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Home , Battle of Bow Street, Buxton Memorial Fountain, Evil May Day, Gordon Riots, Kettling, Paternoster (sculpture)

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War in Iraq & Keynisian economics Rise of neo-liberal economics Chicago school of economics (USA) + (UK) Political requirement Traditional practice Afghanistan The Industrial Revolution End of Keynesian economics Global The 7/11 public as a form of democratic a critical spatial practice an evaluative Oil crisis - global CNN (24 hour news Sky News (24 hour news CNN (24 hour realtime news representation - that of popular sovereignty attitude to a variety of social and spatial International Monetary Fund issues. A series of tactics which are utilised The Battle chanel) launched (USA) coverage) launched coverage) First (USA) World Bank Group Reformation English Bill price of oil increases attacks in Economic crash Global PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC to combat existing hegemonic structures English of Rights of Trafalgar WWI WWII September 19–28, 2000 1980 1989 1990/1 Particularly relevant in light of today's political Civil war consinsus present in mainstream politics Particulary relevant in light of the legislative 1066 1689 1805 1914 1918 1939 1945 1955 1975 2001 2003 2005 restrictions placed on protest since 1970s IRA: bombing Gunpowder Great fire IRA: Brighton Hotel plot of London Battle of Hastings, start of Act of the Union bombing IRA: Docklands bombing 2007 2010 Antagonism Right to the city 1973 Trade union Chantal Mouffe Lefebvre, Harvey 1605 1666 1707 1984 1993 1996 the middle ages () Crash Stock Market Crash attacks in New Wall Street South Sea company Bengal 'The 'The 'The 'The 'The Panic' Black 'The Black Black 1996 York (9/11) Eurozone Economic Bubble Bubble Panic' Panic' Panic' Panic' USA: FIRST GLOBAL Friday Painic' Rights of commoning UK USA USA UK ECONOMIC CRASH USA USA Monday Wednesday Stock Market downturn IRA: Manchester bombing sovereignty crisis ... the notion of uncommitted land 1711 1720 1769 1796/7 1819 1837 1847 1857 1869 1873 1929 1973/4 1987 1992 2002

NUS launch the "vote for students" campaign The Panic UK 57 Liberal Democrat Candidates sign 1991 President Bill Clinton: "Strategy of triangulation" 2003 Liberal democrats flagship policy: Statute of Merton 1825 Chancellor Gerhard Schröder: “I pledge to vote against any increase in fees in the next 1998 2005 parliament and to pressure the government to introduce a "neue Mitte" fairer alternative.”[1] Nick Clegg 1235 1773 The Enclosures Act 1882 Reports Defining the performative act of Common Land: 1997 Prime Minister Tony Blair: "The third way" 2007 Browne review - main conclusions: - Removing the cap on the level of fees that universities can charge Commons are a remnant of the manorial system which from medieval times had been the basis of 21% of land enclosed and Criminal - Increasing the income level at which graduates must begin to pay Murder of Stephen Lawrence MacPherson protest as a critical spatial practice Evidence Act (PACE): Police powers to search a persons back their loans from £15,000 - £21,000 the country's economy. The manor was the basic unit and was supposed to be self-sufficient. property and to gain entry to that property report produced Two convictions The murder was racially motivated Crops were grown on the better soil and the poor land was the waste' used for grazing and Conviction and jailing of two Roads for prosperity and the handling of the case by the Metpopolitan Police found to 1984 of the perpetrators of 1865 1958 whitepaper police and Crown Prosecution Service be institutionaly racist. 70 gathering fuel. The Lord of the manor owned the whole land but the cottagers had rights Stephen Lawrences murder was affected by issues of race recommendations for reform New code of conduct recognised by the courts. In turn this meant that the Lord of the manor could not enclose land Commons Royal Commission: for police: Police and Critical...an evaluative attitude towards reality, a questioning rather Public enquiry: Police complaints Preservation The State of the Commons criminal evidence act 1989 A change in the way in which parliamentary authority, hence the unfenced open spaces which we still recognise as the established 1993 1999 First time that the black (or an ethnic minority community) has successfully taken their societal complaints through 'the system' as oposed to 'the streets' 2012 without Society (formed) authority mainstream society talk about racism the last reserve of uncommitted land in England and Wales.' than an acceptance of the world as it is, a taking apart and examining... hallmark of a common. Register of all common land National Union of Students’ (NUS) flagship annual General public right of access to commons conferences Nick Clegg promises students, “We will 1981 1985 House of Commons vote for tuition fee rises Nick Clegg admitted breaking the election pledge and apologised for Effective schemes of management resist, vote against, campaign against, a rise in tuition ( split over vote) having "made a promise we weren’t absolutely sure we could deliver" fees." Peter Marcuse, from critical urban theory to the right to the city, 2009

May Nov Feb Feb May Oct Dec Sep

Parliament dissolved Gordon brown resigns

General election held a Legislation Bank of Commons Legislation England General closures Act 1845 1965 Registration act The 1965 Act provides for the registration of village greens in exactly the same was as for common land. Apr founded review The Six Acts The Reform Act: They were originally small areas, usually forming part of the waste land of a manor, over which local inhabitants indulge Nick Clegg tells the BBC that despite the recommendations of the commission in lawful sports and pastimes. What must originally have been technically a trespass, or at most carried on with the "course of conduct" amounting Protection from "pursuing a course of conduct" Browne review, the government was still considering its response 1694 1918 1928 1948 permission of the lord of the manor, ultimately matured into a customary right enforceable through the courts. In many to harassment, provides that a Harassment Act amended to include approaching two course of conduct must involve people just once Party

education ... the social. In other words we are concerned with the GENERAL BAN ON instances, village greens were also common land and it is only the 1965 Act which has made the two categories of land conduct on at least two Spatial 1819 1832 1839 1880 mutually exclusive for the purposes of regeneration. occasions. Under this (reformed) act the definition Efforts of local landowners backed by Representation of the action must involve the same 1997 of harassment is behavior which 1651 people act: person causes alarm or distress. Labour higher logico-epistemological space, the space of social practice, the space the Council of State to crush the Digger POLITICAL PROTEST Vote to male soldiers Women receive suffurage Recreational allotments Special demonstration colonies whenever they arose. Removed multiple voting Special demonstration squad effectively allows the police larger powers squad disbanded Ban aiming to: (universal sufferage for all men) on the same terms as men Customary right to indulge in lawful sports or pastimes of control over over the public space Gag radiacal newspapers Vote granted for middle National Extremism Tactical 20 years' use as of right (proven) occupied by sensory phenomena, including products of the imagination such Preventing large meetings Co-ordination Unit Conservative and Liberal democrats form a The Act class males (those owning coalition after the general election which Under control of the Metropolitan property worth £10 or more) Association of Chief produces no outright winner as projects and projections, symbols and utopias...The practico-sensory 1968 2010 Police Business Group... 1715 Police Officers (ACPO) 1948 realm of social space. National Public Order National Domestic Intelligence Unit 2010 2011 The Reform act The Police Act Extremism Unit Representation of the people act: Criminal Law Act 1948 Criminal Law Act 1967 Parliament of the 1867 1882 1919 The Police Federation established Women over 30 (SOCPA) Creation of the Magna Wives of householders 1948 1967 Henri Lefebvre, The production of space, 1974 St Paul's (Royal) Stock Led to the supression Graduates of British Universities Serious and Occupiers of property with anual City of London Cathedral of police unions Abolition of hard labour, Abolition of distinction between Carta exchange 1801 Parks regualtion act Restriction and reduction of existing exemption rent £5 or more penal servitude and whipping Felony & misdemeanor; instead a exemption 1994 organised After August : founded rights and in greater penalties for Police Reform and new category of 'arrestable offences' certain "anti-social" bahaviours Proposed use of plastic Criminal Justice & section 34-39 crime act: bullets, watercannons and 604 AD 1066 1215 1264 First Parliament called 1571 1835 1969 Social Responsibility Act Public Order Act substantially changed the right to battons, aswell as the use of silence of an acused person, Political consensus allowing for inferences to be conventional firearms in the drawn from their silence event of arson. Kings council: Popish Recusants Act: Municipal Reform Act: Business vote Parliament of Great Britain Establish a uniform system of Town Police section 60 Catholics baned from practicing: abolished in all UK local increases police powers of Boroughs governed by town Public pay 1990 Increase to 7 days Act amended after 9/11: Law, Medicine or as a Guard or Trustee Clauses Act Partition of Ireland authority elections Government unsupervised "stop and search" detention without charge 14 days detention London Olympic games councils elected by ratepayers wage cap abandon 'sus' laws without charge “The dominant tendency today consists in envisaging Practicedemocracy in such...transverse a way that tactics is almostdo not obeyexclusively the law identifiedof the place, for they 1216 1606 1663 1749 Bow Street (runners) 1839 1847 1891 1922 1968 1974 1980 1981 1982 1984 1988 1990 1993 2000 2003 2005 2011 2012 with the Rechtsstaat and the defence of human rights, leaving asideare not the defined elements or identified of popular by it... sovereignty one can distinguish (…) This "ways has of operating" - Charter of the Forest: Magistrates to search Trade union law: Report by (CIC) chief Ban on political protest and the use of their homes for arms Justice of the peace Recognised as an annual event Introduction of - Illegal to strike without a ballot re-established rights of High treason to obey 1839 inspector of constabulary 'unmanned' drones to aid policing created a democratic deficit' which given the central role the authority of Rome act of at the Exposition Universelle a 3 day week access to the forest for free parliament - voting for strike = breaking employment contract Act First Second as oposed to the King (International Workers Day) Representation of the people act: ways of walking, reading, producing, speaking etc. been eroded City of London played by the idea of popular sovereignty in the democratic men that had of Supremecy Supression Act Supression Act Removed multiple voting - New general power of arrest for all by a succession of kings Police Act Employment act: Employmeny act: Employment act: Employment act: (Northern Ireland) - universal sufferage Employment act: offencers imaginary, can have very dangerous effects on the allegiance Imposition of postal ballots - Pre entry closed shop illegal Six week delay between ballot Terrorism act introduced Ordinance of 1233 - Solidarity action made illegal - limits definition of a strike / trade dispute to democratic institutions.” 1534 1536 1539 (due to lower rate of participation (gradual erosion of trade union membership) decision and date of action Detain without resaonable - Significantly extended and simplified the international solidarity action made illegal suspcion compared to workplace) - All secondary action illegal powers of arrest of a constable Michel De Certeau, The practice of everyday life, 1984 1233 - Picket line Numbers reduced to six (against multinationals - precursor to Global Capitalism) - Closed shop to be aproved by 80% of workforce Introduction of (Mouffe 2000, 3-4) The right of Commoning on field - Workers could not strike for political reasons community charge: Poll - Introduced restrictions on in the - Reduced dissmisal compensation vicinity of the Palace of . was given to the parishioners of St. Margaret's - Employees alowed to sack strikers

(Westminster) and St Martins-in-the-fields Commonwealth 1829

Bloody Sunday Introdution of 'sus' laws Metropolitan Second (IPCC) investigation into Police Act Detain on the 'suspicion' of Military intervention - commiting an offense in the future Ian Tomlinson's death ongoing... “I propose a distinction between two forms of antagonism, 10,000 troops 1972 antagonism proper which takes place between enemies but

Charles Arbuthnot forces the purchase of land 1919 IDEOLOGICAL CONTINUITY OVER PUBLIC REALM RESTRICTIONS between adversaries', adversaries being defined in a 1826 Twenty-six unarmed defining the area now known as civil-rights protesters and paradoxical way as friendly enemies', that is, persons who Political fears of a bystanders were shot by Trafalgar Square named; 'Bolshevist (style) uprising' soldiers of the British Army. are friends because they share a common symbolic space 1830 & King William IV but also enemies because they want to organize this common both claiming res2ponsibility symbolic space in a different way.”

King Louis IX (France) dies in Tunis 1270 (Mouffe, 2000, 13) Montjoies, erected to mark the passage of his funeral procession King Louis XI Canonised 1536-41 1558 1606 Openess, accountability, and from Aigues-Mortes to Paris 1271 1297 Law enforcement London ringways proposal First use of for public realm Pope Boniface VIII Marine Police Force the restoration of confidence: opened First use riot gear disorders: Parliamentary Square 2. The definition of 'racist incident' should be: 'any incident which VIII I I is perceived to be racist by the victim or any other person'. Public space Henry Elizabeth James Private public order Paid with tax 3. The Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) should review its Good 1960s by police officers Disability Rights Demonstration Practice Guide for Police Response to Racial Incidents and other policies disillusion of temporarily revoked rights in an Acre extension to grounds instigating system of Tithings By “public space” we mean the range of social locations offered by the street, the park, the media, the Internet, the shopping mall, the United Nations, national payers money service formed 8. The Home Secretary, in consultation with Police Services, should ensure that Square British police strikes the monastries atempt to increase revenues a record is made by police officers of all "stops" and "stops and searches" design plans dies governments and local neighbourhoods. “Public space” envelops the palpable tension between place, experienced at all scales in daily life, and the seeming

Appointment favours Appointment of 1233 1252 1663 Night Watchmen 1737 1798 1829 for 1918-1919 1977 1995 Watchmen of Contables formed commision... Ulster Special Memorial column Trafalgar spacelessness of the internet, popular opinion and global institutions and economy. Wilkins Wilkins constabulary First preventative Carried arms and trained Internment after being (Neil Smith & Setha Low, 2006) 's proposal role of policing with military tactict without trial struck from behind by a police officer XIV th ... in the location of what becomes Trafalgar Square in XXth. c Commission William William memorial Presence of Kings Mews in Charing Cross Nelson's committee Competition Nelson's 1844 Pressence of a (Kings) Mews North of "Charing Cross" for redevelopment First ceasefire: Ceasefire Belfast Power sharing Power sharing Devolved governement 1920 'B' units disbanded Loyalist republican paramilitaries reinstalled agreement agreement suspended returns to Northern Ireland St John of England City fortified after Battle of Edge Hill - late William Railton commissioned This definition merges three distinct notions of place and combines them into this recognisable singularity. What interests me is what each category manages to 1812 Nelson's columns 1834 1838 1840 increase in 1830s to build Nelson's columns 1922 Special powers act 1968 1968 1986 violence 1994 1997 1998 1999 2002 2007 Charing Cross left free for the movement of preceeding... facilitate in regards to social human interaction. troops between the palaces and the artillery forts 1643 comissioned to built at Hyde Park aCorner and Constitution Hill Trafalgar Square 1832 1840 carry out Trafalgar Square works elect 29 Contributes to first Labour MPs Labour government Stables in a state Sinn Féin contest King's Stables / Mews rebuilt 1732 XVIII th a select committee of MPs: Firstly, there is the notion of public space as a series of accessible physical locations. These places form part of the matrix of the urban (or rural) of disrepear Commission instructs Introduction of House of Wessex House of Normandy Henry III House of Tudor 1825 1840 Investigation of plans – 47hour week parliamentary elections Contributed to the downfall (the next prime minister) Monarchy revised plans competition of Margaret announces the abolition of the rising costs and delays environment. One could equally define them as spaces which can be walked through or transgressed by pedestrians, and that under their standard daily operative Statue of Charles I in the same Statue of King Charles I cast 1638 1675 XVIII th Centre of London Re-designed location as Eleanor's Cross 1841 objections to Barry's design 1845 state do not require any form of identification based checkpoint system as a prerequisite to enter or move through those spaces. However, each location is subject to a installed Fountains code of conduct which if contradicted and overseen triggers a different state of operation. “Streets, and parks” are the examples given, but could easily be extended to An assembly of the ruling class whose primary Those who held lands directly from social 7th function was to advise the king and whose the King, known as manors, and aesthetic squares, thoroughfares and land designated as a public right of way'. This first definition also links the idea of “public space” to notions around public rights of use an membership was composed of the most important ecclesiastics that advised the king of engineering noblemen in England, both ecclesiastic and secular. England on legislative matters access to land which is not owned by the individuals who use it. These actions, though manifest for contemporary settings, cannot be disconnected from the notion of 3rd plinth occupied Parliament 1861 common land and the activities facilitated by such a conceptual understanding around the designation of space. This is a theme which I will return to later, particularly First written account refering to the village of Charing (Ciorrincg) 1No. plinth occupied 4th plinth occupied in relation to the performative act of public realm protest. Barry designed 2No. plinths 1841 1844 1855 - Memorials erected to mark the passage Plinths George IV of the funeral procession from Harby to (mimics that of King Lousis IX procession) Office of the Lord High steward 1979-1997 1997-2010 2010 - Secondly there are the non-physical constructs which operate primarily as information based resources which stimulate or provide a Office of the 1783-1806 1806-1809 1809-1830 1830-1834 1834-1846 1846-1852 1852-1855 1855-1868 1868-1874 1874-1886 1886-1905 1905-1922 1922- 1924 1924-1937 1937-1945 1945-1955 1955-1964 1964-1970 1970-1974 1974-1979

1721-1762 Whig Tory Witenagemot: Curia Regis: Lord Chancellor Office of Prime Minister 1763-1770 Tory Whig Tory Whig Conservative Whig / Liberal Conservative Liberal Conservative Liberal Consevative Liberal Conservative Labour Conservative Labour Conservative Labour Conservative Labour platform for communication between individuals. These are constructs which are made available to the populous through conduits 1770-1782 Coalition (Conservative/ Liberal democracts) "meeting of wise men" Council of tenants-in-chief Office of Lord High Treasurer Whig (coalition) Conservative Labour which may vary wildly but which do not necessitate a particular spatial singularity to facilitate them. In both the examples given, “the media and the internet” these are Eleanor's Cross destroyed Replica of Eleanor's Cross located 799 - The Hamlet of Charing Cross, the final overnight stop 1291-4 1647 1865 on order of parliament outside of Charing Cross Railway station industries whose services or products are owned and distributed by private corporations, whether this distribution is through interpersonal communication, news or Introduction screen print is simply a mechanism by which this subjective information reaches its intended target or market audience. However, what they facilitate as a platform for Name derived from the Anglo-Saxon cerr, - , dies in Harby of bylaws Old high German cher, meaning turning or bend in the Thames I 1290 (the most pronounced between Chelsea and Wapping) wife of King Edward (England) House of Windsor Site for the execution of John Cook, Hugh Peters, social communication and discourse which is broadly speaking public. 1660 To approach palace by any Oliver Cromwell's Chaptain & Head of Harrison 5th means accept for boat was via Charing Folkmoot: Such political displays of brutality had a considerable effect on the public, arousing substantial sympathy for the Thirdly there are the locations which house operations which are identified as representative to the citizens within a Cross- Armies returning successful from victims. So much so that the Government ordered that in future all such events should take place at Tynburn, Charing Cross being too close to the centre of power for such an assembly of large often anti-government crowds. "meeting of the people" A governing general assembly consisting of all battle, dissident's intent on overthrowing predefined terrain (district, borough, city or nation). The examples of the “United Nations, national governments” is given and again can be extended to both , or large corteges of democratic and non-democratic/ elective institutions. The houses of parliament and The are both designations which could be added to this the free members of a tribe, community or district noblemen on horseback… First 'era' of televised 'living First 24 hour television Real-time 24 hour Launch 24 hour rolling 24 hour interactive 24 hour rolling news available room' wars (Vietnam War) news channel news coverage news television network television network service through live webstreams category. What binds these locations is remit. These operations invariably take place on private land and in stark contrast to the first definition of public space - do 2011) Media - influence & ideology require (often elaborate) forms of identification and checkpoint systems for individuals to gain access. Here, the decisions made in these terrains has wide reaching public ramifications (regardless of the processes utilised to reach them). Their effective remit is the public. Citizens feel that they have a degree of reprositive (reprisal) August 'protecting civil + 1821-8 religious liberties' 1993 of 15 16 ownership over the spaces and individuals whose practices reside there. They are part of the “public sphere” as much as they are public spaces. What defines them

(as as public is that their terrain of action is singularly identifiable architectural. One can identify the exact forum in which particular decisions are made. A trading floor or conservative UK Licencing (with a small 'c') 1855 1961 8 12 newspaper house of chambers resides in a physical locality. The public sphere has a less physically definable construct.

Order lapses the

Aimed at a 'lower middle-class market' in resulting from mass education Designed to be read in 20 minutes. 1663/4 1709 1828 1896 1982 1999 2 3 5 Founded as 'a newspaper for women' News, sport, showbiz, celebrities

The end of 'Character led' news Right of centre The Daily Herald

prepublication and gossip magaazine politics and culture newspapers censorship ends publication 1 1843 1984 2011 1 Started as a daily strike buletin: 1969 2 Developed first into 'synicalism', Altered format + Conceived to take on the strength of 1930 3 Campaigned against WWI, 1964 1978 2002 selling 9 Aimed directly at the newly literate 4 Stance of socialim and ended its life as editorial position the Daily Mirror and Sun in the North a 'working class' newspaper Transformed into a tabloid working classes. Quickly established itself as a purveyor of titillation, shock

The Daily First paper to carry gossip columns, largest Charing Cross was the site of many taverns and coffee houses; and criminal news 1900 1918 11 13 Universal sport and women's features of the places of so much intrigue and plotting against the Crown Register The cheapest newspaper of its time Public space & public sphere order 1785 1788 1981 7 10 By “public space” we mean the range of social locations offered by the street, the as

Aimed at a 'lower middle-class market' resulting from park, the media, the Internet, the shopping mall, the United Nations, national mass education 1903 1915 1963 4 6 governments and local neighbourhoods. “Public space” envelops the palpable

Launched as a newspaper for women, run by women. influence /

regarded as leaning to the left politically, tension between place, experienced at all scales in daily life, and the seeming 1986 but tends to take a classical liberal, 17 pro-market, stance on economic issues spacelessness of the internet, popular opinion and global institutions and economy. 1881 14 Popularity (Neil Smith & Setha Low, 2006)

BBC 24 hour News television BBC News 1927 1997 2007 network - 2 minute looped bulletins live webstream 1accessible physical locations - walked through or transgressed

News International ownership 2non-physical constructs / platforms of communication

3locations which house operations which are representative

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1605 1872 The idea of the “public sphere” as an arena of political deliberation and participation, Protest and therefore as fundamental to democratic governance, has a long and Gunpowder plot Speakers corner late The Troubles (Northern Ireland) Plan to blow up the during 1998 distinguished history. The imagery of the Athenian agora as the physical space Established (some areas would be 1960s the State Opening of England's Parliament wherein that democratic ideal might be attained has also had a powerful hold on the permitted to be used for that purpose 1980 The levellers The Diggers 1919 IRA formed 1922 Parliamentary estate control control Trafalgar Square Stephen Ward: Legal Defence and Monitoring Group (LDMP) 1 2 3 4 Popular sovereignty, Ideas for the creation permitted in Public authority Parks.) 1940 - Buxton memorial removed 1950 - Square redesigned as an 'open space' Defendants Campaign documentation of violence perpetrated by security guards form legal back up on demonstrations in and around London. political imagination [...] some kind of association or even identity has been forged extended suffrage, of small egalitarian (TSDC) Subsequently established a legal precedent of the right for protesters Working in the same way as the Trafalgar Square Defendants action launched Injunction Bailifs evict Earth First! and demonstrators to have a witness while being questioned Campaign (TSDC) during the Poll Tax demos equality before the law, rural communities between the proper shaping of urban public space and the proper functioning of 1838 1859 1865-9 1897 1928 Advocacy action begins appeal refused and religious tolerance Animal [USA] The Bank of Ideas Liberation Front 1649-51 Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp: Last missiles democratic governance. 1981 2000 manifesto/ Citizen Control Protest against the decision of the British government to allow cruise missiles to be based there leave site demands Giving away decision-making, resources and control 1976 ∴Υ+Φ0Β7public space (rights & access) Clear lines of accountability and two-way communication (David Harvey, 2006) camp of with those giving away the power Olympark - protests prohibitedre-arranged during year of implementaion 1644-47 1649 -peace camp' collective ∴Υ+Φ0Β7democracy (representation) power -practice of daily life... Blockade 14 mile Eviction Delegated power human chain ∴Υ+Φ0Β7protest (performative political practice) literary structures for spatial response -Human chain Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Degree Earth First! citizen Two-way communication essential manifesto written -Human circle Earth First! 1protest as a tool for citizens to directly activate the (political) public sphere Battle of the Roadshow Direct involvvement in decision-making and action. Clear roles, Beanfield [UK] - Site invasions - Roadshows Dean Partnership responsibilities and powers - usually for a shared common goal. - Occupations of construction sites - obstruct / block the regular users of spaces resignation (docks / timber yards) Chaplin 1985 1990 1991 resignation Placation Two-way communication Dean Particiipants have an active role as shapers of opinions, ideas -Protest Convoy resignation and outcomes, but final decision remains with the agency. (Non stop) Guerilla 1986 1990 demonstrations -Exclusion zone Anti-Apartied protest ... Gardening Occupy LSX

-Road block of Can be two-way communication -Sabotage Consultation Asking opinions, collecting views but final decisions 1866 1991 1999 2010 are made by those who are doing the consulting tokenism

Occupation Occptn. Degree

-Street blockades Carnival against Democracy Day-long street blockades Capitalism Climate camp in camp one-way communication of the 'City of London' Climate Camp the city Informing the public of their rights, responsibilities and -Critical mass [rolling blockade] Informing opinions, includes provision of feedback of decisions. -die in' - [occupation] 1990 M11 link road protest 1994 -multiple marches [4No.] 2006 2007 2009 - "This is not a riot" tactic M3 Joint [diverge and converge] Action Group -disruption / distruction - [CCTV disabled] Therapy FIRST MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO -sound [multiple sound systems] - 'if we 'educate' the public they will change their ill-informed Drax London () London (Blackheath) Protest against 1973 1991 1993 1995 attituded and they will support our plans.' UK budget Non FORMING A RADICAL TRADITION -Kettling... - Obstruct / block the regular users of spaces Manipulation

-Implementation of the protest tripod participation Twyford Down road protest A3 link road protest Newbury IN BRITISH POLITICS Winter of discontent Reformists demonstrations Bypass protests 2001 Brian Haw protest camp 2011 (Hyde Park) - Speakers corner Tolpuddle Martyrs - Blockades / Obstructions- - Forty 1978-1979 Sherry Arnstein deported for -Nomadic occupations - -Tree camps hours 1969 ladder of participation unionisation -Obstructive tunnel digging Police strikes strike Maze weakening of British 1838 1838 1842 1848 1918-1919 1919 1974 1980 prisoner 1981 1984-1985 1986-1987 trade unionism Strike hunger strike Strike The People's charter: The general strike Petition @ convention (NUM) Nation Union of Miners: Strike by Austerity protests activity bubble

Work to rule policy gravediggers and (NUM) Nation Union of Miners: Sq.)

Strike over proposed pit closures The Wapping dispute white MARCH OCCUPATION RIOT refuge workers September26 1. A vote for every man twenty-one years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for crime. (ancilary NHS Collective Primary 2. The secret ballot. - To protect the elector in the exercise of his vote. workers picket) Performative Spatial Temporality Targeted Variation 3. No property qualification for members of Parliament - thus enabling the constituencies to return the man of their choice, be he rich or poor. Projections Padded

overalls Parliament Battle of - - 4. Payment of members, thus enabling an honest tradesman, working man, or other person, to serve a constituency, when taken from his business to attend to the interests of the Country. Orgreave Construct 5. Equal Constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing small constituencies to swamp the votes of large ones. Halloween Time required for the Each practice has a spatial Development of the practice Particular action When performed within 6. Annual parliaments, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since though a constituency might be bought once in seven years (even with the ballot), no purse could buy a May day May day G-20 London duration of the target or terrain which is the beyond its designated / protest Anti-cut protests Teacher's Off duty police deed or proceeding parks, streets or squares Peterloo Masacre constituency (under a system of universal suffrage) in each ensuing twelve-month; and since members, when elected for a year only, would not be able to defy and betray their constituents as now. Summit Protests march (TUC) pensions strikes officer's march performance focus of their action primary ambitions Annual Protestant The 1819 1839 1886 1968 1969 Apprentice Boys 1971 1990 2000 2002 2009 2011 2011 2012 WOMBLES March march March Peasant's Revolt Black -Kettling... Dérive – wanderings – / The Great rising Linear - Predetermined - Led to 'The Six Acts' Transient - predictable Monday 1984 2003 MARCH predetermined trajectory legal, organised [prevalent towards the end of scheduled activities] Protests of over the Also led to the foundation of 'The Poll tax Manchester Observer' - 'The Manchester -Pitch battles -Charging protesters - Million march Guardian' (now '') Black / Bloody (NICRA) Campaign Popular Site of the final battle -Beating shields Mounted police & Police vehicles Sunday marches Brixton Race Dewsbury Revolt: of Wyatt's rebellion Nottinghill race riots Garden House Riots Toxteth riots Race riots Race riots Riots Race Riots

(Often) temporary 1196 1381 1554 1517 1780 1839 1887 1912 1919 1958 1969 1970 1981 1985 1989 1995 2001 2001 2001 2005 2011 Static - terrain defined, Longevity - wider variety Practice – re-designed / authorisation after instigation Riot Riot OCCUPATION lcoation specific of alternative practices of occupation pervasive through repetition Series of outbreaks of violence, Riots in Belfast & Brixton riots Brixton riots Harehills Oldham Bradford Birmingham The advocate of (Poll Tax) terminology repealed and riots: Series of outbreaks of violence Riots in Trafalgar Led to the formation of the The case remains a precedent for the legal principles that holding strong political views is no Earth Liberation Front 2011 August more militant tactics afiliated riot (George Square, Derry: IRA split 4 the poor (uprising) an awareness that the dissatisfied Insighted by sermon Square Nottinghill Carnival (1959) excuse for violent acts, that prosecuting only a few out of a number of potential defendants is , Scotland) (Official & Provisional) Riots were capable of wreaking havoc at 'The Cross' permitted, that a defendant's individual acts should not be considered in isolation but must take their share of blame from the broader context of the disorder, and that encouraging or 1992 promoting disorder by words or actions is as culpable as participating in it. 3 - economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare 2 Materially destructive - Reactive - not authorised at Symbolic / emblematic of wider RIOT Transient - unpredictable mobile any stage socio-political context 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 -Kettling... Nov Student tuition fee protests 1

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 18101820 1830 1840 1850 1860 18701880 1890 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Nelson's column designed by William Railton 1872

1843 - Rebuilt 'The Cross' and Column installed pulpit destroyed 1837-39 after fire St Paul's rebuilt St Paul's (by puritans) without the pulpit re-designs fountains St Paul's rebuilt in Fountains to reduce Cathedral 'The Cross' rebuilt in Sermon Pulpit closed after Pulpit or 'The Cross' re-occupied 'London' 1087 St Paul's 200 year rebuild 1314 the capacity of 'riotous Speakers corner founded grand architectural style insights riots riot against speaker reopened assembly' Established (some areas would be Redesigned with Square redeveloped 5th 604 AD 886 AD 962 AD 1236 1490s 1517 1553 1559 1605 1643 1697 1820 1826 1837 1840 1841 1844 1942 1961 1967 1996 2003 Folkmoot: an open air pulpit permitted to be used for that purpose - New Masterplan

St Pauls Cross permitted in Public authority Parks.) St Paul's General Assembly Sermons delivered here, condemnation Paternoster Square "meeting of the people" rebuilt in stone printed and distributed of 'plot' sermon Layout New layout Redevelopment destroyed in redeveloped Exchange moves to First Folkmoot at St Paul's site: to a wider audience 2004 approved proposed & completed Paternoster Square A governing general general assembly at 'The Cross' John Nash approved Charing Cross act assembly consisting passed - area cleared of all the free The Cross: Planned as part of Charing members of a tribe, preaching cross and open air Cross improvement scheme community or district pulpit in the grounds of Old St Paul's Cathedral, City of London.

ST PAUL'S TRAFALGAR SPEAKER'S PATERNOSTER OLYMPIC CATHEDRAL SQUARE CORNER SQUARE SITE

space' control 'open an as Authority London redesigned Greater - Square 1950 control estate removed fountain Parliamentary memorial - Buxton PARLIAMENT 1940 SQUARE

Plans to install Parliament Square to improve 1834 traffic flows around The

(new) palace of Westminster PUBLIC SPACES Re-built after fire

Collective identity construction Structure allows Individuals to create agency within the larger framework of a participatory culture 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 WHITEHALL Manifesto Formal 18101820 1830 1840 1850 1860 18701880 1890 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2010 2012 Interviews outward statements and intentions [identity construction] Court case languages

Informal/ personal Banners communicate

[social/communicative] Notice boards desires territorial practice a performative within Explicitly indicators