Prevention of Women Trafficking Through Mandiri Economic

International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Vol.11, No 3, (2020), pp.2425 - 2434

Prevention Of Women Trafficking Through Mandiri Economic Empowerment 1Grace Jenny Soputan, 2Ferdinand Kerebungu Manado State University ABSTRACT This research aims to produce: 1—the model of prevention of trafficking in women based on economic empowerment 2. Methods / Strategy to Prevent Trafficking in Women based on Economic Empowerment 3. Academic paper as a recommendation to the government in determining policies and strategies for preventing trafficking in persons. 4. Guidelines for the implementation of Economic Empowerment to prevent trafficking in persons. Interventions that will be carried out by researchers in the performance of this economic empowerment model are through the formation of groups. The method used in this research is Participative Action Research. The results showed different characteristics of each group with different social backgrounds and regional potential. The groups in Bolaang Mongondow and South Minahasa are still not independent because they require a relatively long time to empower them to produce independent businesses. The groups in Minahasa District are somewhat more advanced because they already have previous companies. So that increasing competence is only related to business management, including marketing. This group shows more refined results than others. Especially for groups in Bitung and Manado's cities, the process of competency improvement and empowerment itself will be continued in the following year. The provisional results for the economic empowerment-based trafficking prevention model's trial, target groups can develop if they are aware and know that they have undeveloped potential. After being given motivation, self- confidence appears, and an interest in starting a business seems. If self-confidence already exists, the process of providing competence can quickly be passed through intervention.

Keywords: Prevention of Trafficking in Women, Empowerment of Independent Economy, Competence, Implementation of 1. INTRODUCTION Trafficking in women is a form of forced exploitation of women's rights (Deshpande & Nour, 2013; Konstantopoulos, 2013). This phenomenon attracts social attention (Akor, 2011) and must get social worker observers (Bromfield, 2016). Trafficking of women occurs because of the migration of rural residents to cities to increase their life expectancy in urban areas because they do not get a decent life in the countryside (Acharya, 2010). This exploitation occurs throughout the world (Deshpande & Nour, 2013; Konstantopoulos, 2013; Akor, 2011; Bromfield, 2016; Acharya, 2010), including Indonesia. Why is the case of trafficking in women entirely a concern and is still being done? Because there are no opportunities for economic development in rural areas (Acharya, 2010). Activities like this need to be prevented to minimize women's risks, be it mental, moral, spiritual, and health. Why are cases of trafficking in persons, especially women, still being carried out in North Sulawesi and are still high? Whereas there are already regulations such as Perda No 1 of 2004, Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning TIP, there are TIP Task Forces in 10 Regencies / Cities in North Sulawesi. Is this GT-TPPO less effective in carrying out its duties? North Sulawesi is an emergency of trafficking in persons because it is a transit area both from the sea and land. Ocean borders are the Philippines' borders, while Gorontalo and West Sulawesi border the ground. If the perpetrators do not escape by sea and air, they find their way overland by car. This transit area ISSN: 2005-4289 IJDRBC 2425 Copyright ⓒ2020 SERSC Australia

International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Vol.11, No 3, (2020), pp.2425 - 2434 opens up opportunities for the perpetrators to quickly transfer women who have been recruited to their destination. Women's empowerment has been carried out by the Office of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection of North Sulawesi Province and District / City. Still, it has not been effective because the community, especially women, is not responsive enough to do this to their respective families. Based on the results of the second year research, the problems that occur are still group members (groups formed by researchers as social engineering) who are not serious about participating in the empowerment program. In the process of raising awareness and strengthening and increasing community competence, they can still follow suit. Women are less enthusiastic about producing a product to increase their income at the stage of empowerment or implementation of the results of understanding and competency strengthening. Only a few people are willing to continue making additional efforts to help support the family income. The obstacle they encounter is that starting a business requires working capital. Meanwhile, the working capital was mixed with household financing. Through this year's research, interventions will be given in economic empowerment so that group members can sustainably run businesses, even though on a micro-scale. This third-year research's specific objective is to improve women's ability to run micro-businesses through economic empowerment. Thus gender equality and justice can be achieved even though it is not optimal. Researchers in the implementation of this economic empowerment model are interventions that will be carried out through the formation of groups. The group will be trained to become new entrepreneurs. This is important to do, considering that women who do not have permanent jobs generally do not have the initiative to build independent businesses. They are indifferent to the situation. The target of intervention is women who are vulnerable in trafficking cases. Vulnerable people are economically poor people and women who drop out of school. The implementation of this economic empowerment model is specifically for areas where there are no cases of trafficking in persons to prevent trafficking in persons. It is hoped that this study's results will have an impact on other communities in areas or places where there is no indication of trafficking in persons. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The problem of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, is an act that is against the dignity and violates human rights and is currently in the international spotlight so that it needs to be prevented and handled fairly, humanely through comprehensive and thorough regulation and handling. The Crime of Trafficking in Persons (TPPO), according to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons, namely: Article 1 (paragraph 1); Actions of recruiting, transporting, or accepting a person with threats of violence, use of force, kidnapping, confinement, forgery, fraud, abuse of power or vulnerable position, bondage or payment or benefits, to obtain the approval of the person who has control over the other person, whether carried out within the State or between States, for exploitation or resulting in exploitation of people. Human Trafficking Protocol and The Council of Europe's define that Human Trafficking defines Human Trafficking in the form of recruitment, transportation, transfer, delivery, acceptance (Stanslas, 2010; Pyali Chatterjee, 2014). The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution adopts trafficking means the transfer, sale or purchase of women and children ... destined for prostitution (Bravo, 2015;) The purpose of human trafficking is for exploitation (Bravo, 2015; Dearnley & Chalke, 2010; US Department of Justice 2005 in Vanessa Bouché, 2015). The intended exploitation is prostitution and other forms. Some of the other objectives of trafficking are forced labor/servitude, slavery,

International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Vol.11, No 3, (2020), pp.2425 - 2434 brides, organ harvesting orders, etc. Targets that are vulnerable to becoming victims of trafficking in women include street children, people who are looking for work and do not have correct information knowledge about the work to be chosen, women and children in conflict areas and who become refugees, women and poor children in cities or rural areas, women and children living in border areas between countries, women and children whose families are entangled in debt, women victims of domestic violence, victims of rape. The factors that cause human trafficking include poverty, helplessness, youth marriage culture, perceptions of looking for work in urban lifestyle, "loss of money,"), low education. Research results from Gjermeni & Hook (2012) explain that the factors that contribute to trafficking in Albania are political influence, socioeconomic factors, the status of women, corruption, geographic and political factors, new technology (Stigma 2012: 436-440). Collins' research concluded that the main cause of human trafficking is poverty. Women are not only vulnerable to being trafficked because of poverty but also cultural aspects. Another reason, said Collins, is the limited surveillance in border areas (2014: 73). Low education, a certain culture still contributes to trafficking in persons. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an adequate education for vulnerable people and certain cultures to be given enlightenment to see humans as assets. The preliminary research that has been carried out is as follows: In 2014 the research team studied trafficking in North Sulawesi persons, one of the biggest factors that cause trafficking in persons is poverty or economic factors. Why poverty, because women who are caught in trafficking cases do not have sufficient capacity to fill formal jobs offered by the government or the private sector. The victims' educational backgrounds varied from elementary school, junior high school and senior high school, some even dropped out of school. The intention was to get out of poverty, but because of limited capacity the victim quickly accepted job offers outside the region. (Djarkasi, 2014). Research on 2015 about Women's Economic Empowerment in the Informal Sector tation. This study produces an empowerment model that has limited capacitybeen tested through discussions with experts in the field of entrepreneurship and sociology and gender experts. In addition, the entrepreneurship education training module and training curriculum will support the implementation of the model that will be carried out in the second year. Further research on Women's Economic Empowerment in the Informal Sector through Entrepreneurship Education on 2016. This year's research emphasizes on limited empowerment model trials. This study aims to provide independence to women who work in the informal sector. Currently, micro-entrepreneurs are being assisted by the North Sulawesi Industry and Trade Office to take care of housewives' work and halal certificates and facilitate micro-entrepreneurs, especially women, to get working capital from state-owned and private banks. In the same year the research team also conducted research on the mindset of the workforce in preventing trafficking in persons in South Minahasa and Southeast Minahasa districts. The study results revealed that the workforce had to be prepared in advance regarding the ability to work according to their respective fields to fill job vacancies offered through the local Manpower Office. To work abroad, prospective workers must attend some formal training conducted by labor recruitment bodies to improve the quality of Human Resources according to the destination country and the job offered. (Soputan, 2016) Relationship with the proposed research topic about the Prevention of Trafficking in Women Model based on Economic Empowerment is to strengthen vulnerable women's economic aspects so it is hoped that women will not depend on others. Knowledge of entrepreneurship is enhanced and skills related to business will be enhanced so that they are able to be independent in roles, access, participation, and control. Finally, women are able to lead and make decisions for

International Journal of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Vol.11, No 3, (2020), pp.2425 - 2434 their personal and family advancement. Logically, if someone's basic needs are not met, that person will be quickly affected if he is offered a job, especially with promises of high wages. Researchers assume that by providing economic empowerment to vulnerable groups (women) in the act of trafficking in persons, they will be able to independently earn a living, thus not easily tempted and fall into trafficking in persons. The impact of trafficking cases will decrease and gradually it will stop. Economic factors are an effective factor in empowering women (Swain & Wallentin, 2012). 3. RESEARCH METHODS Research Sites Data collection was carried out in 5 locations from 5 districts / cities including Bolaang Mongondow Regency, South Minahasa Regency, Minahasa Regency, and Bitung City. Research Type This research is a Participatory Action Research where this research is qualitative. The researchers used this method to involve the community in conducting research, in this case the implementation of the design of the prevention model of trafficking in persons based on economic empowerment. The goal is to get input, revision and development of the applied model design (Sugiyono, 2018). The research location was carried out in 5 regions, namely Minahasa, South Minahasa, Bolaang Mongondow, Manado City and Southeast Minahasa. The targets for the implementation of the model were chosen purposively. Research Implementation Model This trial's implementation was carried out in several stages, namely socialization, awareness, empowerment, and mentoring. According to the research flow determined by model testing, model revision, and model determination after revision. The stages in this research are as follows: 1) the application of the economic empowerment model in five regions; 2) Evaluation of the results of the implementation of the intervention; 3) Hold FGD with competent parties including the Provincial and Regency / City P3A Offices; 4) Preparation of academic papers on economic empowerment as a means of preventing trafficking in persons; 5) Report the research results. Details of Target outcomes and division of researchers as follows:

Focus Research Target Outcomes Indicators of Model Prevention of documentation of the trial 1. Availability of document trafficking in women Based products in the conduct of research Economic Empowerment in the form of photographs, models of prevention 2. Availability of academic texts 3. Availability of guidebooks economic empowerment

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4. RESULTS Once implemented implementation, the data can be revealed that each group that is given intervention starts from awareness of the potential possessed by group members. In this case the potential for economic empowerment is carried out in order to develop a home industry business. Target Group in Bolaang Mongondow Regency Group in Tandu Village, Lolak District, Bolaang Mongondouw Regency. This group consists of 12 women, 5 members from the community group for the Prevention and Handling of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons, which was formed the previous year by the research team. The stages carried out are as follows: 1) Awareness stage. This process the research team explores the potential of group members. The goal is to see if they have the potential for empowerment. In addition, to give confidence and motivation to them so that they realize that they have something to develop. In the process of raising awareness of the data collected, there were 8 people who were already running businesses even though they were not routine, 4 people had potential. After this awareness process is complete, then proceed with empowerment. 2) Competency granting stage. Group members began to intervene by providing counseling in the form of entrepreneurial competency materials. The next activity is carried out technical guidance for production. At this stage the research team invited competent speakers in the field of making fish floss and fish snacks. The products chosen by the group to be developed were fish floss and fish-based snacks. Why fish because it is adjusted to the area's local potential, namely the area close to the coast. Group members are trained to make quality products that can be sold in the village environment. The target group undertakes product manufacturing practices. 3) The empowerment stage. At this stage the group is given the opportunity to carry out their own activities according to the competencies that have been given. The research team only controls the activities of the target group members. If there are difficulties, the research team accompanies the group to solve the problem. Assistance will be carried out continuously until the sustainability of the group's business so that the group can be called economically independent. This process will be continued in the following year. Target Group in South Minahasa District In this district, the village of Arakan, Tatapaan District, was designated. Why was this village chosen because this village is relatively high in violence against women. The Sustainable Group Community selected the group members in this village. This group has been formed whose members are mostly victims of domestic violence, consisting of 15 people. The intervention process was the same as for the group in Bolaang Mongondouw Regency. The stages are as follows: 1) Awareness Stage. This process the research team explores the potential of group members. The goal is to see if they have the potential for empowerment. In addition, to give confidence and motivation to them so that they realize that they have something to develop. In the awareness process, the data collected were 5 people who were already running a business but still traditional, 4 had a seasonal business, that is, if the anchovy season they buy fish from fishermen and dry it after drying they sell it in Manado. 6 people have potential but have not done any business. Through this mapping group members are given the motivation to improve their

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competence is sought even though the household scale. With the agreement of the group, the process of giving competency is carried out. 2) Competency granting stage. Group members began to intervene by providing counseling in the form of entrepreneurial competency materials. The next activity is carried out technical guidance for production. At this stage the research team invited competent resource persons in the field of making fish sticks. The product chosen by the group to be developed is a fish cake. Why fish because it is adjusted to the area's local potential, namely the coastal areas of the coast. Group members are trained to make quality products that can be sold in the village environment. The target group undertakes product manufacturing practices. 3) The empowerment stage. At this stage the group is given the opportunity to carry out their own activities according to the competencies that have been given. The research team only controls the activities of the target group members. If there are difficulties, the research team accompanies the group to solve the problem. Assistance will be carried out continuously until the sustainability of the group's business so that the group can be called economically independent. This process will be continued in the following year. Target Group in Minahasa District In this district, Kinali Satu Kelurahan, Kawangkoan District, was selected. The group was formed by a research team consisting of mothers who already have a roasted bean business. This group is different from those in Tandu and Arakan villages. Most of the people in this sub-district are engaged in roasted peanuts. They process roasted peanuts and then sell them to shops or stalls in bulk. The intervention process in this group is as follows: 1) Awareness stage. At this stage the group is given awareness to increase self-confidence in order to increase family income. The potential to be explored is in the form of an entrepreneurial spirit because they have done business but it is still not optimal. Given the motivation to improve product quality to expand the market, the price is not determined by the buyer. After the awareness process was continued with the provision of competencies. 2) Competency granting stage. At this stage the target group is given counseling on how to improve product quality and marketing strategies. This group is given the knowledge to find new opportunities in marketing and also the quality of the product must be touched with technology. Counseling on health and hygiene productby the health office to obtain product legality to enter the modern market. 3) Empowerment Stage. At this stage, the group is given the opportunity to carry out production, from roasting peanuts, complete packaging with labeling, to marketing activities. This target group is given the freedom to practice the competencies they have received. The research team provides assistance and facilitates such as procurement of packaging materials and searching for markets. Why are they looking for new markets because so far they market in bulk (without packaging) but after the intervention, the size of the packaging varies. Thus the profit is greater than selling products without packaging. Target Group in Bitung City The community group selected the research subjects in Bitung City for the Prevention and Handling of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons in the Kakenturan Satu Village. Researchers have formed this group since 2017 but there are no empowerment activities yet. This target group consists of 7 people consisting of 2 men and 5 women. The empowerment process is carried out as follows:

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1) Awareness stage. This stage is carried out in the same way as the target groups in the other 3 districts, namely to explore their potential. Not all group members have an entrepreneurial spirit or a willingness to do business even though they are small in scope. The awareness process was carried out by motivating that the geographic conditions were very supportive for them to run a business because it was close to the port of Bitung. One of the criteria was chosen by this group because the area is vulnerable to trafficking in persons as a transit area. 2) The next steps are deliberately not given for this year, but later given in the following year. Target Group in Manado City The people in Manado City selected the target group in Pina Desa neighborhood 1, whose educational background is mostly high school and lower. Their work is selling in traditional markets. A lot of domestic violence indicates this environment. The reason the researchers chose the community here was because of high domestic violence, they were vulnerable to trafficking in persons. The intervention process is carried out as follows: 1) Awareness stage. This process is carried out in the same way as other target groups to explore community members' potential. At this stage the group members are limited to only 10 people because they have not been formed before. After exploring the potential, it turned out that most of the women had the potential to make cakes and some made food. They have this potential because 5 people work every day as household assistants but only part-time. The others are sellers in traditional markets. They are classified as low-income people even though their environment is located in a shopping center complex in the city center. 2) Competency provision stage. This stage is being carried out and is expected to be completed in December. The process of providing competency will be continued in the following year. 3) The empowerment stage. This stage will be carried out in the following year Outcomes In accordance with the proposal for compulsory research outputs, the results of the trial document consist of: a) Models for Preventing Trafficking in Women Based on Economic Empowerment b) Photographs of product trial implementation in target groups c) Material for competency improvement in the form of power points d) Draft articles as an additional output of the e) Model of Prevention of Trafficking in Women based on Economic Empowerment. The status of achievement has been revised in the model according to the needs and results of the FGD.

RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTS: During the study, not all target areas supported the research implementation. The constraints that the research team encountered can be explained as follows: 1) The target group initially did not believe the research team's arrival because of the village head that many researchers and government program providers only used them as research tools. Only given material, promised facilities but did not come back again. To overcome this, the research team convinced the government to carry out capacity building for the target groups until they had the ability and skills.

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2) Each district / city in the target group is familiar with government projects by providing material rewards to communities who take part in the activities. To overcome this, the research team has anticipated providing a sitting fee. 3) The research time must adjust to the target group.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions The results of this study indicate different characteristics of each group with different social backgrounds and regional potentials. The groups in Bolaang Mongondow and South Minahasa are still not independent because they require a relatively long time in the process of empowering them to produce independent businesses. The groups in Minahasa District are somewhat more advanced because they already have previous businesses. So that increasing competence is only related to business management including marketing. This group shows more advanced results than the others. Especially for groups in Bitung and Manado's cities, the process of competency improvement and empowerment itself will be continued in the following year. The provisional results for the economic empowerment-based trafficking prevention model's trial, target groups can develop if they are aware and know that they have undeveloped potential. After being given motivation, self-confidence appears and an interest in starting a business appears. If self- confidence already exists, the process of giving competence can easily be given through intervention. According to the research results, the process of economic empowerment must be carried out in stages starting from awareness, provision of competence, and empowerment. The government has made several failures in community empowerment programs even though they have received facilitation from the government and BUMN. The government's empowerment activities are not optimal because there is no assistance in managing the business, only fully left to business actors. The obstacle faced by women in managing a business (selling snacks) is their human resources ability. The limited abilities possessed by women, such as the ability to manage a business, are still lacking entrepreneurial spirit, so they are not yet independent in advancing their businesses so that they can be equal to men. Another obstacle is the lack of women's access to banking facilities, because they are still considered responsible for their husbands. Women's economic empowerment is a process of increasing capacity, ability / skills, resources and access to income and a quality life (Jain, 2010; Saba, 2005; Wendy, 2009 Malhotra, et.al, 2002, Allendorf, 2006; in Sarban, 2014 ). Women have contributed a lot to the economy of the family, society, both as workers and as business actors. Thus, if women are empowered, their potential can be increased and become empowered or independent. According to Murniati in Hartini (2012), women have advantages, namely: [1] Strength of women (opportunities that come from within the person): a) Ability to listen and inform things that are tailored to actions to respond to them (good communicators) b) Ability to pay attention and study the results of actions c) Ability to adjust actions against situations that embody wisdom. d) The ability to reconcile conflicting ideas, so as to be able to find ways to solve problems e) Able to tolerate f) The ability to think long and make considerations because of taking into account reason and feeling (intuition) g) Ability to solve problems realistically, not wordy. h) Ability to love and nurture because it is rich in intuition.

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[2] Opportunities for women (opportunities that come from outside the person) The a) development of public awareness of women's economic role, which means they want to appreciate and provide opportunities for women to develop personally. b) More and more women are aware of their potential so that women leaders in various fields have c) opened up opportunities for women to increase their knowledge through education. d) There is a wider network of cooperation for women's development so that women are increasingly confident that they are not alone. e) Suggestions Looking at women's existing abilities, it only fits that women's economic empowerment should continue so that the percentage of small business ownership increases, and women have independence in the economy. Mayling Oey-Gardiner said that women tend to work in the informal or unprotected sectors. What can change the weakness of women's status is none other than education. The education in question is not only formal but also non-formal. REFERENCES 1. Acharya, AK (2010). Feminization of migration and trafficking of women in Mexico.Revista de Cercetare şi Intervenţie Socială, (30), 19-38. 2. Akor, L. (2011). Trafficking of women in Nigeria: Causes, consequences and the way forward.Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,2(2), 89-110. 3. Bravo Karen E. (2015). Interrogating The States Role in Human Trafficking, Ind. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev, Vol 24:1, p 9-32. 4. Bromfield, NF (2016). Sex slavery and sex trafficking of women in the United States: Historical and contemporary parallels, policies, and perspectives in social work.Affilia,31(1), 129-139. 5. Chatterjee Pyali. (2014). Human Trafficking and Commercialization of Surrogacy in India, European Researcher, Vol. 85, No. 10-2, pp. 1835-1842 6. Deshpande, NA, & Nour, NM (2013). Sex trafficking of women and girls.Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology,6(1), e22. 7. Djarkasi Agnes. ( 2015) Analisis Human Trafficking di Sulawesi Utara, Laporan Penelitian 8. Gjermeni Eglantina & Mary Van Hook. (2012) Trafficking of Human Beings In Albania: The Role of Faith-Based Programs, Journal of the North American Association of Christian in Social Work & Christianity, Vol. 39, No. 4 P. 435-448 9. Konstantopoulos, WM, Ahn, R., Alpert, EJ, Cafferty, E., McGahan, A., Williams, TP, ... & Burke, TF (2013). An international comparative public health analysis of sex trafficking of women and girls in eight cities: achieving a more effective health sector response.Journal of Urban Health,90(6), 1194-1204. 10. Koolaee Elaheh & Hossein Komedi Esfahani. (2014). Some Notes on Human Trafficking in the South Caucasus, Iran and the Caucasus, p 181-190 11. Ranjula Bali Swain & Fan Yang Wallentin (2012) Factors empowering women in Indian self-help group programs, International Review of Applied Economics, 26:4, 425-444 12. Rodriguez Amanda Walker JD & Rodney Hill, JD (2011). Human Sex Trafficking, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, p 1-9 8. 13. Rodriguez Amanda Walker JD & Rodney Hill, JD (2016). Pola Pikir Angkatan Kerja dalam mencegah perdagangan orang, Laporan Penelitian 14. Soputan Grace. (2015). Model Pemberdayaan Perempuan di Sektor Informal, Laporan Penelitian ISSN: 2005-4289 IJDRBC 2433 Copyright ⓒ2020 SERSC Australia

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15. Stanslas Pooja Theresa. (2010). Transborder Human Trafficking in Malaysian Water: Addressing the Root Causes, Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce, Vol. 41,No.4 October, p595-606 16. Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan, Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D, Alfabeta, Bandung