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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00670-6 - The Resurgence of the Radical Right in France: From Boulangisme to the Front National Gabriel Goodliffe Index More information

Index

Action Française (AF), 20, 34–5, antiparliamentarism, 36, 169, 192, 78, 193 273–7. See also extraparliamentary Action libérale populaire, 121, 130, 144 movements Action sociale catholique, 122 antipositivism, 32 Agache-Willot, 239 antirationalism, 32 Aglietta, Michel, 243 antirepublicanism, 31, 192 Agrarian League (Germany), 318 anti-Semitism, 33, 318. See also Jews agrarisme, 77, 78–9, 198 antisocialism, 318 agricultural workers, 314, 317 Arabs, 44. See also immigrants agriculture, 79, 81–2, 86, 93, 175, 203, archaeoliberalism, 110, 132, 142, 145, 215–16, 320 164–5, 183, 190, 199, 321 Britain, 314 aristocracy, 34, 316 Germany, 317, 320 Britain, 314, 316, 318 Italy, 317, 320 Germany, 317–18, 320 Agulhon, Maurice, 118 Italy, 317–18, 320 Aide personnalisée à Armand, Louis, 240 l’autonomie, 271 artisan ﬁscal. See artisans, juridical status Air France, 213 Artisanal Service, 348 Albert, Michel, 84 artisanat. See artisans Algeria, 224 artisans alienation, 97–8, 306 apprenticeship, 71, 93, 240, 254 Allemanism, 130 Britain, 314–15 Allende, Salvador, 272–3 and dirigisme, 221, 228 Alliance démocratique, 121, 127, 132, divisions among, 180, 247 143–4, 145, 151, 155, 163, 165, and economic concentration, 65, 68 177, 178 under Fifth Republic, 240, 242, 247, Alsace-Lorraine, 33 253, 254, 256, 263 anarchism, 130 under Fourth Republic, 221, 228, 233–4 Ancien Régime, 32, 34, 205 juridical status, 57, 80, 82, 143, 152, Andolfatto, Dominique, 302 177, 240, 242 anticapitalism, 44 in labor force, 62, 64–5, 67–9 anti-Dreyfusards, 19, 35 métier, 93, 101 anti-immigrant sentiments, 331 protection of, 80, 253, 256 antiliberalism, 33, 44, 312, 316 sectoral organizations, 207, 233–4, antimaterialism, 32, 37 247–8 antimodernism, 32, 312, 316 taxation, 80, 143, 231, 242, 256

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00670-6 - The Resurgence of the Radical Right in France: From Boulangisme to the Front National Gabriel Goodliffe Index More information

338 Index

artisans (cont.) Bazar de l’Hôtel de Ville, 126 under Third Republic, 62, 119, 143, Belle Époque, 44, 111, 112, 152, 180 117–37, 142 under Vichy, 195–6, 207 Bérégovoy, Pierre, 166 Assemblée des présidents des chambres de Berger, Suzanne, 75–6, 83, 84, 257 métiers de France (APCMF), 207, Bergery, Gaston, 160, 171, 172 244, 247, 258 Berl, Emmanuel, 146 Association de défense des classes Berry, Georges, 128 moyennes, 123, 189 Berstein, Serge, 139, 172 Association des Présidents des Chambres Berth, Édouard, 30 de Commerce et de l’Industrie Bichelonne, Jean, 200, 202 (APCCI), 247 big business Association permanente des chambres de and austerity, 151–2, 153 métiers, 258 Britain, 316, 318–19 Aubry Law (2000), 270, 288, 299, 328 and capitalism, 125, 144, 155, 156–8, Auroux Laws (1982), 264, 265, 268, 299 160, 199, 212, 217, 230, 237, austerity, 151, 166, 218, 221, 241, 256–7, 272, 306 260–1, 266. See also deflation and CGT, 143, 187, 248 “authoritarian personality,” 4 and democracy, 316, 318–19 authoritarianism, 50, 102–3, 189, 194–5, and devaluation, 149–50, 154, 155 278–9, 320 and dirigisme, 213, 216, 217 Germany, 316, 319 and economic liberalism, 162–3, 269 Italy, 316, 319 and economic planning, 162–3, 183, autocracy. See authoritarianism 217, 228–30, 239, 245 automation, 297 and étatisme, 132, 157, 159 Aymard, Édouard, 117 under Fifth Republic, 198, 199–200, 239–40, 242–3, 245–6, 249–50, 259, Badinter, Robert, 44 260, 265, 269 Bailly, Jean, 253 under Fourth Republic, 198, 199–200, balance of payments, 148–50, 153, 154, 217, 226, 228–32, 234–5 170, 172, 173, 175–7, 180, 218, Germany, 317, 318–19 240–1, 260, 261, 265–6, 328 and inflation, 149–50, 218 Balladur, Édouard, 271 Italy, 317, 318–19 Bank of France, 49, 72–4, 82, 149, 153, management, 229–30 154, 173, 184, 214, 286 and Matignon Accords, 186–7 bankruptcy laws, 231, 256 and modernization, 157, 159, 162–3, banks. See financial system 199, 239–40 banlieues, 305–6, 331 paternalism, 131–2 Banque de France. See Bank of France political influence, 125–9, 132, 143, banques populaires, 82 245, 278 Barre, Raymond, 260 and Popular Front, 186–7 Barre Plan (1976), 252, 260–2 and protectionism, 136, 173 Barrès, Maurice, 29, 31, 33, 35, 40–1, 49 and Redressement français, 158–9 Bataille, Georges, 280 relations with industrial Battle of the Marne (1914), 166 workers, 130–3, 143, 156, 188 Battle of Valmy (1792), 32 relations with petits Battle of Verdun (1916), 166 indépendants, 122–4, 125–32 Baumgartner, Wilfrid, 166, 175 relations with small business, 132, Bayrou, François, 330 230–2

Index 339

relations with state budget deﬁcits, 144, 148–9, 153, 154, administration, 204–5, 228, 278 167–70, 175–7, 265, 269 sectoral organizations, 125, 143–4 Bundestag, 318 and social reform, 130–3, 135–6, bureaux de placement, 130 186–7, 231–2 support for Alliance démocratique, 132, cadres, 20, 208, 233, 271, 326, 329 143–4, 176 under Fifth Republic, 198, 199–200, support for Modérés, 125–6 244, 250, 258–9 support for Radical Party, 126–9, under Fourth Republic, 198, 199–200, 147, 172 211, 217, 226, 233 and tax policy, 128–9, 136 sectoral organizations, 189, 233, 278 taxation, 59, 80, 128, 144, 152, 223, support for CNI(P), 225, 226 231, 242 support for Front National, 24–5 technocratic outlook, 203, 204–5, support for RGR, 224, 226 229–31, 245–7 support for Socialist Party, 250, 290 under Third Republic, 120, 122–4, support for UNR/UDR, 244, 250 125–32, 136, 147, 149–57, under Third Republic, 167, 179–80, 162–3, 167, 172, 176, 178–80, 189–90, 191, 278 186–7, 191 under Vichy, 206, 208 under Vichy, 203, 204–5, 206–7 cæsarism, 36 Bihr, Alain, 45, 47, 110, 287, 309 Cagoule Affair (1938), 192 Birnbaum, Pierre, 246, 250, 255 Cahen, Lucienne, 61 Bismarck, Otto von, 317–18 Caillaux, Joseph, 119, 127, 134, 152, 153 Bloc du petit commerce, 192 Caisse centrale du crédit hotelier, Bloc national (1919–24), 140, 143–4, 148, commercial et industriel, 82 151–2 Camelots du Roi, 20 Bloc républicain (1899–1902), 121 Cameron, Rondo, 74 blue-collar workers. See industrial workers camions bazars, 82 Bokanowski, Maurice, 151 Camus, Albert, 19 Bolshevism, 187 capital, 72–4, 76–7, 85, 89, 105, 123, Bon Marché, 128 158, 170, 172, 178, 190, 214, 215, Bonapartism, 2, 52 250, 264, 267–8, 269, 275, 286–8, Bonnet, Georges, 138, 166 297, 314 Boris, Georges, 160, 171, 172 capital stock, 82, 190, 203–4, 215, Boulanger, Georges, 19, 20, 51 216, 219 Boulangisme, 20, 27, 30, 33, 128, capitalism, 56, 57, 69, 74–6, 88, 104, 120, 275. See also Boulanger, Georges 133, 155, 181–2, 188, 190, 200, 209, Bourdieu, Pierre, 95, 113 216, 230, 255, 287, 291, 314–15, Bourgeois, León, 133, 134 321, 334–5 bourgeoisie, 121, 185, 317–18 advanced, 6, 8–10, 27–8, 45, 51, 56, 57, Boutheville, Roger, 203 99–100, 103, 103–4, 212, 288, 301, Bouthillier, Yves, 191, 202, 208 311, 321, 325–7 Boyer, Robert, 243 and crisis, 43, 47, 53, 113–14, 278, 301, Branger, Jacques, 181 309, 323–7 Brasillach, Robert, 41 ﬁnance, 37, 43, 44, 49, 267, 268, Braudel, Fernand, 56 269, 286 Briand, Aristide, 151 preindustrial, 46, 48, 89–90, 118, 205, Brüning, Heinrich, 164 235, 277, 313, 317 Bucard, Marcel, 21 Caron, François, 80

340 Index

Cartel des gauches (1924–6), 148, 152–4, Clémentel, Étienne, 139–40, 143, 152, 156 159, 165, 172 clientelism, 210, 227 cartels, 139–40, 142, 144–5, 157, 172, cohabitation, 24 174, 176, 178 Cohen, Stephen, 228 Catholic Church, 34, 36, 103 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 131 Catholicism, 103, 193, 205 collective bargaining, 141, 183, 190, 248, Cayrol, Robert, 203 267, 328 Centre national des indépendants collectivism, 119–20, 129 (CNI), 224, 250, 259, 278 Colrat, Maurice, 122 Centre national des indépendants et Combes, Émile, 134 paysans (CNIP), 226, 254 Comité central des chambres Cercles ouvriers, 122 syndicales, 128 Cerny, Philip, 260 Comité de l’alimentation parisienne, 135 Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 252–4, 259 Comité de prévoyance et d’action chain stores, 60, 242 sociale, 189 Chamber of Deputies, 134, 151, 152, 168, Comité d’entente et d’action artisanales, 176–7 177, 196 Chambers of Commerce, 128, 159, Comité des forges, 123–4, 125, 136, 142, 175, 178 206, 207 Chambers of Trades, 62, 64–5, 92, 187, Comité interconfédéral de coordination de 206, 207, 221 l’artisanat (CICA), 258 Chambre nationale des métiers, 207 Comité Mascuraud, 124, 127, 144, 147, Chambre syndicale de l’alimenation, 130 192, 278 Chambre syndicale des employés, 130 Comité national de coopération Chambres de métiers. See Chambers of interprofessionnelle, 258 Trades Comité national de liaison et d’action des Charte du Travail. See Labor Charter classes moyennes, 233, 258 Chaudieu, Georges, 98 Comité national économique, 187 Chautemps, Camille, 171–2 Comité national républicain du commerce Chavannes Report, 84 et de l’industrie, 125 Chirac, Jacques, 249, 252, 256, 258–9, Comité républicain du commerce et de 263, 271 l’industrie (CRCI). See Comité Christian Democracy, 122, 123, 182, 225, Mascuraud 291, 319. See also Social Catholicism Comités chrétienté-solidarité, 36 CID-UNATI (Comité d’information et de comités d’entreprise (CEs), 199, 219–20, défense–Union nationale des 292, 295 travailleurs indépendants), 90–1, 198, comités d’organisation (COs), 202–7, 251–2, 254, 257, 272–3, 276–8 213, 229 Citroën, André, 186 comités paritaires. See occupational civic culture, 12–13 committees civil disobedience, 274 comités sociaux. See social committees civil servants. See fonctionnaires commerce, 240, 253, 314 civil society, 14, 276–7 commercial urbanization class consciousness. See industrial commissions, 255, 262, 265 workers, class identity Commissariat général du plan (CGP) 184, class struggle, 118, 129 203, 209, 214, 228, 245 classical liberalism. See economic Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs liberalism (1941–4), 193, 331 Clemenceau, Georges, 115, 127 Commission de l’artisanat, 228

Index 341

Commission of Commerce and Confédération générale des syndicats des Industry, 173 classes moyennes (CGSCM), 189, Commission of Commerce and Trades 233, 258 Sectors, 254 Confédération générale du commerce et de Commissions départementales l’artisanat, 189 d’urbanisation commerciale Confédération générale du patronat (CDUCs). See commercial français (CGPF), 89, 189 urbanization commissions Confédération générale du travail Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 82 (CGT), 20, 129, 142–3, 155, 156, Common Program (1972), 217, 250 159, 186, 209, 290, 290–2 communism, 123, 162 Confédération générale unifiée de Compagnie française de raffinage, 141 l’artisanat (CGUA), 234 Compagnie française des Confédération nationale de l’artisanat pétroles, 141, 203 (CNA), 234 Compagnie nationale du Rhône, 141 Confédération nationale de l’artisanat et Competition Commission, 260 des métiers (CNAM), 233, 234 “competitive disinflation,” 266, 286 Confédération nationale des artisans Confédération de l’artisanat et des petites ruraux, 234 entreprises du bâtiment (CAPEB), 234 Confédération nationale des classe Confédération de l’artisanat familial moyennes (CNCM), 233 (CAF), 233–4 Conseil d’État, 246 Conféderation des groupes commerciaux Conseil national du commerce, 245 et industriels, 123 Conseil national du patronat français Confédération des syndicats médicaux (CNPF), 224, 227, 230–2, 265 français, 258 Conseil national économique (CNE), 187 Confédération du petit commerce, 189 Conseil supérieur de l’économie Confédération française démocratique du industrielle et commerciale, 203 travail (CFDT), 217, 291, 303 conspiracy theories, 41–4, 281 Confédération française des Constitutional Council, 87 professions commerciales, consumer cooperatives, 60, 81 industrielles et libérales, 189 consumers, 72, 75, 261, 266, 297 Confédération française des travailleurs Corn Laws, repeal of (1846), 314 chrétiens (CFTC), 217, 228 corporations. See big business Confédération générale de la production corporatism française (CGPF), 142, 159, 163, 175, under Fifth Republic, 252, 275, 301, 180, 183, 186–7, 187, 189, 192, 278 302, 303 Confédération générale de l’alimentation under Fourth Republic, 214, 275 du détail (CGAD) 234, 247–8 and radical Right, 48, 189 Confédération générale de l’artisanat under Third Republic, 123, 133, 135, français (CGAF), 143, 177, 196, 139–40, 161, 181 233, 248 under Vichy, 79, 195, 201, 205–9, 212 Confédération générale des cadres (CGC), Corps d’État, 246. See also state 233, 258 administration Confédération générale des classes corruption, 37, 274 moyennes (CGCM), 189 cost of living, 149 Confédération générale des petites et Coty, François, 21 moyennes entreprises (CGPME), 220, couches nouvelles, 77, 80, 113, 223, 225, 228, 230–2, 234, 243–4, 115. See also petits indépendants, 247, 248, 258, 272, 278 republicanism

342 Index

Cour des comptes, 246 deindustrialization, 28, 252, 257, 259, Coutrot, Jean, 181 262, 271, 282, 286, 287, 296–7, 301, Couverture maladie 304, 306, 325 universelle, 271. See also health Delattre, Eugène, 111 insurance Délégation générale à craftsmanship. See métier l’équipement national Crédit Agricole, 82 (DGEN), 203–4, 209, 212 Crédit Foncier, 49 délégués du personnel, 139 Crédit Lyonnais, 241 Delelis, André, 265 credit policy, 82, 267 Delors, Jacques, 266 Creusot-Loire, 268 Delouvrier, Paul, 209 criminality, 332 democracy, 5, 33, 193, 320, 334–5 crisis, 113, 310 economic, 212, 220, 264, 267, 299 Croix de Feu, 20–1 and petty property, 18, 118, 122, Cudenet, Gabriel, 209 124, 126, 136, 191, 235, 274, 278, cultural analysis, 310–12 321, 324 cultural crisis, 113, 117, 279, 310, 323, plebiscitarian, 33, 36, 50, 192 325–7 social, 18, 212, 287 cultural despair. See cultural crisis democratization, 315, 319–22 cultural identities, 13 department stores, 60, 81, 111, 125, 130, cultural systems, 13, 15, 18, 31 242, 247. See also economic concentration, commercial Daladier, Édouard, 169–71, 173, 190, 194 déplaniﬁcation, 260, 261, 263, 265, Dassault, 239 266–8, 286. See also economic reform Daudet, Alphonse, 35 deregulation, 260, 286, 328 Daudet, Léon, 35 Detoeuf, Auguste, 157, 181, 188 Daumard, Adeline, 58 Deuil, Gérard, 272 Davies, Peter, 30 deux cent familles, 43, 164 Dawes Plan (1924), 149, 151 devaluation, 148, 149–50, 154–5, 166, de Bergerac, Cyrano, 88 180–1, 184, 218, 241, 261 de Gaulle, Charles, 210, 236, 238–9, diabolical causality, 43–4, 45, 47. See also 250, 259 radical Right, conspiracy theories de Jouvenel, Bertrand, 160, 164, 171, Dior, Lucien, 140 172, 181 dirigisme, 139–42, 143, 161–2, 190–1, de la Rocque, François, 20, 194 198, 202–5, 210–17, 220, 228–9, de la Tour du Pin, François-René, 205 232, 234–5, 237–8, 240, 242, 261, de Maistre, Joseph, 205 263–4, 268. See also economic de Man, Henri, 181–2 planning de Mun, Albert, 145 Doriot, Jacques, 21, 22, 30, 48 de Vitry, Raoul, 203 Doumergue, Gaston, 172 de Wendel, François, 145 douzième provisoire, 170, 171 Déat, Marcel, 30 Dreyfus Affair, 33, 34, 121 Debré, Michel, 191, 238 Drieu la Rochelle, Pierre, 35–6 decadence, 39–42, 47 Drumont, Édouard, 42 decolonization, 42 Dubois, Louis, 140 decree powers, 173, 176. See also Duchemin, René-Paul, 159, executive power 186, 187 Décret d’Allarde (1791), 76 Dufayel, Georges, 127 deﬂation, 151–3, 165–79, 181 Durkheim, Émile, 44

Index 343

early retirement. See retirement beneﬁts Sixth Plan (1971–5), 217, 239, 245, École des hautes études commerciales 246, 254 (HEC), 245 Tranche de démarrage (1944), 204, 214 École des mines, 229, 245 economic rationality. See rational choice École nationale d’administration (ENA), economic rationalization. See economic 213, 229 concentration École polytechnique, 181, 202, 229, 245 economic reconstruction, 140–1, 148 economic competition, 48, 76, 80–4, economic reform, 259–62, 265–9, 271, 106–7, 108–9, 110, 157, 191, 198, 286, 288, 326, 330, 334 199, 205, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221, economic structure, 32, 58, 66–7, 71, 76 231, 235, 238, 240, 241, 243, 253, économie concertée, 214, 217–20, 223–4, 266–7, 286, 308 229, 244. See also corporatism economic concentration, 18, 61, 64, 67, économie orientée. See dirigisme 71, 72, 297, 314–15 Ehrmann, Henry, 185, 229 commercial, 58–61, 62–3, 65, 66, 81–3, elections 130, 132, 255, 262–3, 265 European Parliament, 23, 24, 26, 272 under Fifth Republic, 62, 66–7, 197–8, parliamentary, 4, 23, 24–5, 244, 263, 236, 240, 241, 243, 255, 257, 262–3, 272, 329 265, 287 presidential, 1, 23, 25, 263, 272, 329 under Fourth Republic, 62, 65, 197–8, regional, 23, 330 214, 215, 218–19 employers, 119, 138, 145, 186, 205–6, industrial, 60, 62–3, 75, 132, 215, 287 211, 225, 245, 252, 265, 301, state promotion of, 218–19, 241, 243, 302, 330 257, 262 advanced, 155, 188 under Third Republic, 16, 58–62, 132, antisocialism, 123, 129–30, 133 156, 157, 175, 178, 352 divisions among, 130–2, 186–7, 187–8, under Vichy, 201–3 230–1, 233–5 Economic Council, 227–8 sectoral associations, 124, 229 economic dualism, 58–60, 69, 71–4, 76–7, small, 131, 163, 248. See also petits 84, 88, 90, 124, 191, 201, 259 indépendants economic ﬂexibility, 75, 286, 305 traditional. See small business economic liberalism, 135, 140, 144, 162, employment, 270, 279, 282, 284, 286, 165, 180, 184, 206, 224, 240, 310, 298, 300, 328 315, 330 enclosures, 314 economic planning, 64, 66, 161–3, 181–3, Enlightenment, 31, 33, 293 184, 188, 214–17, 228, 237–41, Épinay Congress (1971), 250 261, 264 Eritrean campaign (1895–6), 317 and economic policy, 218–19, étatisme, 84, 117, 136, 138, 139, 140–1, 240–2 162, 165, 190, 198, 202, 208, 211, Fifth Plan (1966–70), 238–40, 245 218, 261–2, 263, 268, 271 First Plan (1949–52), 215–17, 219, European Coal and Steel Community 221–2, 228, 238 (ECSC), 215, 222 and markets, 216, 237–8 European Economic Community and modernization, 216–17, 242–3 (EEC), 82, 216, 219, 222, 232 Philip Report (1944), 212, 218 European integration, 219, 327, 329 Plan d’équipement national European Monetary System (1942–4), 203–4 (EMS), 266, 286 Second Plan (1954–7), 216–17, 228 European Monetary Union (EMU), 286 Seventh Plan (1976–80), 84, 256 European Union (EU), 307, 328

344 Index

executive power, 37, 158, 161, 194, 199, parliamentary institutions, 199, 210, 243, 244–5 243–4, 278 extraparliamentary movements, 20, 173, political parties, 6, 199, 211, 244, 192, 198, 200, 273–7 249–51, 258–9, 304 presidential system, 243–4 Fabius, Laurent, 266 social policy, 238–9, 262, 269–71, factory work, 86, 101, 285, 289 328–9 Faisceau, 20 trade policy, 239, 328–9 Family Allowances Law (1932), 162 fin de siècle. See Belle Époque family firms. See small business Finance Ministry, 241 farmers, 20, 87, 175, 177–8, 213, 218, financial system, 72–4, 104, 169, 267–8, 224–5, 235, 237, 290, 317 269, 286, 287 under Fifth Republic, 56–7, 237, 249 firm structure, 58–68, 213–14, 218–19, under Fourth Republic, 218, 224, 239, 241–2, 253, 255, 260, 264, 233, 235 268–9. See also economic protection of, 81, 136–7, 173, 177, 191 concentration under Third Republic, 77–9, 81–2, Flandin, Pierre-Étienne, 174, 176 118–20, 122, 170–9, 180, 189, 199 fonctionnaires, 130, 206, 209, 278 fascism, 20, 21, 35, 192, 196, 275, under Fifth Republic, 264, 328 312, 316 under Fourth Republic, 224–5, Britain, 312 226, 290 Germany, 312–13, 316–17, 319–20, salary cuts, 152, 153, 168–9, 171, 173 327. See also Nazi Party taxation, 170, 171 Italy, 312, 316–17, 319–20, 327 under Third Republic, 119, 136, 152–3, Faure Decrees (1955), 221 167–71, 173, 180, 191, 290 February 6 , 1934, 169, 171–2, 182, 193 Fontanet Circular (1960), 240 Fédération des contribuables, 169, Force Ouvrière (FO), 217, 290–1 192–3, 275 Ford, Henry, 243 Fédération française de l’agriculture, 233 Fordism, 158, 188, 230, 242–3, 287–8, Fédération nationale des syndicats 294, 299, 309 d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), 258 foreign debt, 140, 148–9, 150 Fédération républicaine, 121, 132, 144–6, foreigners. See immigration 151, 155, 163, 165, 193, 259 Fourth Republic (1946–58) Ferry, Jules, 77, 115 continuities with Third Republic, 210 feudalism, 118, 314, 320 continuities with Vichy, 210–13 Fifth Republic (1958–) dirigisme, 210–17, 220, 228–9, 232, déplanification, 259–60, 265–9, 286–7 234–5, 238 dirigisme, 237–8, 240, 242, 261, economic planning, 211, 212–13, 263–4, 268 214–17 economic planning, 237–40, 261 étatisme, 211, 218 étatisme, 261, 268, 271 executive power, 227 fiscal policy, 239, 242, 253, 254, 256–7, fiscal policy, 198, 211, 218–19, 221–3 261, 266, 269–71, 327–8 labor unrest, 235 Fordism, 242–3, 287–8 and Malthusianism, 210, 212, 235 modernizing program, 236–8, 242, 255, modernizing program, 201, 209, 257, 259–60 210–12, 234–5 monetary policy, 218, 239, 240–1, 261, monetary policy, 198, 211, 218, 266, 327 221, 229 nationalizations, 263, 265, 268 nationalizations, 211, 213–14, 216

Index 345

parliamentary institutions, 199, 201, “closed” nationalism, 27, 307 210, 224–7, 278 comparative analyses of, 4–5 political parties, 210, 211, 226–7, 244 continuities with previous radical right- social policy, 211, 218, 219–20, 235 wing movements, 8, 22, 26–7 and technocracy, 217, 234 and crisis of representation, 6–7 trade policy, 218, 219, 222 and cultural crisis, 289, 325–7 and urbanization, 198 and democracy, 332–3 franc, 149, 166, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, and economic performance, 1, 4 176, 266, 286. See also devaluation electoral performance, 7, 22–4, franc fort policy, 266 329, 330 franc Poincaré, 155 electorate, 22, 24–7, 329–30 Françiste, 21 and European radical Right, 1, Franco-Prussian War (1870), 32 4–5, 327 Fraternité française, 272 ideological appeal, 332–3 Freemasons, 34, 42–4 ideology, 7, 36 French Communist Party (PCF), and immigration, 1, 4 78, 156, 166, 217, 234, 287, and industrial workers, 22, 24–7, 45, 293–5 49, 280–1, 307–8, 309 and class struggle, 294–5 institutional analyses of, 3–8 cultural inﬂuence, 291–2, misoneism, 47, 307 294–5, 308 normalization, 332–3 decline of, 18, 295–7, 300–1, 303–4, and petits indépendants, 22, 24–5, 26–7, 308, 324 235, 309 and deindustrialization, 296, 301 political discourse, 7, 40, 41, 308 and democracy, 293–5, 308 political function, 6, 304, 309 under Fifth Republic, 294–5, 303–4 political program, 36, 307–8 and industrial workers, 295–6, and postmaterialist politics, 5–6, 8 303–4, 306 and proportional representation, 4 political discourse, 291, 293 prospects, 329–31, 333 political function, 293–4, 304, and protest voting, 4, 6–7 308, 309 psychological interpretations, 4, and Popular Front, 183, 185 17, 47 republicanism of, 293–4 repressive policies, 307, 331–2 and revolution, 292, 294 rise of, 1, 309 and Socialist Party, 250–1, 303 and SNPMI, 272, 277 and USSR, 294, 303 welfare chauvinism, 49, 308, 309 and working-class identity, 290–4, 300–1, 304, 324 Gaillard, Jeanne, 123, 273 French National Committee, 212 Galland Law (1996), 83 French Revolution, 31, 33, 34, 38, 92, 118, Gambetta, León, 70, 77, 115, 119, 210, 274, 320 121, 127 Front de la liberté, 193 Garnier, Théodore, 122 Front National (FN), 1–8, 31, 36, 42, Gauche démocratique, 127 309, 333 Gauche radicale, 127 as aberration, 1–2 gaucho-lepénisme. See Front National, anti-immigration policies, 41, 307, appeal to industrial workers 331–2 Gaullism, 226, 258–9 anti-Islamic sentiment, 43, 332 dirigisme, 237–43 anti-Semitism, 42, 43, 44 economic planning, 237–40

346 Index

Gaullism (cont.) Gouin (1946), 213–14 economic policies, 240–2 Herriot (1924–5), 152–4 electorate, 244, 249–51 Herriot (1932), 167–9 and modernization, 249, 250–1 Jospin (1997–2002), 270, 271 modernizing program, 237, 250–1 Juppé (1995–7), 83, 306 and petits indépendants, 240, Laniel (1953–4), 223, 227, 273 249–50, 257 Laval (1935–6), 176–8 political reforms, 243–5 Mauroy (1981–4), 263–7, 272 Gazon, Louis, 126 Messmer (1972–4), 252, 254–5 Gelly, Lucien, 100 Millerand (1920), 143, 147 General Union of German Artisans, 318 Paul-Boncour (1932–3), 170 Germain-Martin, Louis, 167, 173, 174, Pinay (1952), 223, 227, 273 175, 189 Poincaré (1922–4), 141, 151–2 German Communist Party (KPD), 320 Poincaré (1926–9), 154–5 German Middle Class Party, 318 Pompidou (1962–8), 238 German Reuniﬁcation, 270 Rocard (1988–91), 268, 271 Gibrat, Robert, 181 Sarraut (1933), 171 Gignoux, Claude, 187 Tardieu (1929–32), 161–3 Gingembre, Léon, 222 Waldeck-Rousseau (1899–1902), 121, Giolittian Italy, 196 124, 134 Girardet, Raoul, 32 Gramsci, Antonio, 122 Giscard-d’Estaing, Valéry, 238, 252–3, grande bourgeoisie, 120–9, 135–6, 255–6, 257, 259 321. See also oligarchy Giscardisme, 258–9 grands magasins. See department stores global competition. See globalization Gray, John, 326, 335 globalization, 7, 50, 79, 286–8, 308, Great Depression, 16, 164–6, 169, 175, 325–6, 327, 328–9 179–80 Gohier, Urbain, 42 GRECE (Groupement de recherche et gold standard, 150, 170 d’études pour la civilisation Gouin, Félix, 213 européenne), 36 government debt. See budget deﬁcits Green, Diana, 260 governments Green Party, 6 Barre (1976–81), 256–7, 260–2, 266 Grenelle Accords (1968), 248–9, 266, 292 Blum (1936–8), 21, 183–4, 186, 188 Gresle, François, 56–7, 107, 275 Chaban-Delmas (1969–72), 248, 252–4 Groupe nationaliste républicain, 121 Chautemps (1933–4), 171–2 Groupement de l’industrie moyenne, 189 Chautemps (1937–8), 188, 190 Groupes Initiative et Responsabilité Chirac (1974–6), 252, 256, 257 (GIR), 258 Chirac (1986–8), 268 Guesde, Jules, 118, 129 Clemenceau (1917–20), 143 Guesdism, 130 Combes (1902–5), 134 guilds, 34 Daladier (1933), 169–71 Daladier (1938–40), 188, 190, 202 Hall, Peter, 214 Debré (1959–62), 238 Harmel, León, 122 Doumergue (1934), 173–4, 177 Hatzfeld, Henri, 131 Fabius (1984–6), 266, 268 hauts fonctionnaires Fillon (2007–), 328 under Fifth Republic, 239–40, 244–7 Flandin (1934–5), 173, 174–6, under Fourth Republic, 213, 217, 227, 177, 178 229–30

Index 347

and petits indépendants, 229, 244–5, industrial society, 7, 9, 32–3, 57, 89, 162, 246–7 235, 277, 297, 313, 320, 327 relations with big business, 204–5, 207, Britain, 313–15, 321 229–30, 244–7 critique of, 38–40, 45–6, 96–107, technocratic outlook, 213, 217, 110–13 229–30, 246 Germany, 317, 318–19, 321 under Vichy, 202, 204–5, 207, 208 Italy, 317, 318–19, 321 health insurance, 131, 133, 219, 251–2 industrial workers Henriot, Philippe, 193 anti-immigrant sentiments, 306, 307 Herriot, Édouard, 152–3, 169–70 antimodernism, 44 high civil servants. See hauts artisanal traits, 74, 281, 289–90 fonctionnaires “atypical,” 300, 304 Hirsch Plan. See economic planning, and Boulangisme, 20, 309 Second Plan Britain, 314–16 Hirsch, Étienne, 216 and capitalism, 18, 125, 132–5, 142, Hirsch, Salomon, 173, 184 155, 158, 159, 162, 181, 188, 199, historical sociology, 15 212, 217, 230, 287, 288, 290, 292–3, Hoffmann, Stanley, 120, 204, 210, 234, 294, 301, 303, 309, 324–5 235, 243 class identity, 18, 28, 46, 55, 281, Holocaust, 42 289–92, 299, 301, 304 House of Lords, 315 and class struggle, 188, 290–1, 294 hypermarkets. See supermarkets and “closed” nationalism, 45, 281, 307, 324 Identité, 29 and collective bargaining, 134, 183, immigrants, 1, 42–4, 47, 331–2 220, 224, 248, 264, 293, 294, 299 immigration, 1–2, 38, 49, 332 competition among, 300–1, 305, 306 indépendance, 17, 55–6, 71, 79–80, 297, conservatism, 87–8, 281 321. See also petits indépendants, cultural crisis, 17, 45, 51, 289, 301, cultural traits 304–7, 308, 322, 323–5, 327 appeal of, 57–8 cultural traits, 27, 53, 55, 289–90 definition, 89–95 and deflation, 167 diffusion of, 84–5, 88 and deindustrialization, 295–6 and economic attitudes, 88, 104–7 and democracy, 292, 293–5, 308, 324 and industrial society, 96–100, 113–14 and déplanification, 287–8 and misoneism, 95–104 and devaluation, 150, 154–5 and modernization, 88, 96–8 divisions among, 299–301, 319–20 and petty property, 46, 88, 91–2, 108 early retirement, 269–70 and political culture, 107–10, 114, economic crisis, 16, 281–5, 288–9, 300, 115–16 323, 325 and radical Right, 46, 109–10, 114 and economic planning, 181, 182, 183, and rural migrants, 84–8 205–6, 217, 238–9 and rusticism, 100–2, 103 and étatisme, 143, 211 Indépendants. See Centre national des and European integration, 307 indépendants et paysans (CNIP) family values, 289–90 industrial policy. See étatisme and fascism, 319–20 industrial production. See industry under Fifth Republic, 18, 26, 28, 238, industrial relations. See industrial workers, 244, 250, 261, 264, 266, 270, relations with employers 280–309, 323–4, 329–30 Industrial Revolution, 314 and Fordism, 158, 242–3, 287

348 Index

industrial workers (cont.) support for Trotskyist under Fourth Republic, 199, 212, parties, 295–6, 304 214–15, 219–20, 224, 290–4 support for UNR/UDR, 244, 250 Germany, 312–13, 314, 316, 317–20 suppression of, 316, 318–20 and globalization, 308, 329 and technology, 297–8 immigrant origin, 305–6 under Third Republic, 121, 129–35, and indépendance, 71, 85–8, 191 136, 141, 142–3, 144, 145, 147, 150, and inﬂation, 150, 261, 266 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 165, Italy, 314, 316, 317–20 167, 179–80, 181, 183–9, 191 in labor force, 59–60, 270, 296–8 underemployment, 282, 298 job security, 282, 284–5 unemployment, 180, 262, 282–5, 288–9 living standards, 476–80 unionization, 290, 295–6, 301–3 migration, 305 unskilled, 270, 282–4, 291, 297–8 misoneism, 46, 307 under Vichy, 22, 205–6, 208 and modernization, 18, 53, 199, 230, view of political elite, 306–7, 324 324–5 view of the state, 18, 324 and Nazism, 312–13, 320 wages, 150, 180, 183, 220, 248, 261, paternalism, 301 266, 267, 282, 284–5, 287, 299, 300 and petty property, 120, 133 working conditions, 238, 286–7, political attitudes, 53, 290–5, 304, 308 297–300 political participation, 318 young, 271, 284–5, 308 and Popular Front, 183–7, 320 industrialization, 32, 58–61, 64–5, 66–7, professional identities, 292, 302, 304–5 78, 84, 88, 111, 129, 133, 135, 136, racism, 301, 306, 307 155–6, 165, 198, 235, 250, 313, 315, radicalization, 130, 183, 189, 319 320, 321, 325 reformism, 294, 319–20 Britain, 313–16 relations with employers, 130, 188–9, Germany, 317–19, 321 219–20, 248, 267–8, 292–3, 294, Italy, 317–19, 321 299, 302 Industrialization Commissions, 244–5, rural origin, 85–8 246 sexism, 301 industry, 57–65, 66–7, 98, 126, 132, 150, skilled, 74, 284, 291–2, 297–8, 304 154–5, 156, 163, 172, 182, 197–8, social crisis, 16, 28, 53, 281, 322, 219, 236, 241, 267–8, 285–6, 293, 327, 329 297–301, 305, 314–15, 316, 317, and social democracy, 293–4 318, 325, 329 social mobility, 49, 133–4, 285 advanced, 156–7, 162, 179–80, and socialism, 121, 188 181–2, 186–7, 188, 199, 203, support for Communist Party, 281, 204, 206–7, 212, 228–32, 239, 295–6, 303–4, 306–7 245–7, 269 support for Front National, 16, 24–7, aircraft, 239 280–1, 289, 307–9, 324–5, 327, agricultural machinery, 215 329–30 aluminum, 203, 239 support for Green Party, 26, 295–6 armaments, 184, 190 support for Nicolas Sarkozy, 329–30 automobile, 204, 239, 298 support for radical Right, 16–21, 24–8, building, 179 53, 54–5, 280–1, 289, 307–9, cement, 215 312–13, 319–20, 323–4, 327, 329–30 chemical, 204, 239 support for Socialist Party, 26, 295–6, coal, 203, 215 306–7 construction, 247

Index 349

electricity, 141, 142, 157, 162, 179, Jacobinism, 32, 33, 77, 118, 191, 203, 215, 229, 239 275, 321 electronics, 239 Jaeger, Christine, 124 engineering, 229, 239 Jaluzot, Jules, 127, 128 fertilizer, 215 Jaurès, Jean, 129, 135 fuel, 215 Jeanneney Decree (1962), 240 insurance, 142 Jeunesses Patriotes, 20 metallurgical, 162 Jeunesses radicales, 194 mining, 141, 142 Jews, 34, 37–8, 42–4 modernization of, 79 Jèze, Gaston, 167–8 natural gas, 203 Jospin, Lionel, 271 organization of, 139–41, 156, 157–8, Jouhaux, León, 142, 156 161–2, 174, 176, 178, 181–2, 184, Journal de la Bourse, 207 188, 198–9, 202–4, 208–9, 210–11, Judeo-Masonic plot, 43 212–17, 236, 237–40, 248, 260–1, Juillard, Jacques, 209 263–4, 266–7, 269, 286–8, 321 July Monarchy (1830–48), 118, 121 petroleum, 141 Junkers, 317–18 pharmaceutical, 239 Juppé, Alain, 306 sectoral organizations, 127, 136, 142, 144, 147, 173, 175, 178, 183, Keynesianism, 198, 218, 263 184, 187–8, 228–9, 231–2, 245, Kindleberger, Charles, 88 246–7, 248, Korean War, 218 shoe, 179 Kriegel, Annie, 292 silk, 178 Kuisel, Richard, 182, 201, 203, 213, 216, steel, 142, 215, 229, 239, 262 219, 227 tariffs, 136, 173, 317 textile, 136, 178, 179 La Crise commerciale, 111 transport, 213, 215 La Croix, 122 inequality, 284 “la débacle,” 198 inﬂation, 149–54, 218, 221–2, 227, La Marseillaise, 36 240–1, 261–2, 265, 266 La Revendication, 112, 126, 130 informal economy, 300 Labbé, Dominique, 293, 302 Institut d’Études Politiques (Sciences Labor Charter (1941), 195, 205–6 Po), 245 labor market, 270–1, 284, 299 Institut national de la statistique et des deregulation, 267–8, 328–9 études économiques (INSEE), 67–8, regulation, 264, 269–70, 288, 298 213, 328 labor productivity, 217 interest rates, 173, 266 labor tribunals, 272, 410 intermediary professions, 25–6, 297, Labour Party (Britain), 316 325, 329 L’Ami des petits commerçants, 127 international competition, 243, 286, 327 Lamoureux, Lucien, 169 investment, 214, 218, 221, 241 landlords, 19 “iron and rye” pact, 317 Laniel, Joseph, 227 Isaac, Auguste, 144 Laniel-Faure Decrees (1953), 221 Islam, 306, 332 “l’anti-France,” 41 Italian Christian Democratic Party L’Artisan, 102 (CDI), 319 L’Artisan de l’Ouest, 184 Italian Socialist Party (PSI), 318, 319 latifundia, 317 Itinéraires, 36 Laval, Pierre, 176

350 Index

Law on the Orientation of Commerce and Malthusianism, 27, 176, 191, 200, the Artisanat. See Royer Law 212–13, 216, 229, 255 layoffs, 267, 286–7. See also management executives. See cadres unemployment Marchandeau Law (1934), 174–5, 178 Lazar, Marc, 304 Marin, Louis, 144, 155, 193 Le Matin, 166 market segmentation, 72 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 1, 29, 31, 51, 272, Marquet, Adrien, 171, 174, 176, 181 308, 330, 333 Marshall Plan, 215, 219 Le Pen, Marine, 330 Marx, Karl, 89, 333, 335 Le Play, Frédéric, 144 Marxism, 11, 129, 325 Le Printemps, 35 Mascuraud, Alfred, 124 leadership principle. See radical Right, Matignon Accords (1936), 183–7, 189 charismatic leadership Mauroy, Pierre, 263 Lecœur, Erwan, 17 Maurras, Charles, 29, 34–5, 40, 195 Legitimism, 2, 78, 118, 121 May Day, 129 Lehideux, François, 203 Mayer, Nonna, 185, 313 Lemaigre-Dubreuil, Jacques, 192 Méline, Jules, 84 Leo XIII, 121, 125 Méline tariff (1892), 81, 136 lepéno-sarkozystes. See Sarkozy, Nicolas Mendès-France, Pierre, 212, 213, 214, Lepercq, Aimé, 203 218, 224 Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 140 Mercier, Ernest, 157, 158, 161 les gros. See oligarchy Messine Group, 202 les petits. See petits indépendants Messmer, Pierre, 252, 254 Levy, Jonah, 262, 269 Mesureur, Gustave, 128 L’Express, 274 Mesureur Committee, 128 Liberal Party (Britain), 316 métier, 92, 110 liberal professions, 24, 19, 21, 119, 189, Middle Ages, 92 224, 233 middle classes liberalism, 335 antiliberalism, 312–13, 320–1 liberalization. See economic reform antimodernism, 312–13, 319, 320–1 Liberation (1944), 210–12 antiparliamentarism, 156 Libyan War (1911), 318 archaeoliberalism, 321 Ligue Antisémitique, 19 authoritarianism, 319–20 Ligue communiste révolutionnaire, 6 Britain, 312, 315, 316 Ligue de la patrie française, 121 class identity, 107 Ligue des Patriotes, 19 defense of, 124, 130, 135, 147, 189, Ligue syndicale du travail, de l’industrie et 194, 258 du commerce, 19, 111, 126, 127, and deﬂation, 150–2, 177 128, 192 and democracy, 312–13, 315, 316, Lipset, Seymour Martin, 275 320–1 London Economic Conference (1933), 170 and devaluation, 154–5, 184 lumpenproletariat, 300 divisions among, 146, 189–90, 230, Lutte ouvrière, 6 232–3 Luxemburg, Rosa, 56 under Fifth Republic, 24, 244, 249–50, 250–1, 258–9, 329 Maastricht Treaty (1992), 307 under Fourth Republic, 232–3, 235 machines. See technology Germany, 312–13, 317–19, 320 magasins à prix unique, 82 and imperialism, 317–18 Maier, Charles, 150 and inﬂation, 149–52

Index 351

Italy, 312–13, 317–19, 320 under Fifth Republic, 16, 197–8, “new,” 116, 122, 146, 147, 189–90, 249, 255 191, 208, 211, 232–3, 250, 318, 319 under Fourth Republic, 16, 197–8 political attitudes, 319, 320–1 Germany, 315, 316–17 political movements, 122, 189–90, Italy, 57, 316–17 233, 258 legacies of, 320–2, 334–5 and Popular Front, 184–5, 189–90 political consequences of, 249, 320–2 and protectionism, 318 and social conﬂict, 312–13, 334–5 relations with aristocracy, 316, 319 under Third Republic, 16, 124, 139, relations with big business, 135, 155, 161, 164 316, 319 and World War I, 16, 41, 138 social crisis, 325–6, 329 Modernization Commissions, 214–15, support for Front National, 24–5, 329 228–9, 238, 244. See also support for PPF, 21 Industrialization Commissions support for Radical Party, 146–7, 153–4 monarchism, 34 support for RPR, 24, 258 monetarism, 327 support for UDF, 24, 258–9 Monnet Plan. See economic planning, support for UNR/UDR, 244, 249–50 First Plan taxation, 154 Monnet, Jean, 197, 215 under Third Republic, 79, 115–16, Montpellier, 273 119–20, 122–4, 146–7, 151–2, Moore, Barrington, Jr., 335 153–4, 154–6, 164, 165, 167, 172–3, “moral economy,” 89 179–80, 189–90, 191 morcellement. See petty property traditional. See farmers; petits Moreau, Émile, 155 indépendants Mouvement républicain populaire (MRP), military spending, 168, 174, 175, 176, 179 225, 250 Ministère de l’économie nationale. See Muslims, 332. See also Islam Ministry of the National Economy myth of golden age. See misoneism (MEN) Napoleonic Code, 76 Ministry for Individual Enterprise, 256 Ministry of Commerce, 262, 265 National Assembly, 225, 227, 243–4 Ministry of Finance, 246, 255–6 “national champions,” 239, 261, 264 Ministry of Industrial national decline. See decadence Production, 202, 212 National Economic Council. See Conseil Ministry of Industry, 228 national économique Ministry of Labor, 262 national renewal, 182, 201 Ministry of the National Economy National Steel Association, 228 (MEN), 139–40, 184, 190, 212 nationalism, 31–5, 318 misoneism, 39, 96 “closed,” 19, 31, 32–5 Mittelstand, 319–20 “open,” 31–2 Mitterrand, François, 217, 250, 263, nationalisme intégral, 34 272–3 nationalist leagues, 20–1, 123, mixed economy, 78–9, 140, 182, 232 192–3. See also extraparliamentary Modérés, 125, 127, 135 movements modernity, 32, 44, 47, 274, 325–6, 335 nationalizations, 139–40, 184, 211, modernization, 8, 74, 310, 312, 334–5 213–14, 214, 216, 221, 263, 265, 268 Britain, 314, 316 Nazi Party, 313, 319, 320, 327 and democracy, 316, 320–2 neocapitalism, 156–9, 160, 163, economic, 58, 71, 113, 211 181–2, 188

352 Index

neocorporatism. See corporatism peasants, 21, 78–80, 85, 233, 313, 314, neo-Keynesianism, 260 315, 317, 320. See also farmers neoliberalism, 238, 255 and indépendance, 79, 85–6, 88 neoradicalism, 194 individualism, 85, 90 neosocialism, 135, 174 and Jacobinism, 76–7, 78 neosyndicalism, 159 under Third Republic, 77–9, 173, 185 Nicoud, Gérard, 90–1, 251, 273, 276, 278 Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann, 239 Nord, Philip, 19, 128 Pelletan, Camille, 127 North Atlantic Treaty Organization pensioners, 184 (NATO), 244 pensions. See retirement benefits Nouveaux Cahiers, 188 Pétain, Philippe, 194, 195, 206 Nouvelle Société program, 248–9, petite bourgeoisie. See petits indépendants 252, 301 petits commerçants. See shopkeepers petits indépendants occupational committees, 205 anticapitalism, 106–7 Office central de répartition des produits anticommunism, 108 industriels (OCRPI), 203, 212, 213 anticonsumerism, 95, 98–9, 102 Offices professionnels, 212 antiliberalism, 27–8, 235, 279, 312, oil crisis (1973), 256, 286 321–2 oligarchy, 37, 128, 207, 212 antimodernism, 44, 279, 315 oligopoly, 250 antiparliamentarism, 126, 173, 180, Opportunist Republic, 115 191–6, 234, 263, 272–9 Opportunists, 78, 121, 125, 127, 128 archaeoliberalism, 106–7, 110, 132, Ordre Nouveau, 36 183, 199, 275, 321 organized labor. See trade unions and Auroux Laws, 265 Orleanism, 78, 118, 121 authoritarianism, 194–6, 278–9 orthodox liberalism. See economic and Boulangisme, 19, 126 liberalism Britain, 314–15 oversupply, 165 and capitalism, 17–18, 56, 57, 69, 74–6, 83, 84, 88, 89, 99, 100, 102–7, 117, Palmade, Maurice, 167 120, 126, 132, 160, 199, 212, 217, pantouflage. See big business; hauts 230, 237, 255, 272, 274, 278, 324–5 fonctionnaires Catholicism, 99, 103, 112 parliamentary institutions, 35. See also and “closed” nationalism, 113–14, 235, Chamber of Deputies; National 277, 324 Assembly and collective bargaining, 223–4, 248 Parti Commercial et Industriel, 19 collective memory, 114, 115 Parti démocrate populaire, 177 and commercial urbanization Parti Populaire Français (PPF), 21, 194 commissions, 255 Parti social français (PSF), 194, 275 and competition, 106–7, 240 Passmore, Kevin, 162 and corporatism, 123, 195–6 Patenôtre, Raymond, 181 critique of modernity, 96–104, 110–11 patente, 10, 57, 58, 60, 80, 256. See also critique of the city, 96–7, 99–100, petits indépendants, taxation 112–13 law of 1880, 80 , 81, 128 cultural crisis, 17, 45, 51, 110–11, reform of, 128, 219, 222, 242, 253–4 113–14, 278, 323 revenues from, 58, 59, 242, 273 cultural traits, 17–18, 27, 53, 55–6, Paul-Boncour, Joseph, 170 69–70, 71, 89–114, 325 Paxton, Robert, 206, 208 déclassement, 275

Index 353

definition of, 56–7, 80 and Méline tariff, 136 and deflation, 154, 172, 177–8, métier, 90, 92–3, 94–5, 101, 104 221–2, 261 misoneism, 46, 95–104, 277 and democracy, 27, 117, 136, 193, and modernization, 18, 28, 53, 71, 195–6, 200, 235, 277–9, 320–2, 324 84–5, 110–14, 155–6, 163–5, and deregulation, 61 197–202, 209–10, 234–5, 236–7, and devaluation, 20, 150–1, 154–5, 184 240, 249–50, 277–9, 313–15, 324–5 and dirigisme, 191, 220–1 and modernization commissions, 228, divisions among, 92, 247–8, 273 244–5 early retirement, 254 and nationalizations, 221, 265 and economic concentration, 17–18, 50, paternalism, 94, 188, 231–2, 235 57, 68, 84, 110–11, 118, 124–6, 129, political attitudes, 53, 95–6, 104, 197–8, 211, 220, 241 107–10, 115, 194–6, 277, 279, economic crisis, 16, 235, 277, 323 313–14, 319 and economic liberalism, 106–9, 220–1, political influence, 116–17, 136–7, 268–9 143–8, 178–9, 190–2, 197–200, 211, and economic planning, 183, 220–1, 225–9, 235, 243–51, 255–9, 262–3, 227–30, 244–7, 254 271–2, 277–8 economic role, 17, 69, 74–6, 89, 90, 92, and Popular Front, 16, 183–7, 189 325 and precapitalist society, 89, 90, 106, economic values, 17–18, 88, 90–3, 110–12 104–7, 110 and price supports, 178 and egalitarianism, 88, 108, 119 professional autonomy, 90–1, 104–5 electoral abstention, 263 protection of, 76, 80–4, 109, 120, 124, and étatisme, 132, 199, 211, 213, 217, 146, 191, 225, 252–6, 265 220–4, 232 and protectionism, 81–2, 136, and European integration, 232 173, 222 family labor, 71, 93–4 relations with big business, 95, family values, 71, 90, 94, 111, 112, 290 123–33, 135–6, 139, 147, 155–6, under Fifth Republic, 197–200, 237, 180, 186–9, 191, 198, 199, 206–8, 240–63, 265, 266, 268–9, 271–2, 277 230–2, 235, 246–7, 273, 275, 313, financing, 82, 241, 253, 256 315, 319 fiscal conservatism, 169, 199 relations with cadres, 189–90, 198, under Fourth Republic, 197–200, 209, 208, 233 210–11, 217, 220–35 relations with farmers, 173, 177, 233 and French Revolution, 76–7, 118, 126, relations with fonctionnaires, 107–8, 274–5 173, 178, 191, 208, 273 and Gaullism, 237, 240–9, 250–1, 278 relations with industrial workers, 126, Germany, 315, 319 129–32, 139, 147, 183, 185, 188, and Grenelle Accords, 248–9 189, 198–9, 223–4, 235, 265, and health insurance, 251–2 275, 309 and inflation, 20, 61, 150–2, 218, relations with “new” middle 221–2, 227, 256 classes, 122, 139, 146, 190, 191, 208, Italy, 319 275, 313 and Jacobinism, 118, 321 relations with other economic and Labor Charter, 206–8 groups, 116, 125, 155, 179–80, 200, in labor force, 57–70, 124, 249 211, 230, 233 Malthusianism, 27, 88, 104–5, 110, 220 repressive attitudes, 102–3 and Matignon Accords, 185–7 reproduction of, 69, 71, 88

354 Index

petits indépendants (cont.) support for UDCA, 193, 198, 223, 231, republicanism, 18, 111, 115–18, 124, 234, 247, 251, 273, 277 126, 183, 191, 194, 196, 200, 235, support for UDF, 24, 259 277, 321, 324 support for UNR/UDR, 244, 249, and Rueff Plan, 241 250–1 rural origin, 84–7 tax fraud, 219, 223, 234 rusticism, 97–8, 100–2, 103, 110, taxation, 57, 80–1, 109, 128, 143, 144, 111–12 151–2, 153, 154, 169, 177, 218–19, under Second Republic, 80 222–3, 231, 234, 242, 253, 254, 256, sectoral organizations, 19, 130, 135, 261, 271, 273 143, 179, 180, 185–6, 189, 194, thrift, 95, 99 195–6, 199–200, 211, 224–6, 231–4, under Third Republic, 18, 50, 70, 77, 243–4, 247–8, 257–8, 277–8 79, 80, 115, 119, 120–37, 139, 143, and SMEs, 234, 269, 272 145–56, 163, 164–5, 167, 169, 170, social crisis, 16, 53, 115, 281, 321–2 172–3, 177–80, 183–95, 196, social identity, 90–5, 113 209, 234 and social reform, 123, 130–3, 135–6, traditional morality, 94–5, 98–100, 102, 147, 223–4, 231–2, 235 103, 110, 111–12, 130 and social security, 135, 163, 233, and VAT, 219, 223, 227 252, 254 under Vichy, 22, 195–6, 201–2, 206–9 and socialism, 108, 123, 126, 129–30, view of factory work, 97, 101 132, 221 view of industrial society, 57, 96–8, support for CID-UNATI, 198, 251, 273 110–13 support for CNI(P), 224–5, 226 view of Modérés, 123, 125–6 support for extraparliamentary view of science, 98 movements, 20–1, 123, 169, 173, view of supermarkets, 96, 98, 101 191–3, 200, 232, 251, 272–7 view of technology, 97–8, 112 support for Fédération des view of the state, 18, 27–8, 107–8, contribuables, 169, 192–3 116–17, 139, 148, 193, 199–200, support for Fédération républicaine, 210–11, 220–4, 230, 232, 235, 260, 145–6, 194 275–9, 321–2, 324 support for Front National, 24–5, 198, view of trade unions, 108, 130, 187, 237, 260, 280, 325, 329 189, 224, 248, 265 support for MRP, 225 view of wealth, 91–2 support for Nicolas Sarkozy, 329–30 view of welfare state, 75, 107–8, 109, support for Radical Party, 119, 122, 112, 271 123–4, 126–8, 135, 146–8, 153–4, vocational training, 253, 254–5 173, 180, 185–6, 194 and wage labor, 90–1, 135 support for radical Right, 16–27, working-class origin, 70 46–7, 49–50, 51, 53, 54–5, working conditions, 92–4 113–14, 117, 123, 128–9, 139, work ethic, 95, 99, 289 193–6, 235, 237, 277, 278–9, petits patrons. See petits indépendants 280–1, 312, 313, 318, 319, petits rentiers. See rentiers 321–2, 323–5 petty commerce. See shopkeepers support for RGR, 224–5, 226 petty producers. See artisans support for RPF, 225, 226 petty property, 49, 126, 278 support for RPR, 24, 259 Peugeot, 299 support for Socialist Party, 250–1 Pinay, Antoine, 223, 227 support for SNPMI, 272, 273, 277 Pinot, Robert, 123–4

Index 355

Plan de modernisation et d’équipement. productivism, 159, 162, 212, 238, See economic planning, First Plan 240, 259 planism. See economic planning professional identities, 304 Planning Commission, 238 Progressistes, 121, 125, 127–8, 144 Pleven, René, 214 proletariat. See industrial workers Po Valley, 317 protest voting, 12 Poincaré, Raymond, 121, 151, 153, 154 Protestant ethic, 95 Polanyi, Karl, 310, 335 Protestants, 34, 42 political behavior, 10–11 Provisional Government (1944–6), 201, political culture, 12, 15–16, 193, 294, 313, 209, 211–14, 221 316, 321 public sector, 140–1, 211, 213–14, 235, Britain, 316 263, 267, 270, 328. See also state Germany, 317–19 administration Italy, 319 public works, 176–7 political “demand,” 3, 8, 15–16, 19, Pucheu, Pierre, 208 53, 323 Pugi, Armand, 192 political elites, 198, 212, 274, 316, 328–9 putting out system, 314 political institutions, 10, 311 political interests, 8, 13, 310 quartiers populaires, 305, 324 political myths, 38–9, 52, 292, 323, 324 political preferences. See political behavior radical Left. See Trotskyist Parties political reform. See democratization Radical Party, 250, 259 political socialization, 14–15 antiparliamentarism, 161, 194 political “supply,” 7–8, 15, 19, 27, 53, 323 and authoritarianism, 194 political symbols, 12–13, 311 and big business, 126–8, 147, 152, 153, political worldview. See political culture 167–9, 172, 188 Pompidou, Georges, 251–2 and Cartel des Gauches, 152–3 Popular Front (1936–8), 183–6, 190, and CGT, 241, 142–3, 147 194, 202 and Communist Party, 177 post-Fordism, 309 and corporatism, 138 postindustrial society, 5–6, 8–10, 54–5, and deﬂation, 146, 152, 165–73, 177 57, 287, 296–7, 311, 325–6 and democracy, 133, 146 postmaterialist politics. See postindustrial and devaluation, 148, 155, 181, 184 society and dirigisme, 160–1 Potut, Georges, 184 and double décime, 151–2 Poujade, Pierre, 149, 221, 222, 231, and Doumergue government, 174 274, 278 economic liberalism, 122, 147, 152–3, Poujadism, 22, 25, 192, 198, 223, 234, 167, 168–9, 170–2 273, 274–5. See also Union de défense and economic planning, 160, 163, 181 des commerçants et artisans electorate, 119, 124, 146, 147 preindustrial society, 313, 317 and étatisme, 181 Présent, 36 executive committee, 168, 173 prices, 26, 240, 253, 256, 261, 266, and farmers, 146, 160, 170, 172, 267, 286 173, 175 agricultural, 78, 170, 174–7, 184, 317 under Fifth Republic, 278 private sector, 267 ﬁscal policy, 146, 152–3, 167–73 privatization, 268, 271, 286 and Flandin government, 175, 176 productive processes, 157–8, 243, and fonctionnaires, 146–7, 152, 153, 297–300 168, 169, 171, 173

356 Index

Radical Party (cont.) “closed” nationalism, 18, 27, 32–5, under Fourth Republic, 224 37–8, 39, 44–5, 47, 235, 307–8, and Herriot government, 167–9 323–4, 326 and industrial workers, 133–5, comparative analysis, 28, 327 146–7, 190 and conservatism, 30 internal divisions, 126–8, 146–8, 152–4, conspiracy theories, 41–5, 281, 307 167–72 corporatism, 48, 195, 205 and modernization, 159–60, 163, 278 counterrevolutionary tradition, 34–5, Nancy Program (1908), 134–5 205, 323 and “new” middle classes, 146–7 and cultural crisis, 41, 325–7 and petits indépendants, 119, 122, 124, cultural pessimism, 40–1 126–9, 135, 146–8, 152–4, 160, deﬁnition of, 55–6 169–70, 172–3, 191 and democracy, 28, 33–4, 37, 38, 313, and petits rentiers, 146, 153 321–2, 325–7 and petty property, 122, 133, diagnosis of decadence, 39–45 135, 146 economic policy, 48 political program (1919), 146, 147 electorate, 19–27, 308–9, 327, 329–30 and Popular Front, 154, 185–6 in Europe, 4–5 and protectionism, 136–7, 173 and farmers, 25, 56–7, 78 and SFIO, 168, 171, 177 and fascism, 20–1, 30, 35–6 and social reform, 133–5, 147, 190 and French Revolution, 34, 38, 42, 47 and Tardieu government, 163 Germany, 312–13, 316, 319–20 technocratic outlook, 160, 190–1, 224 historical studies of, 2–3, 8 and white-collar workers, 146, 147 ideology, 37–8, 323 Young Turks, 159–61, 163–4, 170, and immigration, 3, 7, 37–8, 42, 43, 44, 181, 194 47–9, 307–8 radical Right and industrial society, 32–3, 39–40, 327 in Anglo-Saxon countries, 6 and industrial workers, 18–20, 21, anticapitalism of, 37, 43–4, 49 22–7, 28, 31, 38–9, 44–7, 49–51, 53, anticollectivism, 37, 43–4 55, 280–1, 304, 307–9, 312–13, 320, anticommunism, 37 322, 323–5, 327, 328–9 antiegalitarianism, 37–8 and Islam, 43 anti-immigration policies, 37–8, 47–9, Italy, 312–13, 316, 319–20 307–8 and Joan of Arc, 51–2 anti-individualism, 38, 40 Manicheanism, 41 antiliberalism, 30, 37 misoneism, 18, 39–41, 45–7, 278, 307 antimaterialism, 32 and modernization, 2–3, 15, 320–2, 334 antiparliamentarism, 36–7, 43, 51, 192, national populist tradition, 20, 33, 193, 277 35–6, 323 anti-Semitism, 37, 42–5, 47, 52 national preference, 48–50, 308, 324 antisocialism, 37 and national renewal, 38, 45–51 authoritarianism, 37, 38, 50–1, 323 and oligarchy, 43–4 and Bonapartism, 30, 66 organicism, 33, 35, 36, 37–8, 39, 40–1, Britain, 312, 313–14, 316 44, 46, 47, 278 and Catholic Church, 34, 36, 50–1 and party system, 3–4, 5–7, 30 charismatic leadership, 37, 50, paternalism, 50 51–2 and petits indépendants, 16–28, 30–1, class-cultural analysis, 15–16, 28, 53, 38–9, 44–7, 49–51, 53, 55–6, 95, 55, 114, 196, 312, 317 109–10, 113–14, 128–9, 192–6, 235,

Index 357

277–9, 280, 312, 319, 321–2, 323–5, railroads, 142 327, 329–30 Ralliement, 121 and petty property, 46, 49–50, 278, ralliés, 121, 131, 144, 146 321, 324 Rassemblement des gauches républicaines and political culture, 2, 7, 15–16, 310–12 (RGR), 224–5, 226, 259 political discourse, 18–19, 27, 30, 38, Rassemblement du peuple français 45, 52, 109–10, 323–4 (RPF), 225, 226, 275 political institutional analyses, 3–7, Rassemblement pour la république 8, 55 (RPR), 258, 259 political myths, 38–9, 52, 323, 324 rational choice, 11, 104, 110, 311 political program, 27, 37–8 Redressement français, 156–9, 161, 162, and political “supply and demand,” 7, 8, 163, 178, 182 15–16, 27, 53, 323 reflation, 174–5, 183–4, 186, 263–5, 286 as political tradition, 2, 8, 15, 37, 55 régime forfaitaire, 222, 253 and postindustrial society, 5–6, 54 regulation, 83, 132 project of national renewal, 45–51 Regulation School, 243 prospects, 327–33 Renault, Louis, 186 protectionism, 48 rentiers, 105, 106, 149–50, 154–5, 166, and protest voting, 12, 55 175, 176, 178–9, 184 psychological interpretations, 4, 17, 39, reparation payments, 141, 148 45, 52, 55 Républicains de gauche, 121, 152 racism, 44–5, 47 “republican synthesis,” 120–1, 124–5, repressive policies, 50, 331–2 126, 129, 135–6, 321 and republicanism, 33–6, 38, 321–2 Rerum Novarum, 133 resurgence of, 2, 19, 22, 27, 321–2, 323 Resistance, 200–1, 211–12 and revisionist socialism, 30 ressentiment, 45 rusticism, 52, 110 retirement benefits, 131, 173, 219, 252, and social crisis, 16–17, 38, 313, 323–4, 269–70, 328 325–7 revanchisme, 33 social policy, 48–9 Revenu minimum d’insertion (RMI), 271 and social structure, 7 Révolution Nationale, 36, 79, 195–6, 206, theoretical significance of, 310, 312 212. See also Vichy regime traditional morality, 45–6, 110 Revue d’économie politique, 179 welfare chauvinism, 48–9, 308 Reynaud, Paul, 181, 190 Radical Socialists, 115, 121, 125 rigueur, 266, 306. See also austerity; Radicalism, 32, 35, 77–9, 118–20, 121, deflation 122, 124, 127, 133, 193, 275, Rocard, Michel, 268 321. See also Radical Party romanticism, 33 and antiparliamentarism, 192–3, 275 royalism. See monarchism Belleville Program (1869), 202, 229 Royer, Jean, 254, 258 and big business, 127–8 Royer Law (1973), 83, 254–6, 262, 265 and democracy, 118–19, 192–3, Rueff, Jacques, 191, 240 275, 321 Rueff Plan (1958), 240–1 and patente reform, 128–9, 147 Ruel, Jacques, 126 and petits indépendants, 124, 125, 135, Ruhr, Occupation of (1923), 149, 151 185–6 rusticism, 111–12 and petty property, 77–9, 119–20, 122 and republicanism, 118–20, 186 “sado-monetarism,” 266 social policy, 118, 133–5 Saint-Gobain-Pont-à-Mousson, 239

358 Index

Saint-Simonianism, 157 relations with big business, 124–9, Saly, Pierre, 154 130–2, 135–6, 186–8, 230–2 sans-culottes, 76, 79, 126 relations with industrial workers, 186, sans papiers. See immigrants 189, 130–2, 223–4, 231–2, 265 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 328–33 sectoral organizations, 129–30, 189, Sarraut, Albert, 171 225–6, 230–2 Sauger, André, 160 and social reform, 130–2, 135, 231–2 Sauvy, Alfred, 27 taxation, 80, 109, 152, 177, 222–3, 231, Savoy monarchy, 317 254, 265 Schuman Plan (1950), 219, 222 under Third Republic, 121–33, 135, Schumpeter, Joseph, 54 143, 144–6, 161, 163, 167, 175, Second Empire (1852–70), 118, 121, 197 177–9, 183, 184–90, 191, 194 Second Republic (1848–52), 118, 127 under Vichy, 203, 206–7 Secretariat of Commerce and the small enterprises. See petits indépendants Artisanat, 254 Smith, Adam, 335 Section Française de l’Internationale social anesthesia. See welfare state Ouvrière (SFIO), 20, 147, 152, 158, Social Catholicism, 48, 115–16, 121, 122, 163, 166, 171, 172, 183, 185, 123, 129, 131, 133, 144–5, 205, 217, 225, 290 253. See also Christian Democracy Sée, Henri, 79 social classes, 5, 8–10, 14, 28, 53, 54, 89, Senate, 171, 177, 225–6 116, 212, 310 Servan-Schreiber, Jacques, 259 antimodern, 8, 15–19, 313–16, 320–2, services, 287 325–7 service-sector workers, 290, 296, 325–6 social committees, 205 shareholders, 179–80, 204 social crisis. See cultural crisis; structural shopkeepers, 57, 62–3, 66–8, 70, 82, 93, crisis 119, 130, 150, 179, 207, 218, 222, Social Democratic Party (Germany) 223–4, 240, 263 (SPD), 318, 320 taxation, 80, 81, 152, 223, 242, 256 social identities, 311, 326 small and medium enterprises social mobility, 70 (SMEs), 123, 222, 224, 228, 232, social policy. See social reform 235, 240, 247–8, 253–4, 256–7, 260, social reform, 117, 141, 143, 144, 199, 266, 268–9, 271, 272 238, 316 small business, 75, 94, 109, 172, 175, 184, social security, 134, 135, 162, 233, 251 230, 261, 268–9. See also CGPF; law of 1945 , 131, 199, 219, 223, 233 petits indépendants social structure. See social classes and economic planning, 183, 229, socialism, 18, 30, 32, 78, 118, 122, 123, 244–5 129, 130, 132, 135, 142, 181–2, 316 and factory occupations, 183, 185–6 Socialist Party (PS), 26, 250, 263, 303, under Fifth Republic, 239–40, 246–9, 306, 329 249–60, 264, 265, 268–9, 272, 273 Société Générale, 241 under Fourth Republic, 217, 222, Société lyonnaise des eaux et de 223–33, 235 l’éclairage, 202 and Matignon Accords, 185–7 Solidaires-Unitaires-Démocratiques paternalism, 133, 188, 231–2 (SUD), 302 political inﬂuence, 83, 178, 227–8, Solidarism, 133–5, 147 233–4 Sorel, Georges, 30 and Popular Front, 183, 184–7 SOS-Racisme, 44 protection of, 79–84 Soviet Union, 303

Index 359

St. Jean-de-Maurienne, 87 Tardieu, André, 159, 161–3, 164, 176, “stagflation,” 252 187, 193 “stalemate society,” 120, 201, 210, 234 tariffs, 317, 318. See also trade, state administration, 204, 219, 229, 245, protectionism 246, 318. See also hauts taxe professionnelle, 80, 256, 261 fonctionnaires taxes, 151–3, 170, 171, 218–19, 222–3, under Fifth Republic, 116, 198, 199, 253, 254, 284 244, 245–7 on capital, 134, 153, 219, 253, 264, 328 under Fourth Republic, 116, 198, 199, commercial, 81, 154, 222, 242 225, 227–30 corporate, 150, 154, 219, 256, 264, relations with big business, 199, 204–5, 280, 288 206–7, 227–30, 245–7 income, 141, 148, 154, 328 technocratic outlook, 217, 229–30, reform of, 173, 218, 242, 253 239–40, 246–7 social security, 271, 288, 328 under Third Republic, 116, 176, 191 strikes against, 192, 274, 328, 330 under Vichy, 202–3, 204–5 value-added (VAT), 219, 223, 227, 231, state intervention. See étatisme 242, 328 state-owned enterprises, 139–41, 184, Taylorism, 157 211, 213–14, 221, 241, 260, 263–4, technicians, 179, 211, 298 266–7, 268, 286 technology, 79, 97, 98, 325 statism. See étatisme Thibaudet, Albert, 119, 139 Statut de l’artisanat (1943), 207 Third Republic (1870–1940), 171 Stavisky Affair (1934), 172 agrarisme, 77–9, 198 Sternhell, Zeev, 19 archaeoliberalism, 122, 142, 164, 321 structural crisis, 16, 310, 281–2, 284, 289, and Boulangisme, 33, 35, 122, 126, 192 323, 325 and class conflict, 121, 124–5, structural reform. See economic reform 129–30, 156 Study and Action Group for Public and democracy, 120–1, 136, 191, 196, Enterprise, 225 320–1 suffrage, 315, 321, 345 dirigisme, 139–42, 143, 161–2, 190–1 Suleiman, Ezra, 228, 245 economic planning, 161–2, 183–4 supermarchés. See supermarkets end of, 190, 194 supermarkets, 65–6, 82–3, 110, 240, étatisme, 140, 162, 165, 202 241–2, 253, 263 fiscal policy, 80–1, 123, 128, 140, 141, symbolic systems, 12–15 144, 148, 151–3, 162, 165–6, syndicalism, 20, 130, 182, 292, 167–70, 171–2, 173–9, 180, 183–4 301. See also trade unions monetary policy, 72–4, 144, 148–9, syndicalistes jaunes, 35 153, 154–5, 166, 170, 172–7, Syndicat de la petite et moyenne 180–1, 184 industrie, 189 and nationalism, 122, 129, 31–3, 192 Syndicat des fabricants, 178 parliamentary institutions, 116, 122, Syndicat général du commerce et de 158, 161, 194, 209, 210, 224, 225–6 l’industrie, 128 and petty property, 78–80, 115–16, Syndicat national des petites et moyennes 120–2, 136, 164, 191, 321 industries (SNPMI), 265, 272, 277 political parties, 116, 119–22, 125–9, 132–5, 143–8, 151–3, 155, 158, Tailledet, Robert, 200 159–61, 165–9, 177–9, 193–4, 244 Taittinger, Pierre, 20 and “republican synthesis,” 120–5, 126, Tannery, Jean, 175 128–9, 135–6, 321

360 Index

Third Republic (cont.) and Grenelle Accords, 248, 292, social policy, 123, 132–5, 141, 143, 294, 301 144, 162, 163, 183–4, 186, 188 and inflation, 150 and socialism, 118, 122, 129–30, 135 Italy, 318, 319–20 and “stalemate society,” 120, 124, membership, 292, 295, 300, 302–3 201, 210 and modernization, 209, 212 trade policy, 81–2, 136–7, 140, 176 and Modernization Commissions, 214, and universal suffrage, 32, 120, 321 217, 228 Thomas, Albert, 156 organizing role, 292–3, 300–2 Thomson, E. P., 89 political function, 292–3, 294–5 Thomson-CSF, 239 political influence, 142–3, 278, 308 Thorez, Maurice, 294 politicization, 301–3 Thuillier, Joseph, 203 and Popular Front, 183, 184, 186, 187, Times, The, 294 188–9 trade, 81, 176, 328 public sector, 302 liberalization, 218–19, 221, 232, radicalism, 130, 142, 156, 290, 292 243, 286 relations with employers, 143, 158, 162, protectionism, 81, 136, 140, 186, 187–9, 224, 248, 294, 299 328, 329 under Third Republic, 129, 130, 134, trade unions 141, 142–3, 145, 147, 155, 158, and Auroux Laws, 264, 267–8, 299 159, 162, 165, 167, 180, 182, bureaucratization, 301–2, 303 183, 184, 186, 187, 188–9, and capitalism, 292–3, 294–5 191, 290 and class collaboration, 158, 294 under Vichy, 205–6, 209 and class struggle, 293, 294 and working-class identity, 290–2, 303 and collective bargaining, 134, 183, Treasury (France), 140, 175, 177 220, 224, 248, 264, 267, 292–3, Treasury bonds, 148, 149, 169–70, 172, 294, 299 177, 178 and comités d’entreprise, 220, 224, 248, Trente Glorieuses, 259, 287–8 264, 267, 292–3, 295 tricolore, 36 and corporatism, 156, 184, 189, 205–6, Tripartisme (1946–7), 212–13 214–15, 248, 292, 294, 301, 303 Tripartite Agreement (1936), 184 cultural influence, 290–5, 305 Tristan, Anne, 280 decline, 18, 295, 296–7, 300–3, 304, Trotskyist parties, 6, 295–6, 304 308, 324 Turkish Petroleum Company, 141 and deindustrialization, 295–7, 301 and democracy, 292–3, 294–5, 308 unemployed, 17, 26 and devaluation, 155 unemployment, 132, 165, 176, 180, 259, divisions among, 267–8, 290–1, 302, 261, 268, 271, 282–4 303, 319–20 unemployment insurance, 131, 175, and étatisme, 156, 158, 183–4, 209, 262, 316 212, 214–15, 217, 228 “unfreezing” thesis, 9 under Fifth Republic, 199–200, 217, Union de défense des commerçants et 248, 264, 267–8, 290–1, 292–3, artisans (UDCA), 22, 223, 231, 247, 294–5, 301–3 251, 273, 278 under Fourth Republic, 199–200, Union d’électricité, 158 214–15, 217, 220, 224, 228, 290–1, Union des artisans français, 143 292–3 Union des chefs et responsables Germany, 318, 319–20 (UNICER), 258

Index 361

Union des démocrates pour la république and labor, 22, 205–6, 208 (UDR), 244, 249–51, 258 modernizing program, 200–3, 208–9 Union des fédérations régionales de and petits indépendants, 79, 198, France, 143 201–2, 206–9 Union des industries métallurgiques et and radical Right, 18, 36 minières (UIMM), 125, 142 and technocracy, 201–3, 204–5 Union des intérêts économiques Vichyisme, 36 (UIE), 125, 127, 144, 147, 180, Victorian Britain, 316 192, 278 Victory Bonds, 148 Union fédérale des commerçants, Villiers, Georges, 231 artisans et petits industriels de la Volkov, Shulamit, 311–12 Croix Rousse, 192 Union fraternelle du commerce et de wage earners, 222–3, 253 l’industrie, 122 wage labor, 135, 305. See also industrial Union Immobilière, 141 workers Union nationale (government). See wages governments, Poincaré (1926–9) deindexation, 241, 261, 266–7, Union nationale (party), 226 286–7, 299 Union nationale des professions minimum, 130, 264, 284 libérales, 233 Waldeck-Rousseau, Pierre, 121, 124 Union pour la démocratie française war veterans, 20, 21, 171, 173, 179 (UDF), 24, 258–9 Weber, Eugen, 20 Union pour la nouvelle république Weil, Simone, 138, 185 (UNR), 244, 259 Weimar Republic (1919–33), 196 Union textile, 125 welfare state, 162, 188, 260, 262, 264, urbanization, 32, 165, 204 269–71, 288–9, 334 dismantling of, 326, 327–8, 329 Vaillant, Édouard, 129 Weltpolitik, 317 Valéry, Paul, 71 white-collar workers, 19, 20, 21, 24–5, Vallat, Xavier, 193 119, 125, 136, 150, 167, 224, 225, Valois, Georges, 20, 41 244, 250, 290 Versailles Treaty (1918), 148 Wieviorka, Michel, 7, 304 Viard, Jean, 326 Wilhelmine Germany, 317 Vichy regime (1940–4), 36, 198 Winock, Michel, 29, 33–4 authoritarianism, 194–5, 207–8 working class. See industrial workers and big business, 203, 204–5, 206–7 World War I, 129, 136, 139, 319 continuities with Third Republic, 36, World War II, 165 194–6, 198 worldviews. See cultural systems corporatism, 79, 195, 201–2, 205–9, 212 xenophobia, 33, 37–8 dirigisme, 202–5, 211–12 economic planning, 202–4 Zarca, Bernard, 54, 69, 92–3 étatisme, 202 Zdatny, Stephen, 195, 208, 220, 234