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Antarctica Explored VOLUME 11, ISSUE 7 An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program Antarctica Explored ■ Health & Science Feature: What Scott learned ■ Vocabulary: In the Know ■ Careers: On Expedition ■ Reading: Geography and Places ■ Discussion Questions: He lost the race to the South Pole but made discoveries for science ■ Student Activity: Commemorate the Scott Expedition ■ E-Replica Activity: Research | Lake Vostok ■ Map: Antartica ■ Map: Antarctic Expedition 1911-1912 ■ Map: Beneath the ice, a continent reveals its highs and lows NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER-IN-RESIDENCE ENRIC SALA April 10, 2012 ©2012 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY VOLUME 11, ISSUE 7 An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program What Scott learned He lost the race to the South Pole and died on the way back. But the knowledge amassed by his team has been used by scientists for 100 years. BY ERIC NILER Special to The Washington Post A century ago, British naval Capt. Robert F. Scott and four members of his polar expedition trudged across the forbidding Antarctic landscape, “man-hauling” sleds across 800 miles of ice and snow in a desperate push to make it back to their base. The Englishmen were suffering from frostbite, malnutrition, dysentery and probably heavy hearts: They were coming home with the knowledge that a competing expedition, led by Norwegian Roald Amundsen, had beaten them to the South Pole. But halfway back to their base, Scott did NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION something quite Upper Beardmore Glacier photographed by Comdr. Jim Waldron USNR (ret.) during Austral summer extraordinary. He 1956-57. On this glacier Scott and his men loaded 35 pounds of fossils onto their packed sleds. stopped at the foot of a mountain deep crevasses, and one of the men — March 29, its last words referring to his range and sent Petty Officer Edgar Evans — fell twice. family: “For God’s sake, look after our one of his men to He died two weeks later from injuries people.” Nine months later, the bodies collect some unusual rocks. and exposure. of Scott, Wilson and Lt. Henry Bowers “I decided to camp and spend the rest By mid-March, the remaining four men were found frozen in their tent, 100 of the day geologising,” Scott wrote in were running out of food and water, and miles from their permanent base. his journal on Feb. 8, 1912. “It has been their fuel supplies were dangerously low. And those fossilized plants were extremely interesting. ... (Edward A.) On March 17, Capt. Lawrence Oates left eventually sent back to London. Wilson, with his sharp eyes, has picked their encampment and wandered off by So how to judge Scott and his several plant impressions, the last a piece himself; his famous last words, recorded expedition? As the 100th anniversary of coal with beautifully traced leaves in by Scott, were: “I am just going outside of the “Race to the South Pole” is layers.” and may be some time.” marked this winter, it reinvigorates a The team loaded 35 pounds of these The last three men tried for two weeks long debate over Scott’s judgment and fossils onto their already packed sleds to push forward but were forced to preparation. Was he a victim of bad and pushed off down the Beardmore remain inside their tent, buffeted by a Glacier. It was a treacherous route across storm. Scott’s final diary entry is dated CONTINUED April 10, 2012 ©2012 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY VOLUME 11, ISSUE 7 An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program SCOTT POLAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE A photo from October 1911 shows Capt. Robert F. Scott writing in his journal shortly before he and four of his men set out for the South Pole. They reached their destination on Jan. 17, 1912, only to discover that they were not the first to get there. FROM PREVIOUS PAGE “Scott’s legacy is really science,” said The two expeditions could not have Edward Larson, historian and author of been more different. luck and unusually cold weather, as he An Empire of Ice: Scott, Shackleton, Amundsen, who turned his attention wrote in his diary, or bad planning and and the Heroic Age of Antarctic to Antarctica only after he learned that dumb decisions, as some historians have Exploration. Amundsen’s expedition, somebody else had beaten him to the written? he said, “was a mere dash to the pole. North Pole, brought 19 men aboard One thing experts seem to agree on: But Scott’s expedition was remarkably his ship, the Fram. They were selected Scott’s British Antarctic Expedition of successful. He ended up producing a for their ability to ski fast, survive 1910 to 1912 laid the groundwork for composite picture of what Antarctica and navigate across the featureless understanding climate, paleohistory, was all about.” Antarctic landscape, and to run sled _______ oceanography and biology in the most _______ dogs. Amundsen used only dog teams remote continent on the planet. _______ CONTINUED April 10, 2012 ©2012 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY VOLUME 11, ISSUE 7 An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program that time science was part of the standard British expedition,” Larson said. “He was determined to lead it in a way that facilitated the work of scientists.” Scott’s expedition certainly produced scientific results: • Shipboard oceanographic measure- ments on the Terra Nova led to the discovery that marine currents, colder than the surrounding water, circle the Antarctic continent. Since then, scien- tists have concluded that these currents form a natural barrier that has allowed Antarctic marine life forms to develop along their own evolutionary paths. Scott’s scientists at both the winter quar- ters on Ross Island and on ship voyages also pulled up dozens of examples of strange, previously unknown sea life. • Weather balloons launched daily by meteorologist George Simpson and other members of the expedition recorded temperature, wind and barometric pressure data that scientists are still using today as a base line to measure climate LARIS KARKLIS/THE WASHINGTON POST change. These balloons also measured FROM PREVIOUS PAGE Before sailing from London in June the high-altitude winds that circle the 1910, Scott announced to the world Antarctic continent and since then have because he believed they were the best that he was headed south to find the been found to affect weather around the form of transportation, something he pole. Young men clamored to join his globe. To expand the temperature data, had learned from the Native peoples he expedition, many paying a thousand Simpson assigned a night watchman encountered while exploring the Arctic pounds to join the adventure. By the to take readings at midnight as well as years before. time Scott reached Australia in October, noon. In contrast, Scott’s crew of 65 men the expedition had turned into a race: • Before leaving base camp for the pole, aboard the Terra Nova included He received a telegram from Amundsen Scott and three other men explored the physicists, meteorologists, zoologists, — who had thus far kept his plans secret Dry Valleys along the western Antarctic glaciologists and a photographer with a — saying that he, too, was sailing to the coast. This two-week, 150-mile “jolly complete darkroom. The men camped at continent at the bottom of the planet. excursion,” as one man described it, several locations during the year and a Both teams reached Antarctica in brought back fish fossils and rocks that half they spent in Antarctica. To traverse January 1911. While Amundsen spent all gave clues to the continent’s early history. sea ice, glaciers and the vast ice sheet his time preparing for a lightning-fast dash Scott also made the first measurements that covers much of Antarctica, Scott to the South Pole once the summer began of the movement of the region’s glaciers brought not only dog teams but also in November, Scott was busy launching using flags that had been planted in the four motorized tractors (one of which scientific side trips, including a geology ice a year earlier. broke through the ice and sank; the trip to Antarctica’s Western Mountains • Physicist Charles Wright made others broke down) and several dozen and another to collect emperor penguin detailed studies of Antarctic ice sheets, Siberian ponies (whose hooves sank in eggs in the animal’s winter rookery. how sea ice forms and how the air and the snow). “Scott was a British gentleman, and at CONTINUED April 10, 2012 ©2012 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY VOLUME 11, ISSUE 7 An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program In the Know Ascidian Barometric pressure Catabolic winds Coal Compass Crevasses Crystallized chemicals Currents Fossils Geologising Marine life Microscope Parasites Protozoa Rookery Specimen Weather balloon Careers on the Expedition STEVE ROOF/NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Biologist Botanist “I decided to camp and spend the day geologising. … Cook Geologist [Edward A.] Wilson, with his sharp eyes has picked Glaciologist Meteorologist several plant impressions, the last a piece of coal with Oceanographer Photographer beautifully traced leaves in layers.”Æ Physician Robert Scott, in his journal, February 8, 1912 Physicist Sailor Zoologist FROM PREVIOUS PAGE Years later, studies on the bird’s embryos disproved a theory that these penguins snow together form ice crystals on different were descended from lizards. structures. He also reexamined the nature _______ _______ of icebergs, according to Larson, and how _______ they break off from glaciers moving slowly from the polar ice cap toward the ocean. In November 1911, Scott left from Cape • Scott allowed three men to travel Evans for the 800-mile trip to the South 70 miles each way across Ross Island to Pole.
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