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A Comparative Study of Salt Marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary

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A Comparative Study of Salt Marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary A Comparative Study of Salt Marshes in the Coos Bay Estuary A National Science Foundation Student Originated Study summer 1976 —I C■ 111 II ■M.ra WYLANC/JOHNSON A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SALT MARSHES IN THE COOS BAY ESTUARY John Hoffhagle Roderick Ashley Michael Martin Bonnie Cherrick Joe Schrag Melanie Gant Laura Stunz Robin Hall Karla Vanderzanden Craig Magwire Barbie Van Ness a National Science Foundation Student Originated Study Sumer, 1976 Page INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1 Introduction Site Descriptions Size, Location, Drainage Climate Geology Population and Industry Salt Marsh Areas of Coos Bay The Salt Marshes of Coos Bay in Relation to Other Oregon Estuaries Study Sites Bibliography SALT MARSH PLANTS AND MARSH ZONATION 25 Introduction Characteristics of Salt Marsh Plants Zonation and Succession in the Salt Marsh Summary Bibliography NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN COOS BAY SALT MARSHES 63 Introduction Site Descriptions Materials and Methods Net Aerial Primary Production Root Biomass Plant Height Results Net Aerial Production Discussion Seasonal Changes in Nutrient Values Summary Bibliography DETRITAL PRODUCTION IN COOS BAY SALT MARSHES 105 Plant Disappearance Methods Litter Bag Rate of Disappearance Whole Plant Export Dead Standing Crop Suspended Particulate Material Weir Net Results Litter Bag Decomposition Whole Plant Export Dead Standing Crop Suspended Particulate Matter Weir Net Conclusion Bibliography TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) Page A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HETEROTROPHIC MICROBE-MEDIATED DECOMPO- SITION RATES AND NUTRITIVE VALUES OF VARIOUS SALT MARSH PLANTS 128 Introduction Materials and Methods Plant Decomposition Nutritional Experiment Results and Discussion Decomposition Experiment Nutritive Experiment Conclusion Literature. Cited THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SALT MARSH DETRITUS FOR ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES 137 Introduction Invertebrates Frequently Occurring in Three Major Salt Marsh Types, the Creeks that Dissect Them and the Immediately Adjacent Areas Laboratory Feeding Experiments Materials and Methods Results Mytilus edulis Crassostrea gigas Discussion Mytilus edulis Crassostrea gigas Corophium sp. Summary Literature Cited DISTRIBUTIONS, TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS, AND ENERGETICS OF SALT MARSH INSECT POPULATIONS 155 Introduction Materials and Methods Sampling Procedures Energetics Ingestion Rate Respirometry Calorimetry Results and Discussion Distribution of Insects Trophic Relationships Energetics Summary Literature Cited FISHES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SALT MARSHES OF THE COOS BAY ESTUARY 169 Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Literature Cited TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont. Page SURVEY OF BIRD SPECIES IN AND AROUND THE SALT MARSHES OF THE COOS BAY ESTUARY 176 Marsh Birds Birds of the Estuary Summary Literature Cited MAMMAL POPULATIONS OF THE COOS BAY SALT MARSHES......... 190 Introduction Large Mammals Small Mammals Methods Results Species Composition Distributions Discussion Summary Literature Cited REGULATIONS AFFECTING THE MANAGEMENT OF OREGONS ESTUARINE SALT MARSHES 201 Existing Federal, State and Local Laws Federal State Local Terms Steps to Spotting and Stopping Environmentally Undesirable Activities LAND USE PLANS AFFECTING THE USE OF SALT MARSHES IN COOS BAY, OREGON 245 Land Use Plans Affecting the Use of Salt Marshes in Coos Bay, Oregon Developmental History of Coos Bay Existing Developmental Pressures Land Use Legislation Land Use Plans Affecting Coos Bay Tidal Flushing in Coalbank Slough Mitigation Man-made Marshes A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR MEASURING THE SOCIAL VALUE OF SALT MARSH 305 Abstract Introduction Section I Section II Section III Conclusion Footnotes References STUDY SUMMARY 331. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 334 Introduction Site Descriptions... Salt marshes, the areas of vascular plants which are subject to tidal flushing, constitute a unique habitat along the Oregon coast. Being neither terrestrial nor marine, they have qualities of both environments. They occur from mean tide level to extreme tide level, which may be construed to be the spruce/alder vege- tation line, and in this study have been further restricted to those areas subjected to tidal flooding of at least 2 parts per thousand salinity during the growing season (Jefferson 1974). Soil on which salt marshes are located is usually poorly drained and poorly aerated (Akin and Jefferson 1973). Starting from slightl y elevated tideflat, pioneer plants, once established act as a trap , collecting more and more sediments. In time, drainage channels become more distinct and with more species of plants in- vading, due to now different conditions, the , salt marsh rises above the drainage channels and surrounding tideflat,(Redfield 1972). With each new plant species, more roots collect sediments and organic matter from plant decomposition and in time, per- haps hundreds of years, a mature salt marsh configuration two to three meters above the surrounding tideflat is formed. Salt marshes occur world-wide in sheltered locations such as protected bays, estuaries, on the landward side of offshore islands and on low energy coastlines (Chapman . 1960). In Oregon, estuaries and sheltered bays are the only place where salt marshes may be found due to the high energy of waves on the Pacific coast. On the East coast offshore barrier islands shelter the coast enough to provide coastlines capable of supporting great expanses of salt marsh vegetation. Why salt marshes have been so intensely studied on the East coast in recent years is a question answered by their contri- bution to the estuarine environment. The estuary i s one large eco- system broken peculiarly into several subsystems. In a terrestrial system one thinks of primary production (photosynthesis) and herbivory as occurring at the same location. Cows grazing in a field break down the grasses high energy carbon compounds into more simple components yielding energy which is utilized for growth, maintenance, and eventually for consumption further up the food chain. In the special case of the estuary, primary pro- duction occurs in several forms. Although eelgrass communities and salt marshes may be directly grazed upon as diatoms and algae often are, a much more significant contribution comes from their incorporation into the detrital food web. In this food web excess plant material is broken down into detritus (dead plant material) and along with associated bacteria and fungi responsible for the decomposition process, is shipped into the estuary. Or- ganisms within the estuary, especially filter and deposit feeders, utilize this detritus and associated bacteria as a major energy source (Fenchal 1969, Newell 1965). In the words of Odum and delaCruz (1963) "Organic detritus is the chief link between primary and secondary productivity, because only a small portion of the marsh grass is grazed while it is alive, the main energy flow between...levels is by way of the detritus food chain." Fishes, Humans and Higher Consumers Marsh Wren reuse of detritus as Marsh Hawk substrate Formation of Detritus-Bacteria complex Detrital Food Chain Herbivorous Food Chain Pri mary Production from Salt Marsh Plants Figure 1. Detrital vs. Herbivorous Food Web. Other important functions may be ascribed to salt marsh com- munities due to their special properties and location. The salt marsh serves as an important settling and filling basin for silt, organic material, and pollutants from marine, terrestrial, and fresh water origin (Johnson 1969). Included in the function of this settling basin are the biological and chemical oxidation and reduction of organic compounds such as secondarily treated sewage into nutrients directly useable by estuarine animals. The fine substrate of the salt marsh has a great sorptive capacity which makes it especially able to trap nutrients (Odum 1970, Ranwell 1964). In this way important nutrients such as nitrogen. and phosphorous are returned to the natural system to be reutilized, after having been oxidized by bacteria associated with the salt marsh. In a recent study in Florida a 1500 acre salt marsh was shown to remove all of the nitrogen and one quarter of the phos- phorous from the domestic sewage of 62,000 people, putting it into the salt marsh for oxidation and slow release into the system (Jahn and Trefethen 1973). At times of flood and storm tides the salt marsh counteracts the effect of high waters, serving as a water storage basin which moderates both erosion and property damage (Akins and Jefferson 1973). In addition, the salt marsh serves as a breeding and nesting ground for many forms of fish and wildlife (Akins and Jefferson 1973). Salt marshes and associated shallow tideflats serve to moderate temperatures within the bay important to the rearing of juvenile invertebrates of economic as well as natural importance. Certain species of fish are also known to need the moderating temperatures of shallow estuaries for spawning as well as juvenile survival. Migrating birds utilize the salt marsh areas in Coos Bay. Especially important in this respect is Pony Slough, which serves as a stopover spot for several species of migratory birds when they are forced inland from the coast due to storm waves. Small mammals and non-migratory birds utilize the salt marsh areas for shelter and predator escape as well as nesting and rearing grounds (Johnson 1969). Biological, physical and chemical factors contribute to make the salt marsh a valuable and precious resource. Social benefits make this area even more important when one considers open-space and aesthetic qualities.
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