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Prevention of Women Trafficking Through Mandiri Economic

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Prevention of Women Trafficking Through Mandiri Economic International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Vol.11, No 3, (2020), pp.2425 - 2434 Prevention Of Women Trafficking Through Mandiri Economic Empowerment 1Grace Jenny Soputan, 2Ferdinand Kerebungu Manado State University ABSTRACT This research aims to produce: 1—the model of prevention of trafficking in women based on economic empowerment 2. Methods / Strategy to Prevent Trafficking in Women based on Economic Empowerment 3. Academic paper as a recommendation to the government in determining policies and strategies for preventing trafficking in persons. 4. Guidelines for the implementation of Economic Empowerment to prevent trafficking in persons. Interventions that will be carried out by researchers in the performance of this economic empowerment model are through the formation of groups. The method used in this research is Participative Action Research. The results showed different characteristics of each group with different social backgrounds and regional potential. The groups in Bolaang Mongondow and South Minahasa are still not independent because they require a relatively long time to empower them to produce independent businesses. The groups in Minahasa District are somewhat more advanced because they already have previous companies. So that increasing competence is only related to business management, including marketing. This group shows more refined results than others. Especially for groups in Bitung and Manado's cities, the process of competency improvement and empowerment itself will be continued in the following year. The provisional results for the economic empowerment-based trafficking prevention model's trial, target groups can develop if they are aware and know that they have undeveloped potential. After being given motivation, self- confidence appears, and an interest in starting a business seems. If self-confidence already exists, the process of providing competence can quickly be passed through intervention. Keywords: Prevention of Trafficking in Women, Empowerment of Independent Economy, Competence, Implementation of 1. INTRODUCTION Trafficking in women is a form of forced exploitation of women's rights (Deshpande & Nour, 2013; Konstantopoulos, 2013). This phenomenon attracts social attention (Akor, 2011) and must get social worker observers (Bromfield, 2016). Trafficking of women occurs because of the migration of rural residents to cities to increase their life expectancy in urban areas because they do not get a decent life in the countryside (Acharya, 2010). This exploitation occurs throughout the world (Deshpande & Nour, 2013; Konstantopoulos, 2013; Akor, 2011; Bromfield, 2016; Acharya, 2010), including Indonesia. Why is the case of trafficking in women entirely a concern and is still being done? Because there are no opportunities for economic development in rural areas (Acharya, 2010). Activities like this need to be prevented to minimize women's risks, be it mental, moral, spiritual, and health. Why are cases of trafficking in persons, especially women, still being carried out in North Sulawesi and are still high? Whereas there are already regulations such as Perda No 1 of 2004, Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning TIP, there are TIP Task Forces in 10 Regencies / Cities in North Sulawesi. Is this GT-TPPO less effective in carrying out its duties? North Sulawesi is an emergency of trafficking in persons because it is a transit area both from the sea and land. Ocean borders are the Philippines' borders, while Gorontalo and West Sulawesi border the ground. If the perpetrators do not escape by sea and air, they find their way overland by car. This transit area ISSN: 2005-4289 IJDRBC 2425 Copyright ⓒ2020 SERSC Australia International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Vol.11, No 3, (2020), pp.2425 - 2434 opens up opportunities for the perpetrators to quickly transfer women who have been recruited to their destination. Women's empowerment has been carried out by the Office of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection of North Sulawesi Province and District / City. Still, it has not been effective because the community, especially women, is not responsive enough to do this to their respective families. Based on the results of the second year research, the problems that occur are still group members (groups formed by researchers as social engineering) who are not serious about participating in the empowerment program. In the process of raising awareness and strengthening and increasing community competence, they can still follow suit. Women are less enthusiastic about producing a product to increase their income at the stage of empowerment or implementation of the results of understanding and competency strengthening. Only a few people are willing to continue making additional efforts to help support the family income. The obstacle they encounter is that starting a business requires working capital. Meanwhile, the working capital was mixed with household financing. Through this year's research, interventions will be given in economic empowerment so that group members can sustainably run businesses, even though on a micro-scale. This third-year research's specific objective is to improve women's ability to run micro-businesses through economic empowerment. Thus gender equality and justice can be achieved even though it is not optimal. Researchers in the implementation of this economic empowerment model are interventions that will be carried out through the formation of groups. The group will be trained to become new entrepreneurs. This is important to do, considering that women who do not have permanent jobs generally do not have the initiative to build independent businesses. They are indifferent to the situation. The target of intervention is women who are vulnerable in trafficking cases. Vulnerable people are economically poor people and women who drop out of school. The implementation of this economic empowerment model is specifically for areas where there are no cases of trafficking in persons to prevent trafficking in persons. It is hoped that this study's results will have an impact on other communities in areas or places where there is no indication of trafficking in persons. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The problem of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, is an act that is against the dignity and violates human rights and is currently in the international spotlight so that it needs to be prevented and handled fairly, humanely through comprehensive and thorough regulation and handling. The Crime of Trafficking in Persons (TPPO), according to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons, namely: Article 1 (paragraph 1); Actions of recruiting, transporting, or accepting a person with threats of violence, use of force, kidnapping, confinement, forgery, fraud, abuse of power or vulnerable position, bondage or payment or benefits, to obtain the approval of the person who has control over the other person, whether carried out within the State or between States, for exploitation or resulting in exploitation of people. Human Trafficking Protocol and The Council of Europe's define that Human Trafficking defines Human Trafficking in the form of recruitment, transportation, transfer, delivery, acceptance (Stanslas, 2010; Pyali Chatterjee, 2014). The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution adopts trafficking means the transfer, sale or purchase of women and children ... destined for prostitution (Bravo, 2015;) The purpose of human trafficking is for exploitation (Bravo, 2015; Dearnley & Chalke, 2010; US Department of Justice 2005 in Vanessa Bouché, 2015). The intended exploitation is prostitution and other forms. Some of the other objectives of trafficking are forced labor/servitude, slavery, ISSN: 2005-4289 IJDRBC 2426 Copyright ⓒ2020 SERSC Australia International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Vol.11, No 3, (2020), pp.2425 - 2434 brides, organ harvesting orders, etc. Targets that are vulnerable to becoming victims of trafficking in women include street children, people who are looking for work and do not have correct information knowledge about the work to be chosen, women and children in conflict areas and who become refugees, women and poor children in cities or rural areas, women and children living in border areas between countries, women and children whose families are entangled in debt, women victims of domestic violence, victims of rape. The factors that cause human trafficking include poverty, helplessness, youth marriage culture, perceptions of looking for work in urban lifestyle, "loss of money,"), low education. Research results from Gjermeni & Hook (2012) explain that the factors that contribute to trafficking in Albania are political influence, socioeconomic factors, the status of women, corruption, geographic and political factors, new technology (Stigma 2012: 436-440). Collins' research concluded that the main cause of human trafficking is poverty. Women are not only vulnerable to being trafficked because of poverty but also cultural aspects. Another reason, said Collins, is the limited surveillance in border areas (2014: 73). Low education, a certain culture still contributes to trafficking in persons. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an adequate education for vulnerable people and certain cultures to be given enlightenment to see humans as assets. The preliminary research that has
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