostitutes,viewedeachother,andtheprocessbywhichdespitehavingcontradictory ideologiesinlifetheycometobejoinedtogetheramidstthecrueltiesofwar．吴卫华〔１６〕 Regardingthematerialofthenovel,Wu Weihua claimedongroundsoftheauthorƳs interviewsthatitwasbasedontheeventsthatappearintheVautrindiaries,butemphasizedthe Sanctuary similaritieswiththescreenplayof morethantheVautrindiaries．Itisarguedthatwhileit isnotlikelythatYanGelingreadtheVautrindiaries,shestatedininterviewsthatthenovelwas basedontheVautrindiariestoemphasizethefactthatitwasbasedonactualevents．Theauthorof thispaperrefutesthisclaim basedontheKoreantranslatorƳsnotethatwhileYanGeling maynot havereadtheactualVautrindiaries,shewouldhaveknownaboutthediariesfrom having metIris 施畅〔１７〕 Sanctuary ChangattheNanjingMassacrememorialrally．ShiChang doesnotmention ,but rather,basedonvariousrecordsofactualevents,examinesthechangeinbackgroundtoacathedral andthechangesthatweremadewhendirectorZhangYimouremadeYanGelingƳsnovel;itseems Sanctuary 施畅 Jin thattherelationshipwith wasomitted．However,ShiChangƳs studystatesthat

〔１２〕 Kim,Heongyueal,“SpecialProject:Thedevicesofmemoryandstorytelling,the Nanking Massacre,andthepolicyofmemory, focusingonthepassingdownofthememoriesofmassacreandmanagement,”DAEGUSAHAK１０６,２０１２:５７Ｇ８９．〔１３〕 WangLongbo,“Studyintothecharacterscreated by Yan Geling,”Shaanxi Normal University,Chinese Modernand 王隆博探究严歌苓创作的人性世界陕西师范大学中国现当代文学硕 ContemporaryLiterature,masterdegreedissertation,２０１０．( ． , , , 士论文２０１０)．〔１４〕 TianShanshan,The womenƳs worldinthe worksof Yan Geling,Shaanxi Normal University,Chinese Modern and 田姗姗严歌苓笔下的女性世界陕西师范大学中国现当代文学硕士论 ContemporaryLiterature,masterdegreedissertation,２０１５ ( , , , , 文２０１５)．〔１５〕 YangQing,“Film Criticism:TheformationofwomenƳsimageinJinLingShiSanChai,”Movieculture:WorkInsight２４, 杨青论电影金陵十三钗中女性形象的塑造电影文学作品透视年第期２０１３ ( , « » ,« », ,２０１３２４ ) 〔１６〕 Wu Weihua,“Jin LingShiSan Chai:Basedontruthanduglinessinvalues,”Contemporary Literary Criticism,Sichuan 吴卫华金陵十三钗史实依据与价值观刍议影视画外音当代文坛 WritersAssociation,Vol．６,２０１３:７６Ｇ７９ ( ,« »: , Ű ,２０１３．６)． JinLingShiSanChai JournalofSchoolofChineseLanguageand 〔１７〕 ShiChang,“Thesalvationlegendoftheprostitutesin ,” CultureNanjing NormalUniversity 施畅金陵十三钗中风尘女子的救世神话南京师范大学文学院学报６(２),２０１２:１４４．( ,« » , June ２０１２No．２)．

１４０ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar”

LingShiSanChai ismeaningfulinthatitdepictsastorysimilartotheeventdescribednotonlyin 程瑞芳杨兰〔１８〕 VautrinandRabeƳsdiaries,butalsointhediaryofZhengRuifang ．YangRan argued thatwhiletheprostitutesledthewayforordinarywomenintheSafetyZonehistorically,thechanges inthe noveland film whereby the prostitutes are sacrificedinstead ofschool girls was an acknowledgmentofdifferencesinclassandwasmaleＧcentric．However,asthissettingwasalready includedinthescreenplaybasedonactualevents,whichinturnwasinspiredbyanovelbyafemale author,YanGeling,theauthorbelievesthatitisdifficulttoassertthatitismaleＧcentric．王英丽〔１９〕 RegardingtheChristiananalysis,WangYingli interpretedtheconflictbetweenthe prostitutesandthestudentsastheconflictbetween whatissacredand profane,and madethe Christianinterpretationthatthesacrificebytheprostituteschangedtheirprofanestatusintoone 赵明〔２０〕 thatisholy．ZhaoMing analyzedthesacrificebytheprostitutesasnotanationalistsacrifice, thatis,notthatofaherosavingacountry,butasanactofChristianity．Inaddition,theauthorsaw theactionsofpriestEngelmannprotectingwoundedChinesesoldiersdespiteimposeddangersasa 张颐武〔２１〕 wayofpracticingsalvation．AninterestingnoteisthatZhang Yiwu madeaChristian 桂 interpretationofthenumber１３,thenumberofgirlsthattheJapanesesoldiersdemanded．GuiRen 人〔２２〕 interpretedthesacrificeoftheprostitutesinareligiousperspective． The Flowersof War Thisstudy approached from a Christian perspective based on the interpretationsofspecifictextsbythese Chinesescholarsandthestudiesof Martin Lutherby 〔２３〕 William Gilbert andRolandH．Bainton．

．ComparisonoftheNovelandFilmofTheFlowersofWar Ⅱ

１．TheliteraryworldofYanGeling 王隆博 ThereisextensiveresearchonYanGelinginChina．WangLongbo assertedasfollows: IntheworksofYanGeling,inadditiontomemoriesoftheCulturalRevolution,therearealsoalotof worksonwomenthemselves．Asafemalewriter,sheisabletomoreeasilyandmoresensitivelyobserve womenthemselvesdirectly．Whenshedescribeswomen,shepeersdeepinto womenƳsminds．Sheeasily graspsthemostimportantemotionalqualitiesofwomen．Sheeasilygraspsthegreatestmaternalqualities thatwomenhave．Asthismaternalqualityisflexibleyetstrong,itisabletomovepeople．YanGelingalso

〔１８〕 YangLan,“Thesufferingofequalityandtheinequalityof meansto Observe The Flowersof Warfrom the Female FilmLiterature 杨兰平等的受难和受难的不平等从女性视角看金陵十三 Perspective”, (theoreticaledition)４,２０１２:１９５Ｇ１９６．( , ——— « 钗影视文学文学界理论版 », ,[ ( )]４,２０１２)．〔１９〕 WangYingli,“JinLingShiSanChai:SpiritualShockandDepuration”MovieLiterature:PopularMovieCulturalCriticism２, 王英丽金陵十三钗荡涤心灵的震撼电影文学热片劲评年第期２０１３:７９Ｇ８０．( ,« »: ,“ ”, ,２０１３２ )． JinLingShiSanChai 獣性人性神性 Journalof 〔２０〕 ZhaoMing,“ :Animalnature ( ),humannature ( )andholynature ( ,” NorthChinaUniversityof WaterResourcesandElectricPower SocialScienceEdition．赵明金陵十三钗兽性人 : ２８(３),２０１２:６．( ,« »: 、性与神性华北水利水电学院学报社科版第卷第期 , ( ), ２８３ ,２０１２)． TheFlowersof War FilmArt 张颐武略解〔２１〕 ZhangYiwu,“Generalanalysisof ,” ２,ChinaFilm Association,２０１２:２９Ｇ３０．( ,“ 金陵十三钗电影批评中国电影协会 « »”« »２, ,２０１２)． JinLingShiSanChai 〔２２〕 GuiRen,“ :Memoriesofatypeofsalvation,”BishopsConferenceoftheCatholicChurchinChina, 桂人金陵十三钗一种救赎的记忆 ChineseCatholicPatrioticAssociation,CatholicChurchinChina１,２０１２:５０Ｇ５２．( ,« »: CatholicChurch InChina２０１２)． RenaissanceandReformation TheCounterReformation 〔２３〕 Gilbert,William, : ,(Lawrence,KS:Carrie,１９９８．)．

１４１国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２ focusesonthefatefultragedyofwomen．Shenotonlyfocuseshermosttruthfulanddeepemotionsonthis subject,butalsohascomplexandsolemnemotionsfromthetragedyofwomenthemselves．Whenshe describesawoman,sheaimswheneverpossibletoexpressthatwomanƳstruedesires．Thecharacteristicof thewomencharactersshecreatesisthattheyhaveacertainamountofindependentwillandideology,aswell asemotionaldesires．Thischangesthepassivepositionofwomenintraditionalpatternsandexpressesthe independentandactiveformofwomen．Andso,sheturnsthemenƳsroleintraditionalpatternsofalways 〔２４〕 playingtheroleofthesavioronitshead ．

Assuch,WangemphasizesthatYan GelingƳsliterary worldhassignificantemotionaldepth, JinLingShiSanChai whichalsoappearsindetailinherexpressions． (２００７,２０１１)alsoclearly expressesthesubtle mindgamesbetween women．Therearenot manyauthors whocanexpress jealousyorpsychologicaldistancebetweenwomenaswellasYanGeling,andasmentionedinthe assertionofWangabove,YanGelingƳsfemalecharactersseemquietontheoutsidebutshowstrength andinitiative．Wangassertedagainasfollows:

WhenYanGelingwritesanovelonanysubject,whenshedescribesanycharacter,itischaracteristicof hertodescribeindetailthepersonalityofthecharacter．Whenshenarrateseachstorysheuses,shealways 〔２５〕 understandsthehappinessandsadnessdeepwithinthepersonalityofthecharacter ．

Asshowninthepassageabove,YanGelingisskilledinexpressingemotion．Inaddition,shehas aspecialtalentforshapingherexperiencesintonovels．YanGelinghashadvariedexperiences,such asheruniqueexperiencesinChina,studyingabroadin America,havingdivorced,andhercurrent 田姗姗 marriagetoadiplomatandlifeinAfrica,andonthisTianShanshan assertedasfollows:

YanGelingfromearlyonhasstatedsheisaperson whohaswrittenher “experiences”into novels．YanGelingƳsuniquecourseoflifehasgivenheruniquelifeexperiencesanddeepemotion,as wellasprovidingalotofmaterialandinspirationforherwork．Herlifeexperienceswereveryrich． Theyaregrandlikehernovels．Fromanearlyage,shewasawomanwarrior,dancingactress,cable repairperson,military writer,and poorexchangestudent．Later on,she becameafamous new immigrantwomanwriter．Herlifeisverybumpy．Shewasborninthe６０softhelastcentury．Her fatherwasaplaywrightandhermotherwasastageactress．Whenshewasyoungsheexperiencedthe domesticmisfortuneofherparentsdivorcing．Whenshewas１２,shebecameanEntertainmentSoldier 文艺兵 ( )andvisited Tibetsixtimesand Yunnan Provincetwice．At２０,shebecamea wartime journalistandsawthecrueltyandbloodthirstinessofwarwithherowneyeswhenshefollowedthe 〔２６〕 armytothefrontlinesoftheVietnam War ．

Asshowninthepassageabove,theuniqueexperiencesof Yan Gelingarereflectedin her

〔２４〕 WangLongbo,op．cit,abstract． Ibid．〔２５〕〔２６〕 TianShanshan,op．cit,１．

１４２ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar” novels,sothattheysimultaneouslycontain Chinesecharacteristics whileexpressingaspectsofa globalworld．TianfollowsbycategorizingtheliteraryworldofYanGelingintothreestagesthatare analyzedasfollows．Tian (２０１５:２)assertedasfollows:

Stage１,worksthathavethesubjectofmilitarylifeorintellectualyouthswrittenbeforeher departurefrom Chinain１９８９． Stage２,worksthathavethesubjectofherimmigrantlifefrom１９８９(whenshewasanexchange student)to２００４ (whenshewenttoAfrica)andmemoriesoftheCulturalRevolution． Stage３,worksafter２００４．Inthisstage,manyofYanGelingƳsnovelshavebeenwrittenwiththe 〔２７〕 backgroundofmodernandChinesehistoryofthetime ．

JinLingShiSanChai Ofthethreestagesabove,whenconsideredfromtheperspectiveofwhen Sanctuary waswritten,itfallsunderStage３;however,asitwasbasedonthescreenplayof１９８８Ƴs ,it canbeseenashavingbeguninStage２．Asshown,YanGelingisskilledinexpressingthetragediesof modernChinesehistorythroughprivatehistories,andbyherdepictionofmeaningfulthemesthrough detailedpsychologicaldescription andexpression ofemotion,theauthorcansay her work has outstandingliteraryvalue．２．RelationshipbetweenEventRecordsandtheNovelJinLingShiSanChai 金陵十三钗 (２００７,２０１１) JinLing ShiSanChai TheFlowersof War Asstatedintheintroduction,Yan GelingƳs ( ) JohnRabe DerguteDeutschevonNanking TerrorinMinnieVautrinƳsNanjing references , (１９９７), ZhengRuifangƳsDiary TheRapeof Nanking (２００７), ,andIrisChangƳs (１９９７),whichisbasedon theserecords．As mentionedin theintroduction,when Yan Geling wrotethe screenplay for Sanctuary in１９８８,shetooktheactualeventsthatoccurredduringthe Nanjing Massacreatthe Jinling WomenƳsCollegeandplaceditinthebackgroundofacathedral．Shefurtherchangedthe storyintothatofthreeprostitutesturningthemselvesovertotheJapanesearmyinplaceofschool girlsofthecathedralinordertosavethem．ThischangeinbackgroundaddsaChristianmeaningand Sanctuary willbeexaminedinthenextchapter．Thestoryof isalittledifferent．Duringthetimeof 霍尔登刘彼得 theNanjingMassacre,theoldpriestHolden andtheyoungpriestPeterLiu protect thechoirschoolgirlsinthecathedral．However,threeprostitutesescapeintothecathedralby climbingoverabrokenwall,andafewChinesesoldiersevacuateintothecathedral．Japanesesoldiers whoseethewomenenterthecathedralalsofindoutthatChinesesoldiersarethere．Atfirst,they findtheChinesesoldiersandviciouslykillthem,thenharassthepriesttohandoverthewomen, statingthattheyknowthewomenarethere．Intheend,thethreeprostitutesaredraggedawayby theJapanesesoldiersintheplaceofthechoirschoolgirls．Althoughthenumberofprostitutesand thenameofthepriestaredifferentfrominthenovel,theoverallplotissimilar． Sanctuary TheFlowersof War Therelationshipofthescreenplaystoryof andthefilm ,as 吴卫华〔２８〕 analyzedbyChinesescholarWu Weihua canbesummarizedbythefollowingtable ．

〔２７〕 Ibid,２．〔２８〕 Wu Weihua,op．cit,７７．

１４３国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２

Sanctuary TheFlowersof War Comparison (１９８８) Film SimilaritiesandDifferences

SpatialBackground Cathedral(basementandattic) Cathedral(basementandattic) Same

American priest,prostitutes (１２ to １６ American priest,３ prostitutes (Yangprostitutes,including the prostitute leadersThemembersandcharacter 杨柳风胡酔华玉墨红菱豆 Liufeng ,HuZuihua ,and Yumo ,HongLing ,andDouKou qualitiesaresimilarbutthe Characters 小彩月蔲 XiaoCaiyue ),soldiers,schoolgirl ),soldiers (theleadsoldierinthenovelisnumber of characters 婷婷戴 leaderTingting MajorDai ,inthefilm MajorLi),schoolgirlisdifferent 书娟 leaderShujuan

Prostitutes save the school girls and Prostitutes save the school girls and Theme Itissimilar sacrificethemselves sacrificethemselves

qipao 旗袍 The qipao qipao Colorful ofthreecolors Fancyandbeautiful ofprostitutes Itissimilar oftheprostitutes 李教官 When Major Li carriedthefallen 胡酔华浦生 Hu Zuihua wasinhospitable andPusheng and first entered the mockedtheinjuredsoldier who wasintheundergroundstorageroomofthecathedralheItissimilar undergroundstorageroom． wasfaced withinhospitalityand mockeryby Relationships 玉墨 theprostitutes,includingYumo ． Smallevents 婷婷 ThescenewhereTingting fightswith Theprostitutesandtheschoolgirlsfight Itissimilar theprostitutes 杨柳风 YangLiufeng hidagrenadeinhisbag．Theprostituteshidbrokenglassintheirclothes．Itissimilar Itendswiththeprostitutesandtheschool ItisrevealedthattheJapanesesoldiers Ending girls each following the paths of theirItissimilar diedinacaraccident owndestinies Sanctuary TheFlowersof War Table１Similaritiesbetween and (Summaryofanalysisby Wu 吴卫华 Weihua )

吴卫华 Wu Weihua followedbyquotingYanGelinginaninterview,sayingthatthesourceof TerrorinMinnieVautrinƳsNanjing thenovelwas (２００７)．Vautrinappearsattheendofthenovel asacharacterwhoaidstheschoolgirlsinescaping．

TheoriginalnovelandfilmscreenplaywriterYanGelinghadspecialinterviewswithvariousmedia beforeandafterthefilmwasscreened．Sherepeatedlystatedthattheideafortheworkcamefromthediary oftheAmericanMinnieVautrin．“ƺƺIfoundaparagraphofrecordinthediaryofVautrinwhowasthe DeanofAcademicAffairsatJinling WomenƳsCollege ．AfterNanjingwasoccupied,allthewomenwere evacuatedfromJinlingWomenƳsCollege．TheJapanesetoldthemtosend１００women．Iftheydidnot,they wouldstationthearmyattheschool．Atthattime,２０prostitutesledtheway．Therefore,theschoolgirlsdid 〔２９〕 notsuffermisfortune．Thisistheseedofthestory ．” ShestatedininterviewsthattheeventsthatoccurredatJinlingWomenƳsCollegewerethebasis ofthenovelƳsstory．TothisWuaddedthefollowing．

〔２９〕 Ibid,７６．

１４４ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar”

JinLingShiSanChai Sanctuary Ofcourse,thestoryof isbasedontheoldfilm ．Whenthe Sanctuary JinLing ShiSan Chai storymovedfrom thefilm tothenovel ,tobeexpandedand TheFlowersof War recreatedas ,therewerenolargechangestothestorystructureorcore．Evenif therewererecordsintheVautrinƳsdiaryofprostitutessavingstudentsduringthetimeYanGeling Sanctuary 张纯如 wrote ,thisdiarycouldnothavebeenread．TheemigrantChinesewriterIrisChang foundthisdiaryintheYaleUniversityLibraryin１９９５．Beforethen,therehadnotbeenapersonwho 〔３０〕 hadreadthediaryin５０years ．

Accordingtothequotedpassageabove,itisnotlikelythatYanGelingwrotethescreenplayof evacuationin１９９８afterreadingtheVautrinƳsdiary．Wu (２０１３:７８)assertedasfollows:

JinLing ShiSan Chai Evenwhenthereisnohistoricalbasisfor ,why would Yan Geling emphasizerepeatedlythatthenovelandfilm haveahistoricalbasis,andthatitisrelatedtothe VautrinƳsdiary? Tobehonest,tosaythatithasahistoricalbasisnotonlycanhelpavoidthe suspicionofremakingold works;it makesafictionalstoryunabletobecriticized．Therefore,in culturemarketssuchasbooksandfilms,itisusedtodraw moreattentionandmakegreaterprofit． Thisisbecausethedepictionofahistoricaltimeandexpressionfollowsthepsychologicalexpectation 〔３１〕 oftheaudienceforauthenticity ．

Sanctuary Accordingto Wu,theVautrinƳsdiary wasknowninChinaafterthescreenplayof JinLingShiSanChai (１９９８)．HearguesthatYanGeling,whorewrotethemediumＧlengthnovel TheFlowersof War intoafullＧlengthnovelwhenshereceivedtheofferto makethefilm ,could Sanctuary avoidcriticism thatshe merelyrewrote ,andutilizetheauthenticityoftrueeventsby statingthatitwasrelatedtotheVautrinƳsdiary．However,theguessmadebythetranslatorofthe JinLingShiSanChai Koreanversionof ,Kim Yikyung(２０１２:３２４),ismorereasonableinclaiming thatthereasonYanGelingstatedthatitwasrelatedtotheVautrindairyisbecauseYan metIris ChangataNanjingMassacrememorialrallyanddiscussedthebook．Thiswasbeforethepublication TheRapeof Nanking of (１９９７)．TheauthorofthispaperalsothinksthatYanGeling,whoheard abouttheVautrinƳsdiaryathermeetingwithIrisChangbeforestartingworkonthescreenplayfor Sanctuary (１９９８),canrightlysaythatitisrelatedtothe VautrinƳsdiary,with WuƳsargument slightlylackingsupport．施畅 JinLingShiSan Relatedtothis,theChinesescholarShiChang didnotseethatthenovel Chai Sanctuary cameintoexistencethroughthescreenplayof ,butviewedthenovelasdirectwork fromrecordsofvariouseventsduringthetimeandassertedthefollowing．

Thenovelof YanincludedlargeＧscaleinsertionsandrevisionsthroughoutthestory．The complexSafetyZonewaschangedtoaCatholiccathedralthatwaslikeanisolatedisland．Ordinary women werechangedto Catholicschoolgirls．The mostimportant pointof noteisthatthe

〔３０〕 Ibid,７８． Ibid．〔３１〕

１４５国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２秦淮河 prostitutesofQinHuaihe trulysacrificedthemselvesinsteadoftheschoolgirlswhowerein trouble．Thewomenwhohadnotalreadysuffered misfortuneorwhohadnotyetbeenrapedwere changedintopure Catholicschoolgirls．Insucha way,the meaningoftheselfＧsacrificeofthe 〔３２〕 prostituteswasemphasized ．

Inadditiontothis,Shialsorevealedthat“lookingbackonthehistoricalsite,boththeDeanof AcademicAffairsattheJinling WomenƳsCollege,Vautrin,andtheheadoftheNanjingSafetyZone, 〔３３〕 Rabe,allrecord‘aneventwhereprostitutesledtheprocession’inDecember１９３７． ”

ItwasthedaybeforeChristmas．Iwascalledtotheofficeabout１０．Imetwiththeheadmilitary advisorforaJapanesedivision．Luckily,hebroughtonetranslatoralong．This wasthe Chinese translatorfortheJapaneseconsulate．Hedemandedthatwepickanddeliver１００prostitutesfromthe １０thousandrefugees．HesaidthatifalegallocationwasmadeforJapanesesoldiers,thathebelieved thesoldiers wouldnolongerharassinnocenthonest women．Whentheypromisednottoarrest honestwomen,weallowedthemtogoselectforthemselves．Duringthistime,theadvisorwasinmy officewithme．Afteralongtimehadpassed,theyhadfound２１women．TheJapanesethoughtthat whenthe women heardthisnewsthatthey would hide．Other women asked me,“Istherea possibilitythattheJapanesewouldpickanother７９womenamongthem?”Ianswered,“IfIcanstop th VautrinƳsdiary this,nosuchthing willhappen．”(December２４ ,quotedfrom ,Minnie Vautrin, 〔３４〕 translatedbySonYoungchunetal．,Beijing:OrientalPress,１９９８:２０９)

Inadditiontothis,ShiemphasizedthattheeventonwhichYanƳsstorywasbasedwasincluded asfollowsinRabeƳsdiary,anddemonstratestherelationshipbetweenthisrecordandthenovelby YanGeling．

Inaddition,manyyoungwomenwerechosenandtakenaway．Thisisbecausetheyaremaking th onelargeＧscalesoldierbrothel．(December２５ ,Rabe) Rightnow,theJapanesehaveonestrangeidea．Theywantedtomakeonesoldierbrothel．Minnie (Vautrin)wassurprisedandclenchingbothhandsandwatchingwhenenteringthelobbyfilledwith women．Minnie willneverleta womango．She wouldratherdie．However,whenoneadmirable officialthatweknow wellfromtheRedSwastikaSociety(wehadnoideathathewassuchasman) unexpectedlyshoutedafewtimesatthelobby,notasmallnumberofyoungwomenrefugees(wellＧ knownprostitutes)cameout．Theywerenotatallsadthattheyhadtogotoanewbrothel．Minnie hadnothingtosaytothis!!! th TheDiaryof Rabe (December２６ ,inJohnRabe, [M],translatedby Yoo Haenyungetal．, 〔３５〕 Nanjing:JiangsoPeopleƳsPress,２００６:２３１)

〔３２〕 ShiChang,Op．cit,１４５． Ibid．〔３３〕 Ibid．〔３４〕〔３５〕 Ibid,１４４Ｇ１４５．

１４６ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar”

施畅 ZhengRuifangƳs Besidesthisrecord,ShiChang revealedthefollowingsimilarrecordin Diary 程瑞芳 (１９３７－１９３８,Chinese National Archives,２００４)by Zheng Ruifang ,who wasan employeeofthedormitoryatJinling WomenƳsCollege．

TodaysomegovernmentadvisorbroughtsomeChinesetofindprostituteshere．Theysaidthatif theseprostitutesreceivecustomersoutside,soldiers wouldnotcomeoftentointernmentcamps． Therefore,theysaidthatdecentgirlswouldnotbeharmed．Thosewordsseemedtobecorrecttoo． Therearenotasmallnumberofprostituteshere．Sowetoldthemtofindthemforthemselves．Of th ZhengRuifangƳsDiary thosesomeChinesepeoplecouldidentifyprostitutes．(December２４ ,in , CollectionofhistoricalmaterialsontheNanjing Massacre JangHunmun, [M],translatedbyJang 〔３６〕 Wonwon,Nanjing:JiangsoPeopleƳsPress,２００５:２２)

施畅 Sanctuary TheresearchofShiChang omittedtherelationshipwith ,butismeaningfulasit ZhengRuifangƳsDiary provedtherelationshipwith ．杨兰 YangLan assertedthat:

Thelastconflictofthetragedywasthatwhen“honestwomen”weremetwithdisaster,“womenwithno shame”decidedtofacedisasterintheirstead,andtoprotect“honestwomen”agreatsacrificetookplace． Perhapsthedirectordoesnotrealizehowunfairachoiceitistomaketheprostitutesberapedandkilledinstead oftheschoolgirls．Thedirectorexpressesthisdilemmathroughthewordsofthe“priest”:“Arenotpeople originallyequal? Whatisthedifferencebetweenthesewomenandtheschoolgirls? Whymusttheychoose?” Butonceagainthefilmdirectorborrowsthewordsof“awomanwhoknowsnoshame”toinformusofthe followingreasonforthissacrifice．BecauseYumosaysthattheyareoriginallyinthisprofessionandsowhy cannottheymeetanyman? Iftheschoolgirlsaresent,howwilltheyliveafterwards? Whilethesewordswere spokenbyaprostitute,theprostituteismerelythemessengerandtherealnarratoristhemaleperspectiveof 〔３７〕 thedirector ．

From thequotedpassageabove,theanalysisisthatthistextissignificantly maleＧcentric． However,asanalyzedinthepreviouschapter,itisascenethatappearsinthenovelofYanGeling, whohasasignificantamountofwomenƳsawareness．FollowingisaquotebyfatherEngelmannfrom thetranslationbytheKoreantranslatorKim Yikyung．

Thewordsanddeedsthathewantstodoaretoocruel．Inordertosavesomelives,someother livesmustbesacrificed．Thereasonthatthoselivesaresacrificedisbecausetheyarenotpureand becausetheirlivesarenotmoreimportantthanchildren,theydonothavethevaluetobeprotected byhiscathedralandGod．Theyareforcedtomakethischoice．ByselectingandplacingthesecondＧ mostＧimportantlivesofthosewhoarenotsopureonthesacrificialaltar,theyareattemptingto preservethepurerlifewith morevaluetoprotect．Isthishowitgoes? Willhehavethisdecision

〔３６〕 Ibid,１４５．〔３７〕 YangRan,Op．cit,１９６．

１４７国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２

〔３８〕 overlifeanddeathinfrontofGodandmakeachoicebasedonsuperiorityinsteadofGod?

AsifhintedatthesethoughtsbythepriestEngelmann,Yumospeaksofthesacrificefirst．When 杨兰 lookingatthiscontent,theauthorbelievesthatYangLanƳs analysisofthisplotasmaleＧcentric isnotreasonable．３．Comparisonbetweenthenovelandfilm 严歌苓 JinLingShiSanChai 金陵十三钗 TheFlowersof War YanGelingƳs novel ( ,２００６, 张艺谋金陵十三钗 TheFlowersofWar ２０１１)anddirectorZhangYimouƳs filmremake (２０１１)have somedifferences．TherearemanystudiesbyChineseacademicsonthissubject．杨青 YangQing assertedasfollows:

Thebiggestimpressionthatthisfilm makesonpeopleisthevisualshockwithwhichthewomen inthedifferentpositionsofstudentsandprostitutesviewedeachotherandtheprocessbywhich, despitehavingcontradictoryideologiesinlife,theycametobejoinedtogetherduringthewar．Onone sideareschoolgirlswhoareaspureasangelsandontheothersideareprostituteswhohavefaced sufferingintherealworld．Wemustthinkabouttheconflictandmergingoftheimageofwomenon 〔３９〕 bothsideswhenwatchingthisfilm ．

Whenlookingatthepassagequotedabove,theauthorcan understand whytheconflicting imagesoftheschoolgirlsandprostitutes wereusedinthenovelandfilm．Althoughthereare differencesbetweenthefilmandthenovel,thethemespresentedabovearecommontothem．施畅 TheChineseacademicShiChang interpretsthetransformationprocessfromrecordsofthe 张艺谋 eventsduringthe Nanjing Massacretothefilm bythedirector Zhang Yimou asthe following．“[Itis]becauseelementsliketheexperienceandrecordsofforeignerssuchasVautrinand Rabe,thewritingofthenovelasanemigrantChinesebyYanGeling,deliveringaninternationalfilm bythe ChinesedirectorZhang Yimou,etc．,allcometogetherto makearicher,morecomplex 〔４０〕 story ,”andarguedforaprocessofpopularizationandlocalizationledbythewriter．

ZhangYimouattemptstoovercome“theconsensualgrudgeamongstnations”andnarratesasliceof Chinesehistoryforforeignviewersfromaninternationalperspective．Thisisatypeofcultureexportwhich sendsoutwardfrom within．Whenexaminingthepositionofthetestifier,“foreignerＧemigrantChineseＧ mainlandChinese,”thepositionbecomesmoreandmore“localized．”Asamethodofpropagation,through thetransformation processfrom “diaryＧnovelＧfilm”the propagation effect becomes more and more “popularized．”Thereisanotherthingtonote．How wasthesalvationlegendoftheprostitutesformed 〔４１〕 withinthedevelopmentfrom “historicalrecordＧliteraryimaginationＧmoveexpression ”?

Inthisstudy,Shi (２０１２:１４６)mentionsthetransformationprocessfrom eachcharacterand

JinLingShiSanChai 〔３８〕 YanGeling,Op．cit,．Kim Yikyung,Koreaneditionof ,(Seoul:WoongjinThinkBig,２０１２),３０３．〔３９〕 YangQing,Op．cit．,８３．〔４０〕 ShiChang,Op．cit．,１４４． Ibid．〔４１〕

１４８ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar” eventduringtheprocessofremakingitintoafilmandmakesthefollowinganalysis:

李教官 Unlikeinthenovel,inthefilmascenewasaddedwheretheunitledbyMajorLi fightswiththe 李教官 invaders．(ƺƺ)TheMajorLi thatappearsinthenoveldroppedhisweaponandsurrendered,andafter thatescapedfromdangerandranawayandlatersecretlyenteredthecathedralduringtheconfusion．Inthefilm, 王浦生 hesendshiswoundedandbarelyconsciousfellowsoldier WangPusheng tothecathedral,whilehe comesoutofthecathedraltofighttheJapanese ƺƺ Thiscanbesaidtobethenobleimaginationofthe 赵玉墨 director．(ƺ)Inthefilm,thescenewhereZhaoYumo dancesacharmingdancetolurethesoldierswas 〔４２〕 deleted．Instead,itshowsascenewheretheprostitutesincleanclothessinginawellＧconductedmanner ．

施畅 AsshownintheaboveＧquotedpassage,ShiChang explainsindetailthedifferencesbetweenthenovel andthefilm;inthisstudy,theauthoraimstofocusontheappearanceofthemorticianJohnMiller,whodoesnot appearintheoriginalnovel．WhenJohnfirstcomestothecathedralforthefuneralofthedeceasedpriest Engelmann,heisapatheticpersononlyinterestedinwomenandmoney,buthechangesdramaticallyinthe film．ThistransformationprocessinthefilmbeginswhenJohnwearsthepriestƳsclothesforfun．Theauthor considersthereasonforintroducingthemortician,whodoesnotappearinthenovel,asbeingthatdirector ZhangYimouwasworriedthatifapriestwasthemaincharacter,itwouldlosepopularityinChina,wherethere arenotmanyChristians．ThefactthatthegreatHollywoodstarChristianBalewassettoappear,reflectsthe 侯克明 willingnesstochangetheoriginalnoveltoaimmajorpopularity．Onthispoint,HouKeming assertedas follows:

Inthenovel,therearetwopriestsinthecathedral．ThereisoneoldpriestandoneyoungpriestƺƺIn thefilm,insteadoftwopriests,themorticianJohnplayedbyBaleappears—thatis,onefakepriest． Asafilm thatconstitutesalargeinvestment,thisfilm wasnotabletoviolatethingsthat everyonebelievestobewrong,andespeciallyinthelanguageenvironmentofantiＧcolonialinvasion theycanescapetroublewhennarratinghistorybyusingafakepriest,soitcanbecalledashrewd methodfornarrative．Inaddition,byusingafakepriesttoreplacearealpriest,thishadimportant 〔４３〕 meaningasthebirthofaheroimagethatappearedinthemundaneworldthatisJohn．

Inthepassagequotedabove,HouemphasizesthatthereplacementofthepriestbyJohn Miller changedthisstoryintooneofaHollywoodhero．Theauthoranalyzesthedifferencesthatoccurred whenthenovelwasmadeintoafilmasfollows．

〔４２〕 Ibid,１４６．〔４３〕 HouKeming,Op．cit．,１５．

１４９国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２

JinLingShiSanChai TheFlowersof War Comparison novel film SimilaritiesandDifferences

SpatialBackground Cathedral(basementandattic) Cathedral(basementandattic) Same

American priest,prostitutes (１２ to １６ American priest,prostitutes (１２ to １６ prostitutes,including the prostitute leadersprostitutes,including the prostitute leaders 玉墨红菱豆玉墨红菱豆 Characters Yumo ,HongLing ,andDouKou Yumo ,HongLing ,andDouKou Similar 蔲蔲 ),soldiers (theleadsoldierinthenovelis ),soldiers (theleadsoldierinthefilmis 戴书娟书娟 majorDai ),schoolgirlleaderShujuan MajorLi),schoolgirlleaderShujuan

Prostitutes save the school girls andProstitutes save the school girls and Theme Itisthesame sacrificethemselves sacrificethemselves

Qipao 旗袍 of qipao qipao Fancyandbeautiful ofprostitutes Fancyandbeautiful ofprostitutes Itissimilar theprostitutes

戴李 Thereisaromancebetween MajorDai Therearemanyactionscenes,MajorLi 玉墨教官 and Yumo ,Major Daihidesinthe goesouttofightoutsidethecathedralItisalittledifferent cathedralbutisdiscoveredandshot anddiesvaliantly

YiƳsfather only gives a pass permitto YiƳsfathertakesYiandtwoothersout John;afterhedies,thegirlssuccessfullyItisalittledifferent Relationships escapeusingthepass Smallevents Theprostituteshidscissorsintheirclothes． Theprostituteshidbrokenglassintheirclothes．Itissimilar

WiththeskillthatJohn Millergainedby cuttingthehairofdeadbodies,hechanges Theprostituteswearthechoirschoolgirlclothes Itisalittledifferent thehairoftheprostitutesandGeorgeinto thatofschoolgirls

Theprostitutesand Georgedressedasa Theprostitutesdisguised asschoolgirls womanaretakeninJapanesemilitarycars, aretakenbytheJapanesearmy,andthe Ending theschoolgirlsleavebyhidingundertheItisalittledifferent girlsaredressedasboysanddisguisedby wineboxintheluggagecompartmentof Vautrinasplaguepatientsandescape． John MillerƳstruck．

Table２Analysisofthedifferencesbetweenthenovelandfilm

．TheMeaningofChristianityinTheFlowersofWar Ⅲ

Inthischapter,theauthorreachesthecoreofthisstudy,whichistofindtheelementsof TheFlowersof War LutherƳsneighborlyloveandsalvationinthefilmandnovelof ．BeforeMartin Luther,onlythechurchwasallowedtoexpoundtheBibleandsalvationwasonlypossiblethrough edification,butafterhisinfluence,individualscouldencountertheBible,andsalvationcouldbe achievedthroughtheBibleandrighteousacts．William Gilbertassertedthat:

ItwasalsoaffirmedthattheCatholicchurchalonehadtherighttoexpoundtheBibleofficially． Thedecreeonjustificationassertedthenecessityforbothfaithandgood worksintheprocessof salvation．TheProtestantdoctrineofjustificationbyfaithalone,thebondageofthewill,manƳsutter

１５０ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar”

〔４４〕 depravityandhelplessness,andthedoctrineofpredestinationwererejected ．

Asstatedby Gilbertinthepassagequotedabove,theProtestantdoctrineallowedsalvation throughjustificationbyfaithaftertheReformationofLuther． RolandBainton(１９７８:２３０)wrote,“Thisisthewordwhichoughttobeplacardedastheepitome ofLutherƳsethic,thataChristianmustbeaChristtohisneighbor．”He(１９７８:３８３)emphasizedthe following．

Hissermonswerereadtothecongregations,hisliturgywassung,hiscatechism wasrehearsed bythefatherwiththehousehold,hisBiblecheeredthefaintheartedandconsoledthedying．

Ascanbedrawnfromthisquote,Lutherservedasarole modelforChristianitythroughhis The praisesandpoemsfilled withfaith．ThispaperattemptstoadapttheveryidealsofLutherin FlowersofWar． TheFlowersofWar Chinesescholarshavealreadyarguedthat showstheChristian ideologyofequality,andarecontinuingtheirresearchontheChristianfactorsinthenovelandfilm．

吴卫华 TheChinesescholarWu Weihua quotedasfollows:

Thismethodof“secondaryreplacement(replacingbadorlessgoodthingswithgoodthings)”to realizeselfＧsalvationshowsthetypicalConfuciantraditionofclassandanaristocrat/plebianconcept． Infact,thedisregardfortheclassofprostitutesdoesnotchangeonce．However,oneofthepillarsof The Christianteachingsandethicalideologyisthat “allpeopleareequalbeforeGod．”Therefore, Flowersof War haslostthepathtohumannatureandvalues,isdislocatedfromthehumanitythat lifeisallequal,andhasrathermovedtotheoppositeofhumanityandthedutyofhumankind．The moretheaudienceacknowledgesthelogicofthefilmƳsstory,the moretheyaretouchedbythe sacrificeoftheprostitutes,thegreaterthechanceofthemfallingintoafallacyofvalues．Asthereis adifferenceintheconflictofvalues with Westernculture,Westernaudience memberscouldnot 〔４５〕 acceptatallthesacrificeoftheprostitutesinplaceofthestudents ．

吴卫华 Whenlookingatthequotedpassageabove,WuWeihua assertsthatthistextalreadyhas thepremise of disregarding the prostitutes compared to the schoolgirls,and thereforeitis fundamentallydislocatedfrom Christianethicalideology．Thereissomevaliditytothiscriticism． However,inthe Bible (John８:７),Jesussaidtothepeoplethrowingstonesata woman who committedadultery,“Whoeveriswithoutsinamongyou,lethimbethefirsttocastastoneather,” andemphasizedthatallpeopleareequal．Thisauthorbelievesthat WuƳsargumentofdividing prostitutesandschoolgirlssothatprostitutesaresacrificedinplaceofthegirlsisclassthinkingthat ignoreshumanequality．Whileasceneoftheschoolgirlssacrificingthemselvesfortheprostitutes wasalsopossible,thereisthehistoricalfactofprostitutessacrificingthemselves,andtheauthor

RenaissanceandReformation TheCounterReformation 〔４４〕 Gilbert,William, : ,(Lawrence,KS:Carrie,１９９８)．〔４５〕 Wu Weihua,Op．cit．,７６．

１５１国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２ infersthattheprostitutesweresacrificedtoturnthestereotypethatprostitutesareprofaneonits headtofurtheremphasizeequality．孟書娟 Inaddition,the１３charactersinthenovel,theageofthemaincharacterMengShujuan (Shuinthefilm)being１３,the１３schoolgirlsleftinthecathedralattheend,andthe１３prostitutes JinLingShiSanChai 金陵十三釵 allcorrespondtothetitle (The１３BeautifulWomen)．However, 张颐 thefilm,unlikethenovel,changesthe１３womeninto１２womenand１man．TothisZhangYiwu 武 addedaChristianinterpretation,whichisassertedasfollows:

Miller,whoisplayedbyChristianBale,togetherwiththe１２schoolgirlsbecomethe１３thatgain 钗 ShiSanChai 红楼梦ADream achanceatsurvival．“１３ ” issimilartothe“１２Chai”whoappearin ofRed Mansions JinLing Chai ShiErChai ShiSan , １２．However,thedifferencebetween “ ”and “ Chai ”isthehiddensecretinthisfilm．Clearlythe１２womenintheendaredividedintothosetogoto th dieandthosewhocometoliveanew．The１３ memberiscomposedofGeorgeand Miller．Theman whofacesdeathisGeorgeandthemanwhoactuallylivesisMiller,sothatof１２womenand１man, 〔４６〕 oneofeachpartysharesthesamefate ．

Lookingatthequotedpassageabove,ZhangisaddingChristianinterpretationtonumbers．The １２womenand１ manaddinguptoanumberof１３peoplecanrefertothe morticianJohn Miller (ChristianBale),whotooktheroleofthepriest,succeedinginescapingwiththe１２schoolgirls．It canalsorefertoGeorgeChen(HuangTianyuan),wholookedafterthecathedral,disguisinghimself asawomanandbeingtakenawaywiththe１２prostitutesbytheJapanesearmy．Thetermsdeathand newlifemeanthatwhentheprostitutesweretakenawaybytheJapanesearmyinsteadoftheschool girls,thedemandoftheJapanesearmy wasforexactly１３ women．Inasituation withonly１２ prostitutesthereneededtobeonemorepersontobesacrificed,andinsteadofoneoftheschoolgirls Georgeisdisguisedasagirlandtaken．ZhangYiwuviewedJohnandGeorgeastheApostlePaul,and fromthistheauthorcanunderstandthatwheninterpretingthisfilm,Zhangstartedfromtheidea thatdeathandlifeareone．Thatis,itcanbeinterpretedtomeanresurrection,whichisthenewlife afterdeath．ThisistheChristianinterpretationofthefilm． Zhangalsoclaimedthat:

However,themostmovingaspectofthisfilmisthemeaningofsublimation．Therearemany thingsthataresublimatedhere．Thissublimationisthebasisofsalvationandnewlife．Forexample, thesublimationfrom morticiantopriestbyMillerhappenedbecausehewitnessedtheviolenceofthe Japanesearmy．ThesublimationofGeorgeappearsinhisbravedeath．ThesublimationofMengis whenhegivesthepasspermit,whichhereceivedwhenonlyattemptingtorescuehisowndaughter, toMiller,anditisreflected whenafterhisdeaththispasspermitsavedtheschoolgirls．Atfirst 玉墨 Millerharasses Yumo butcomestotrulylikeher,whichappearsasaform ofemotional sublimation．The most holy and majestic sublimation in thisfilm isthe sublimation ofthe prostitutes．TheyselectedtoselfＧsacrificethemselvesinsteadoftheschoolgirls．Throughavery

〔４６〕 ZhangYiwu,Op．cit．,２９Ｇ３０．

１５２ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar” solemnandholydisguisetheygainanewidentity．Thedisguisehereissimilartobaptism asa 〔４７〕 conversiontoChristianity ．

WhatZhangdescribesasaholydisguiseattheendofthepassagequotedabovereferstothe prostitutesƳdisguisingthemselvesintheformofschoolgirlstosacrificethemselvesintheplaceof theschoolgirls．Intheactualrecordsoftheevent,theprostitutesintheSafetyZonesurrendered themselvesbeforeanyoftheotherwomen．Intheopinionofthisauthor,contrastingtheschoolgirls andtheprostitutesintheoriginalnovelandinthefilm,givesthesublimationoftheprostitutesa greaterimpactthanthesublimationoftheschoolgirlsandfurtheremphasizestheChristianspirit．桂人 GuiRen wrotethat:

The１２womenescapedfromhardship,andfinallyrealizedholinessandeternallife． ƺƺ TheNew TestamentƳsSecondLettertotheCorinthians,writtenbytheApostlePaul,states, “Thereforefrom nowonwewillnotjudgesomeonebytheirlooks．Although werecognizedJesus throughlooks,fromnowonwewillnotidentifypeoplethatway．IfsomeoneiswithJesus,thatisa 〔４８〕 newlymademan．Asoldeventshavealreadypassed,allthingsarenew ．”

Gui,asshowninthepassagequotedabove,isoftheviewthatprejudicesshouldbethrownaway andpeopleshouldbeseenanew．Guialsoargued,inrelationtoGeorge,whobecameanadditional１to the１２women,that:

Although the Japanese army demanded thirteen school girls to go to the celebration performance,laterontherewereonlytwelveprostituteswhowentintheplaceoftheschoolgirls．In theend,GeorgeChen,whocleanedand managedthecathedral,disguisedhimselfasawomanand wentwiththem．FromthispeoplecanberemindedofthethirteendisciplesrecordedintheGospels． Jesusselectedthirteendisciples,buttherewasonetraitoramongthem．AfterJesusleftthehuman 〔４９〕 worldandenteredintoHeaven,anotherdisciplewasselected ．

IntheabovequotedpassageGuidoesnotspecifydirectlythatGeorgeisametaphorforPaul,but analyzedhimtocorrespondtothedisciplethatwasselectedafterJesusenteredintoHeaven．GuiRen 桂人 statedagainasfollows:

Ofcourse,themaincharacterinthefilm wasaprostitutelikeYumo．Thesewomen “gaveup theirbody”tothepassionsofmenfromearlyonforthisorthatreason．Thesepeople,duetotheir livesofpovertyandemptiness,wouldwant“salvation”and “redemption”morethananyone．They areliketheprostitutesandthepeoplelivingatthebottomofsocietythatappearintheBible．They

Ibid．〔４７〕〔４８〕 GuiRen,Op．cit．,５１． Ibid．〔４９〕

１５３国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２ trulymakethedecisiontosacrificethemselvesinsteadoftheschoolgirls,and whenfaced witha frightfulandunknownfuturetheymayhaverealizedtheir“salvation”and“redemption”throughthe 〔５０〕 “salvation”and“redemption”oftheschoolgirls ．

Guianalyzedtheprostituteswhobecamescapegoatsasachievingredemptionthroughsalvation．桂人 GuiRen alsoassertedasfollows:

IsJesusChristnotthemasterofHeavenwhosacrificedhimselfformankind? JesusChrist,who wasbornasaman,hasleftHismainbodyandchangedintoaweakbeingthatcanexperiencepain, havepityforman,knowsacrifice,andexperiencesadnesslikeany man．Through Hisdeathonthe crossHeunderstoodtohelplessnessandpainofmanindeath,willfullytookontheinjusticeofthe world,andshowedthetruthof“salvation”throughselfＧsacrifice．Withinsacrificingloveisthepower ofdeath．Takingpainforothers,andeventheirplacesofdeathclearlyis“salvation．”Accordingto therecordsoftheBible,beforeJesuswillfullywenttoHisdeath,HisdisciplePetersaid “itcannot be,”butJesusstoutlyrefused,“WhatyouunderstandisnotofthemasterofHeavenbutthatof 〔５１〕 man．”(RefertotheBookofMatthew１５:２１Ｇ２３) ．

JustasJesusresolutelyacceptedhisdeath,soGuisawtheselfＧsacrificeoftheprostitutestobe holy．GuiiscomparingtheprostituteswithJesusinthattheysacrificethemselvestosaveothers．赵明 ZhaoMing wrotein “TheFlowersofWar:Bestiality,Humanity,andDivinity”that:

ChristianityactuallyoccurredfromthelifestyleofChristianeventsandontheroadtosalvation． TheessenceofChristianityistheroadtosalvationthatopensthrough Christianevents．Father 英格曼 Engelmann ( )protectingthesepeopleisanexpressionofthespiritoftheBible．TheBible speaksofloveandsalvation．Christianityisareligionoflove．ThesalvationofGodhadspontaneity 无机性 andlimitlessness( )．Itisnaturallikethesunbrighteningthefourdirectionsbyitselfwithout externalforce．Thesalvation ofhumanityisreflectedinthe priest Engelmann protectingthe woundedChinesesoldiersƺFatherEngelmannsavingthefleshofthepersonwhileatthesametime 〔５２〕 hesaveshumanityisatahighlevelofmind ．

ZhaobelievedthatthepriestEngelmannprotectingthewoundedsoldierindifficulttimesshows thathehadachievedahighlevelofmind．Zhaoalsoclaimedthat:

Whenthethirteenprostitutesdisguisedthemselvesintheformofschoolgirlsandappearedlike angels,theyhadalreadytransformedfromlowly “prostitutes”tobrightangels．Atthispointthe 〔５３〕 authorhadalreadyraisedthentoGodwhosavespeoplefromsuffering ．

Ibid．〔５０〕 Ibid．〔５１〕 ,５２．〔５２〕 ZhaoMing,Op．cit,９８． Ibid．〔５３〕

１５４ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar”

Zhaocomparedtheschoolgirldisguiseofthe prostitutestoangelsand God．Zhaofurther assertedthat:

Whilethereasonsfortheprostitutestocomeoutintheendtobesacrificedhasnationalist reasons,itismoreaccuratetosaythatitismoreduetoreligiousinfluenceandreligiousspirit．Itis thefunctionofreligiontoachieveorderbetweenoneƳsinternallifeandtheenvironmentoneisfaced withƺTheprostitutescomingintothecathedraltocriticizealreadyimpliesachoicebetweensurvival andsalvation．WhentheyheardthebellsforthePOWsthathadbeenshot,theybecamequietanddid notquarrelorspeakloudlyƺTheymaynothaveknownitbuttheyhadreceivedamentalcalling．〔５４〕 Thisinfluenceandcallinggrew moreandmoreintheirunconscious ．

Zhaobelievedthatitwas moreaccuratetoseethesacrificeoftheprostitutesasareligious metaphorasopposedtomanystudiesthatsawthemasheroesofthenation．Zhaoalsowrites:

Whenthey weredisguisedintheform ofstudentsandholdinggiltＧedgedchoirbooks,these thirteenwomenalreadybecametheChristianimageofselfＧsacrificeandsavingothersƺThenumber １３hasaspecialmeaningwithin Westernreligion．Theauthorsolvedamajorissuewiththesacrifice 〔５５〕 ofthethirteenpeopleandraisedthemtotheheightofGod ．

Assuch,thesacrificebytheprostitutesfortheschoolgirlsfallsneatlyintheChristianspiritof LutherthatemphasizessacrificeforoneƳsneighbor．Zhaogoessofarastoelevatethemtothelevelof 王英丽 God．Meanwhile,WangYingli assertedasfollows:

Thefilmshowsastrongcontrastbetweenholinessanddirtiness．Themostholythingsandthe mostuncleananddirtythingsaremixedtogether．Ononehandarethe“dirty”prostituteswhocome froma brothel,and ontheotherhandaretheholycathedraland pureschoolgirls．Oneisa representativeofdebauchery andcorruption,andthe otherisarepresentative ofholinessand 〔５６〕 purity ．

王英丽 WangYingli analyzesthecharacteristicsofthetwogroupsofwomenintotheChristian codesofholinessandcorruptionandclaims:

Thesolemn and holy makeup transformed them totallyin body and mind．The makeup symbolizedbaptismandconversion．Notonlywastheirappearancechangedbutthevaluableheartof agirlthattheyhadnottouchedinalongtimeemerged．Whenthepermedhairstylewaschangedto thenaivestudenthairstyle,themodestyofagirlreturnedtothefaceoftheprostituteYumo．The 〔５７〕 prostituteshidtheir“body”withthe“studentuniform”ofthechoirschoolgirls ．

Ibid．〔５４〕 Ibid．〔５５〕〔５６〕 WangYingli,Op．cit,７９． Ibid．〔５７〕 ,８０．

１５５国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２

Wangcontinued:

Thechoiceofthe“lowly”womenwhenfacedwithsurvivalanddeathgivesusthecourageto thinkagainabout“humannature．”Thevastpowerofsalvationishiddenwithinmylowliestbodyƺ Theprostitutesthatwereignoredandnotsavedbythepeopleoftheworldfacedthevarioushurts andrejectionsthatthehumanworldinflictedontheminthatcathedralandultimatelysavedothers andsavedthemselves．Therefore,itshowedthebroadmindandstrongwillofwomen． Thethemerisinginthisfilm movedpeople．Thethemesofsalvationandrebirthbecamethe 〔５８〕 basisforthisrising ．

Wanganalyzedthefactthattheprostitutes wereforcedtowardsaplaceofdeath whilethe schoolgirlssurvivedtobethebasisbywhichthethemewasemphasized．Theyviewedthethemeto betheChristiancodeofsalvation． Kim,JooＧHanassertedthat“ToLuther,faithisnotjustifiedunlessitisformedfromlove．The coreofLutherƳspreachingisthattheactofgoodnessisthefruitofrighteousness,notacauseofora 〔５９〕 meansofdevelopingrighteousness ．”Theprostituteshadsacrificedtheirbodiesandlivestosave theschoolgirlsfor one cause;love and sympathy．Consequently,the act of goodness ofthe prostitutescanbeseenasafruitofrighteousnessintheperspectiveofLutherƳstheology． AccordingtoLenkerLuthe,remphasizedthefollowinginhissermons:

Wenowcometoconsidergoodworks．WereceiveChristnotonlyasagiftbyfaith,butalsoas anexampleoflovetowardourneighbor,whom wearetoserveasChristservesus．Faithbringsand givesChristto you with allhis possessions．Love gives youto your neighbor with allyour possessions．ThesetwothingsconstituteatrueandcompleteChristianlife;thenfollowsufferingand 〔６０〕 persecutionforsuchfaithandlove,andoutofthesegrowshopeinpatience ．

Asseenfromhisquotes,LutherhighlightedtheexerciseoflovetowardsoneƳsneighborsbefore allelse．AccordingtoLenker,“IfyoufindaworkinyoubywhichyoubenefitGodorhissaintsor 〔６１〕 yourselfandnotyourneighbor,knowthatsucha workisnotgood ．”Itseemsthatfrom his viewpoint,theloveandactofgoodnesstowardsneighborswerehigherofaprioritythenactsof faith． Furthermore,Lutherdrew nolinesbetweenactofgoodnessandsalvation．Lenkerwrotethat “ThishecanunderstandwhoconsiderswhatitmeansthatChristbearsoursin,andconquersdeath andhellanddoeseverythingforus,thatisnecessarytooursalvation．Hedoesnotexpectustodo

Ibid．〔５８〕〔５９〕 Kim,Joohan,“AStudyof MartinLutherƳsTheologyofPreaching———Focusingon HisEarlierSermons (１５１３－１５２２)”, Universityand Mission１７,(TheKoreanAssociationofUniversityandmission),５４．〔６０〕 Lenker,JohnNicholas．Ed．,& trans．Sermonsof Martin Luther:(TheChurchPostilsvol．１and２．BakerBooks:Grand Rapids,MI,１９９５),３７．〔６１〕 Ibid,４０．

１５６ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar” anythingforit,buttoexerciseittowardsourneighbor,toknowtherebywhetherwehavesuchfaith 〔６２〕 inChristornot ．”ThroughthetheologicalviewpointofLutherpresentedabove,thesacrificeof JinLingShiSanChai theprostitutesin wouldbeevaluatedatanevengreatervalue．Thecourage andfaithtoactoutsuchsacrificeliesintheChristiandoctrine．Yumo,theleaderamongthegroupof prostitutes,hadstudiedinaconventschoolfor６yearsasalittlegirl．Havingthisteachingsof Christianityengravedinherenabledhertosacrificeherselffortheschoolgirlsandpersuadesothers tohelpherprotectthem． Intheopinionofthisauthor,contrastingtheschoolgirlsandtheprostitutesintheoriginalnovel andinthefilm,givesthesublimationoftheprostitutesagreaterimpactthanthesublimationofthe schoolgirlsandfurtheremphasizestheChristianspirit．IntheBible(Johnchapter８:verse７),Jesus saidtothepeoplethrowingstonesatawoman whocommittedadultery,“Whoeveriswithoutsin amongyou,lethimbethefirsttocastastoneather,”andemphasizedthatallpeopleareequal．This authorbelievesthatdividingprostitutesandschoolgirlssothatprostitutesaresacrificedinplaceof thegirlsisclassthinkingthatignoreshumanequality．Instead,thisisanactofgoodwillthatarose fromlove．ThissacrificewascomparedbymanyChinesescholarstoChristiansalvationratherthana simplesacrificeortheresultofanationalisticspirittosavetheircountry．Someevengosofarasto comparethesacrificeoftheprostitutestoGodorJesus．

．Conclusion Ⅳ

WhenthinkingoftheChristianspiritofMartinLutherƳspracticeofloveforoneƳsneighboras th wefacethe５００ anniversaryof MartinLutherƳsReformation,wesoughttorevealthetheological JinLingShiSan ideasofLutherinChineseliterature．Wedemonstratedthatthefilmandnovel, Chai ,writtenbytheChinesewriterYanGeling,effectivelyreflectedtheconceptofsacrificeandlove The emphasizedby Luther．Aboveall,thesacrificeoftheprostitutes whobecamescapegoatsin FlowersofWar onceagainremindsusthatsalvationisnotfaroffbutispresentinthesacrificemade forothers．Luther(Lenker,１９９５:３７)assertedthatthereisnonameforthegoodworksthatweare todoforourneighbors．JustasthegoodworksChristdoesforushasnone．Hestressedthatouract JinLingShiSanChai oflovetowardsneighborsshouldequatethatofChristforus．Inthissense, is aremarkableexampleofLutherƳsideology．Historicalartifactsindeedrevealthattheprostitutesof theperiodsacrificedthemselvestosaveotherwomenfromJapaneseforces． TherecordsofvariouseventsthatareusedinthisthesisarereflectedinYanGelingƳsscreenplay Sanctuary Jin Ling Shi San Chai and the novel based on it, ．The author examined the TheFlowersof War transformationprocessofthenovelintothefilm ,as wellasitsChristian meaning．Theauthor Yan Gelingexpertlydescribesdetailedpsychologicalstatesandtheunique modernhistoricalpainoftheChinesepeople．YanGelingrestructuredthematerialrecordedinthe VautrinƳsdiary and othersourcesfrom a Christian perspective．Therecordsshow eventsthat occurredintheSafetyZoneorJinling WomenƳsCollege,butfromthetimeshestartedwritingthe Sanctuary screenplayfor ,thebackgroundwaschangedtoacathedral．Inaddition,theeventswere

〔６２〕 Ibid,４７．

１５７国学与西学国际学刊第期年月１５ ,２０１８１２ changedfromthestatementintherecordswhereprostitutessteppedupbeforeotherswhenwomen weretakenbyJapanesesoldiers,toprostituteswillinglygoingtotheirdeathsinthespiritofsacrifice tosavetheschoolgirlsoftheCatholicschool．This wascomparedby many Chinesescholarsto Christiansalvationratherthanasimplesacrificeortheresultofanationalisticspirittosavetheir country．SomeevengosofarastocomparethesacrificeoftheprostitutestoGodorJesus． ThispapercomparesandorganizesvariousChineseworksthatview Yan GelingƳsnoveland film,whichdepictsvarioushistoricalcharactersandmaterialsoftheNanjingMassacreinaChristian background．AdistinctionfromexistingpapersistheapplicationofLutherƳstheologicalperspective, whichemphasizessacrificeforoneƳsneighbors,ininterpretingtheselfＧsacrificeoftheprostitutesasa fruitofrighteousnessarisingfrom love．Whatstillliesto bestudiedisthecomparisoninthe reflectionofChristianityinotherYanGelingƳsnovelsandZhangYimouƳsfilms．

１５８ TheMeaningofChristianityintheFilmandNovel“TheFlowersofWar”

中文题目: 电影及小说«金陵十三钗»的基督教意义

黄荣美电影评论家文学博士淑明女子大学校基础教养学部教授住所特别市龙山区靑坡洞二街 , , , ; :Seoul ４７gil 淑明女子大学校纯献馆韩国电子邮便１００, ＃１１４, ,１４０Ｇ７４２; :hym４３２２＠sm．ac．kr

提要:在马丁路德改革周年之际当想起他对爱我们的邻居之基督教义的实践作者试图揭示中国文学里的基 Ű ５００ , , 督教理论思想向大家证明中国作家严歌苓创作的电影和小说金陵十三钗实际上反映了路德强调的牺牲和爱的 , « » 观念 . 金陵是南京的旧称作品围绕血雨腥风的年南京大屠杀当时金陵地区的温彻斯特大教堂修女院学 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ . １９３７ ‘ ’ , 校的少女们的悲剧事件展开了叙述电影讲述了来收敛教堂神父遗体却不得已成为了少女们的保护者的入殓师约翰 . 克里斯蒂安贝尔与来依照日内瓦公约宣布中立的教堂避难的妓女们和少女们不期而遇为了不让女学生们遭到 ( Ű ) . 残忍的日本军的迫害妓女们装扮成少女的模样替她们牺牲的故事而在小说里没有出现入殓师小说讲述的是在神 , . . 父和女学生和妓女们经历这场灾难中妓女们通过戏剧性的牺牲挽救了女学生们的性命 , . 路德的道德原理是一个基督徒必须对自己周围的人履行基督教徒的义务这通过妓女们的牺牲反映出来了照这 , . 个原理妓女们为救女学生性命扮成学生模样手拿烫金皮面经书的模样可以被看作位女人对牺牲自我来救赎他 , , 、１３人的基督教精神的实现她们是替罪羊是救赎形象的象征也可以被看作是替我们受罪牺牲的耶稣形象的象征原 . , , . 本的事件中的大学被替换成了教堂增加了基督教色彩被小说化的严歌苓作品金陵十三钗正是如此反映路德神学 , . « » 观的救赎核心的一部作品这篇论文对西方环境中成长的原小说作者严歌苓的基督教意识在这部作品中的反映进行 . 了发现和研究本研究认为张艺谋导演让英格曼神父死去把原作中的英格曼神父换成了入殓师是张艺谋导演根据基 , , 督教教义的接受在中国难以大众化的情况作出判断的结果 .

关键词:金陵十三钗严歌苓张艺谋南京大屠杀马丁路德 ; ; ; ; Ű

１５９