6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19139-5 - Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda Timothy Longman Index More information

Index

Abarokore Movement 92, 113–15, Arusha Peace Accords 158, 178–83, 145, 160, 196, 205, 224, 249, 265 187–88, 192, 194, 268, 273, 275, colonial era 81 279 abazimu 36 Association for the Social Promotion Adventists. See Seventh Day Adventist of the Mass (APROSOMA) 71, Church 72 Africa Watch. See Human Rights Association of Volunteers for Peace Watch (AVP) 142, 171 African Rights 4, 5, 192 Association Rwandaise pour la Agro-Pastoral and Artisanal Project Défense des Droits de la Personne of Kirinda. See PAPAKI et des Libertés Publiques. See Akagera National Park 134 Rwandan Association for the akazu 124, 136, 162–64, 166, 181, Defense of Human Rights and 185, 189 Public Liberties All Africa Conference of Churches 96, 100, 158, 192 Bagasora, Colonel Théoneste 180, Anglican Church. See Episcopal 197 Church of Rwanda Bagogwe Tutsi 135, 136, 139, 169, animation 88, 91, 93, 126, 132, 133, 282 141, 143, 316 Bahutu Manifesto 71 Annet, Pastor Henri 78 Basic Ecclesial Communities anti-Semitism 10 (CEBs) 101–4, 191, 242, 261, Appleby, Scott 314 299, 308, 309, 312 APROSOMA. See Association for the Bayart, Jean-François 19, 310 Social Promotion of the Mass Belgian Society of Protestant Missions ARBEF (Rwandan Association for the in Congo. See SBMPC Well-Being of the Family) 113 Belgium Armenian genocide 12–13, 18 colonial rule of Rwanda 34, 38, ARTC. See Rwandan Association of 48–56, 58, 62, 75, 77, 78–81, Christian Workers 204, 210

341

342 Index

Belgium (cont.) Bushiru kingdom 34, 52, 124 criticism of the Habyarimana Busozo kingdom 34, 52 regime 166 Butare Catholic cathedral 103, 201, in the War of October 136 234, 261 Kayibanda visit to 67 Butare Catholic diocese 105 killing of United Nations Butare prefecture 201 troops 188, 283 Butare Presbyterian parish 263 missionaries from. See Belgian Butare town 167, 177 Society of Protestant Missions in Butare, Catholic Church in 7, 64, Congo 103, 122, 201, 234, 261, 263, 299 Rwandan independence Bwakira commune 205, 208, 219, from 64–73 225, 227, 228, 239–41, 268, Benebikira Sisters 68 271–73, 275, 278, 280, 284–86, Benedict XVI, Pope 321 290, 291–95, 296 Bergen, Doris 11, 196 Byumba prefecture 89, 144, 169, 178, Bethel missionaries 77, 78, 203 179, 271 Bézy, Fernand 120 Bigirumwami, Mgr. Aloysius 68, 72, Cardijn, Father Joseph 112 74, 89 Caritas 103, 106, 122, 263 Biguhu Presbyterian parish 29, 193, Catholic Church 4 197, 201, 218, 220, 223, 236, and birth control 94 237, 240–66 and President Habyarimana 82, genocide in 277–85, 288–89, 298, 89, 91, 92, 124, 153, 184 300 and President Kayibanda 76–77, Birambo 226, 228, 229, 241, 245, 82, 86 273, 274, 277–81, 284, 288, 290, and the 1959 revolution 72, 76, 294, 296 85, 86 Boesak, Reverend Allen 16 and the Holocaust 11, 12 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 17 criticism of 154 Bosnia, ethnic violence 13, 18 economic development Brard, Father 46, 48, 97 activities 105, 106, 113 Buganda 1, 4, 43 in civil society 8, 22, 142 Bugesera region in colonial Rwanda 38–55, 58–73 massacres in 140, 169, 170, 173, in the democracy movement 8, 174, 179 132, 138, 142 Buhoma kingdom 34, 52 in the genocide 5–6, 189–90, Bujumbura, Burundi 38, 71, 72, 194–95, 197 180, 283 lay movements 111–13 Bukunzi kingdom 34, 40, 51 Liberation Theology 97, 100 Burundi Muvara scandal 96 1972 ethnic massacres 14, 84 pastoral letters 148–53, 155, assassination of president 182, 172–73, 184 183, 188, 273 reaction to ethnic violence 85, churches in 15, 38, 42, 43, 79, 81 171, 172–74, 185 ethnic violence 84, 182, 188, 313 response to the genocide 7–9, 191 indigenous religion 37 structural changes in 101–4 refugees in Rwanda 85 CEBs. See Basic Ecclesial Rwandan refugees in 83 Communities

Index 343

Center of Integrated Rural and Cyahinda Catholic parish 5 Artisanal Teaching (CERAI) 209, Cyangugu prefecture 77, 121, 142 210, 243, 246, 277 Centre Christus, Kigali 142, 189, 322 de Lacger, Louis 63, 65 Charismatic Renewal 112, 114, de Lame, Danielle 203, 328 155–57 Decalo, Samuel 88 Chazan, Naomi 314, 327 Dejemeppe, Father Arthur 67, 75 Christian League for the Defense Delhove, Pastor David 204 of Human Rights in Rwanda democracy movement 8, 117, 118, (LICHREDHOR) 142, 171 126–33, 137, 138, 140, 163, 176, Christian Missionary Society 236, 260, 309 (CMS) 112 Democratic and Republican Youth. church. See Catholic Church, See JDR Episcopal Church, Free Democratic Republic of Congo. See Methodist Church, Pentecostal Zaire Church, Presbyterian Church, Deprimoz, Mgr Laurent 67, 70 Seventh Day Adventist Church, Des Forges, Alison 3, 35, 65, 124, Union of Baptist Churches 135, 168, 181, 183, 187, 190, Church Missionary Society 227, 281, 282, 291, 318 (CMS) 79–81 Dialogue 87, 141, 142, 171 civil society and the genocide 318–19 East African Revival 113, 114 Gramsci on 24, 25 economic conditions in in Eastern Europe 20–23 Rwanda 117–21 religious groups in 25–26 Ellis, Stephen 234 Classe, Mgr Leon 41, 46, 48, 49, Englund, Harri 266 51–56, 62, 67, 75, 76 Episcopal Church of Rwanda Cloward, Richard 315 (EER) 124, 159, 201, 234 Coalition for the Defense of the and economic development 105, Republic (CDR) 139, 164–65, 106, 110 168–72, 178–84, 187–88, 225, in the colonial era 79–81 268, 270–75, 278, 279, 285 leadership struggle 144, 145 coffee production 120 medical services 104 COJEM (Cooperative of Young response to the genocide 192 Carpenters) 243, 246 ethnic identity Communautés Ecclesiales de Base. anti-Tutsi violence 66, 72, 83, 85, See Basic Ecclesial Communities 136, 151, 152, 169 (CEBs) discrimination against Tutsi 121, Contact Committee 138, 159, 184 135, 220, 233 corruption origins of Hutu and Tutsi church response to 149, 150, identities 35–36, 46, 59–66 154, 196 Twa group 27, 35, 36, 58–62, 65, in opposition parties 177 76, 148, 253, 263, 308 in the churches 145, 213, 224, 234, 237, 297 Farmers and Animal Raisers Joining in the government 122, 123, 125, Together to Help Themselves 128, 129, 131, 141, 225, 236 (TWIBATURE) 245, 251, 255 Crummey, Donald 226 Fatton, Robert 233

344 Index

Fein, Helen 4, 15, 17, 168, 170 Gourevitch, Philip 193, 194 FIDH (International Federation of Gramsci, Antonio 23, 24, 232, 233, Human Rights Leagues) 16 234, 235, 236, 260, 300, 319 First Republic. See Kayibanda, Gravel, Pierre Bettez 37 President Grégoire Groupe Scolaire d’Astrida 64, 68, 70 First World War 12, 13, 42, 48, 51, 78, 112, 203 Habyarimana, President Juvénal Free Methodist Church 81, 107, MRND 25 159, 185, 191, 201 hamitic hypothesis 42–44 Hamitic hypothesis 60, 61 Gahini Episcopal parish 79, 80 Harroy, Jean-Paul, Vice-Governor for Gakwaya, Father Straton 115 Ruanda-Urundi 69 Gatabazi, Félician 178, 187 Hirschman, Albert O. 147 Gatwa, Tharcisse 87, 115, 142 Hirth, Monsignor Jean-Joseph 39–41, Gautier, Mary 22 45, 47, 48, 51, 115 Genocide Convention (Convention on Holocaust 11–12, 15, 17, 303, 305, the Prevention and Punishment of 306, 332 Genocide of 1948) 305 Human Rights Watch 3, 5, 16, 27, genocide of Tutsi, 1994 186–89, 166, 168, 181, 182, 268, 303 190, 192–93, 193–98 Huntington, Samuel 22, 265 and the churches 189–90, 190–92, Hutu. See ethnic identity 318–19, 320–23 Hutu Manifesto. See Bahutu Manifesto in Biguhu 197, 278–84 Hutu Power 183, 185, 189, 270, in Kirinda 197, 280–84 274–76, 278, 279, 281, 282, 285, Germany 291 colonial rule of Rwanda 42 Holocaust 11, 15 ICCO 207 Gikongoro prefecture 79, 282, Impuzamugambi militia 164 285, 288 inama z’imirenge. See Basic Ecclesial Gikongoro Prefecture 6, 85, 87, 143, Communities (CEBs) 157, 194, 204, 210, 225, 241, inama-remezo. See Basic Ecclesial 258, 283, 284, 288, 289, 291 Communities Gisaka kingdom 40, 41, 51, 52, 68, India 77, 79 communal violence in 306, 313 Gisenyi prefecture 85, 87, 120, 121, indigenous religion 36–38 124, 139, 144, 169, 171, 173, Inkotanyi. See Rwandan Patriotic Front 174, 179, 184, 189, 195, 270, Institut Presbytérien de Kirinda. See 272, 282, 296 Presbyterian Institute of Kirinda Gishwati Forest Reserve 135, 136 Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Gishyita commune 178, 270, 271, Rwanda (ISAR) 207 281 Interahamwe militia 164, 165, 171, Gitarama prefecture 72, 79, 84, 89, 172, 186, 292, 295, 322 121, 124, 191, 192, 204, 206, International Commission of 210, 211, 219, 224, 241, 285, Inquiry 166 290, 291, 296 International Federation of Human Gitera, Joseph 71, 73 Rights Leagues. See FIDH Gitwe Adventist parish 78, 204, 290 intore warriors 42

Index 345

Islam Kazinga, Agathe, Madame in Bosnia-Herzegovina 13 Habyarimana 124 in India 18 Kenya 1, 2, 4, 104, 113, 128, 214, 321 in Kosovo 14 Kibari kingdom 34 in Lebanon 18 Kibeho in Rwanda 4, 74, 196 apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Turkey 12 at 31, 114, 145, 150, 155, 156, Iwacu Center 26, 113, 127, 131, 157, 159, 176, 191 142, 257, 258 Kibilira commune massacre of Bagogwe Tutsi 135, JDR (Democratic and Republican 151, 174, 179 Youth) 227, 229, 231 Kibogoro Free Methodist parish 81 Jean-Paul II, Pope 7, 149, 320 Kibungo prefecture 95, 158, 190, 195 visit to Rwanda 133 Kibuye prefecture 1, 5, 29, 89, 121, Jehovah’s Witnesses 92 122, 143, 153, 167, 169, 171, 173, Jesuits 142, 189, 322 178, 179, 184, 194, 195, 201, Johanssen, Pastor Ernst 78 204–7, 210, 225, 228, 229, 240, John XXIII, Pope 112 241, 258, 268, 270–72, 276, 279, Johnston, Harry 43 280–83, 285, 293, 294, 296 Josephite Brothers 68 Kiga people 37, 38 Kigali 3, 6, 72, 89, 103, 113, 131, Kabasha, Burgomaster 136, 142, 165, 179, 185, 187–90, Tharcisse 218–19, 221, 225, 194, 204, 207, 214, 217, 219, 228, 271–73, 285, 290, 292 226, 257, 277, 279, 283–84, 292, Kabgayi, Catholic diocese 51, 55, 70, 322 71, 74, 89, 153, 191, 289, 296 Kigali-Rural prefecture 179, 271 Kaduha Catholic parish 6, 194 Kigeme Episcopal parish 79, 81 Kagame, Father Alexis 63 Kimonyo, Jean-Paul 271 Kagame, Paul 134 Kinigi commune 234, 298 Kalibushi, Bishop Wenceslas 153, Kinyaga 35, 36 174, 184, 186, 189 Kinyamateka Kalibwami, Justin 39, 50, 68, 74, 92 in the colonial era 70, 74 Kampanga Catholic parish 201, in the democracy movement 8, 132, 234, 298 141, 171, 174, 184 Kamweya, André 188 in the First Republic 86 Kandt, Richard 41, 51 Kirinda Hospital 210, 218 Kanyarushoki, Pierre-Claver 180 Kirinda Presbyterian parish 29, 197, Karamaga, André 87, 95, 96, 115 201, 203–37, 240, 241, 242, Kavaruganda, Joseph 188 246–47, 249, 257, 260, 262, 264, Kayibanda, President Grégoire 67, 265, 266, 269–76, 306, 318 70–75, 82, 83, 86–89, 97, 121, genocide in 278–88, 289–96, 124, 128, 137, 168, 180, 235, 297, 300 270 mission history 77–79, 203–4 as president 83–85 Kosovo 13, 14 Kayiranga, Jean-François 6 kubandwa. See Lyangombe and Kayishema, Prefect Clément 280, 282 Nyabingi Kayove commune 282 kubohoza 164, 167, 177, 227, 273

346 Index

Lake Kivu 77, 81, 215, 218, 270 MRND (National Revolutionary Lavigerie, Cardinal Charles 39, 50, Movement for Development) 55, 67, 185 88, 89, 93, 126, 127, 129, 132, Lebanon 137–39, 143, 145, 153, 158, 159, ethnic violence in 306 163–66, 168, 169, 171, 177–80, Lebanon, religious violence 18 182, 183, 187, 190, 225, 227–29, Legion of Mary 112 231, 258, 268, 270–74, 276, 278, Lemarchand, René 35, 64, 69, 71, 282 72, 74, 84, 87, 182, 313 Mugesera, Antoine 131 Lemkin, Raphael 305 Mugesera, Léon 179 Leo XIII, Pope 98 Mugonero Adventist parish 194 Lewin, Moshe 21 Muhutu Social Movement Liberal Party (PL) 137, 138, 163, (MSM) 71, 72 171, 177, 188 Muko commune 258, 282, 283, 288, Liberation Theology 97–101 291 LICHREDHOR. See Christian League Mulindahabi, Calliope 70 for the Defense of Human Rights Munyeshaka, Father Wenceslas 194 in Rwanda Munyeshyaka, Father Wenceslas 6 Ligue Chrétienne de Défense des Muramba Catholic parish 174, Droits de l’Homme au Rwanda. 189, 195 See Christian League for the Murunda Catholic parish 280 Defense of Human Rights in Musange commune 288 Rwanda Musebeya commune 288 Linden, Ian 8, 9, 39, 47, 49, 50, 55, Museveni, President Yoweri 134 67, 68, 74, 76 Musinga, King Yuhi V 33, 38, 40, Locatelli, Antonia 174 41, 49, 51, 53–55, 62, 77, 78, Logiest, Colonel Guy 73 80, 203 Lyangombe religious practice 37 Muslims. See Islam Muvara, Father Felicien 96 Mabanza commune 281 Mwanangu, Father Evode 189 Mahame, Chrysologue 142 Mwendo commune 228, 240, 241, Maindron, Gabriel 31, 145, 146 258, 259, 267, 268, 269, 271, Malawi 266 278–80, 282–86, 288, 289, 296, Mamdani, Mahmood 247 298 Maquet, Jaques J. 76 Mathieu, Ngirira 130 National Committee of Development Mayuya, Colonel Stanislas 125 (CND) 6, 133, 137 Mbandiwimfura, Dépgratias 68 National Office for Population.See Mbembe, Achile 9 ONAPO Mfizi, Christophe 164 National Revolutionary Movement Mibirizi Catholic parish 39 for Development. See MRND Misago, Bishop Augustin 145, 155, National Rwandan Union. See UNAR 157, 158 National University of Rwanda Mobutu, Sese Sekou 16 (NUR) 85, 125, 131 Monga, Celestin 22, 23, 265 Ndadaye, President Melchior Mortehan, Georges, Belgian 182–85, 273–75 Resident 52, 62 Ndadye, President Melchior 182

Index 347

Ndahayo, Claver 71 Nyantango 203 Ndahimana, Etienne 142 Nyanza, royal capital 39, 42, 53, 55, Ndandari, Bishop Justin 144, 145 72, 77, 78, 204 Ndasingwa, Landoald 188 Nyundo, Catholic diocese 8, 39, 40, Ndegwa, Stephen 128, 319 68, 74, 87, 89, 153, 154, 174, Ndera, minor seminar of Kigali 195 184, 189, 203 Ndorwa 37 Nzamurambaho, Frédéric 188 Nduga 34, 47 Nzitabakuze, Jean Bosco 130 new religious movements, suppression of 92 ONAPO (National Office for Newbury, Catharine 35, 36, 122 Population) 94, 113 Ngoma Catholic parish 7, 197 OPROVIA 208 Ngoma commune 234 Niyitegeka, Sister Félicitas 195 Pagès, Father Albert 63, 65 Niyonzima, Maximilien 70 PAPAKI (Agro-Pastoral and Artisanal Nkezabera, Father Augustin 195 Project of Kirinda) 207, 208, Nkiramacumu, Dominique 142 212, 215, 220, 231, 235 Nkurikiye, Edouard 6 PARMEHUTU, Party of the Movement Northern Ireland for Hutu Emancipation 72–74, communal violence in 306 83, 137 Nsengiyaremye, Prime Minister Parratt, John 100 Dismas 138, 139, 163, 171, Patrimonialism in the churches 90 180, 181 Paul VI, Pope 98, 157 Nsengiyumva, Archbishop Pawa. See Hutu Power Vincent 89, 96, 142, 153, PDC. See Christian Democratic Party 184, 309 Pentecostal Church 81, 114, 159, Nsengiyumva, Bishop Thadée 8, 176, 191, 196, 224, 234, 320 153, 155 Perraudin, Mgr André 70, 72, 74, Nsengiyumva, Bishop Thadée 186 76, 89, 112, 189 Nsengiyumva, Thadée, Bishop of Piven, Frances Fox 315 Kabgayi 154 Pottier, Johan 263 Nsengiyumva, Vincent 89, 153 Presbyterian Church in Rwanda Nshamihigo, Archbishop Augustin (EPR) 29, 185 144, 145, 185, 191, 192 Abarokore Movement 160 Nshimyimana, Enos 142 and civil society 113 Ntakirutimana, Elizaphan 5, 194 and economic development 106 Ntaryamira, President Cyprien 188 and the Habyarimana regime 89 Ntezimana, Emmanuel 7, 104, 125, democratization of 309 304, 322 ethnic discrimination in 96 Nyabarongo River 179, 203, 205, in Biguhu. See Biguhu Presbyterian 230, 231, 241, 285, 290 parish Nyabingi religious practice 37, 80, in civil society 142, 175 92 in Kirinda. See Kirinda Presbyterian Nyakizu commune 5, 192 parish Nyandwe, Father Robert 6 mission history 59, 77–79, 104 Nyandwi, Father Robert 194, 230 response to 1973 violence 87 Nyange Catholic Parish 6 response to genocide 191

348 Index

Presbyterian Institute of Kirinda Ruhumuliza, Jonathan 192 (IPK) 209, 210, 212–15, Rukoma Catholic parish 189 217–20, 223, 225, 226, 231, 247, Rutayisire, Paul 4, 39, 40, 44, 45, 271, 272, 274, 276, 279, 283, 48, 52, 55, 64 285, 288, 290, 297 Rutsiro commune 270, 271, 277, Presidential Guard 3 280, 282 Projet Agro-Pastorale et Artisanal de Ruzindana, Bishop Joseph 89 Kirinda. See PAPAKI Rwabugiri, King Kigeri IV 34, 36, Prunier, Gerard 3, 124, 133, 136, 38, 45, 62 180, 186 Rwamatamu commune 178, 270, 271 PSD. See Social Democratic Party Rwanda Council of Churches 158, 159 Radio-Television Libre des Milles Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) 135 Collines. See RTLM Rwandan Association for the Defense Radoli, Sister Agatha 9 of Human Rights and Public Rambura Catholic parish 189 Liberties (ADL) 142, 171 Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph. See Rwandan Association for the Well- Benedict XVI Being of the Family. See ARBEF Red Cross 196, 274 Rwandan Association of Christian Reformed Church of Belgium 243 Workers (ARTC) 184 regional favoritism 85, 121 Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) 134, Remera Presbyterian parish 77, 78, 135, 136 204, 217 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) 6, Republican Democratic Movement 134, 135, 138, 139, 147, 150, 151, (MDR) 83, 137–39, 164, 171, 152, 158, 159, 161, 165, 168–69, 177–83, 187, 188, 224, 225, 172, 175, 178–81, 182–83, 184, 227–30, 268, 270–276, 278, 281, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 194, 232, 282 282, 283, 291, 306, 312, 317, 319 Reyntjens, Filip 35, 66, 83, 139, 166, fears of, in Kirinda 271–76, 279, 179, 180, 188 294–96 Rocogoza, Faustin 188 Rwaza Catholic parish 39, 40, 41, Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic 47, 203 Church Rwigyema, Major-General Fred 134 RTLM (Free Radio-Television of the Thousand Hills) 181, 183, 186, Saul, John 23 191, 279, 282 Save Catholic parish 39, 46, 48, 71, Rubengera Presbyterian parish 77, 102–4, 123, 177, 201, 233, 234, 78, 204, 217, 281 298, 299 Rubwejanga, Bishop Frédéric 95, 158 SBMPC, Belgian Society of Protestant Rudahigwa, King Mutara III 55, 68, Missions in Congo 78, 79, 80, 75 204, 210 death of 72 School of Nursing Sciences of Kirinda Rugasira, Father Ananie 195 (ESI) 210, 211, 219, 220, 228, Ruhengeri prefecture 89, 121, 122, 231, 269, 271, 283, 284, 286, 287 124, 131, 139, 165, 169, 178, Scott, James 222, 234, 235, 309, 315 179, 201, 234, 271, 272, 296, 298 Sebununguri, Bishop Adonia 89, Ruhengeri town 125 144, 145

Index 349

Second Vatican Council 98, 99, 101, Twagirayesu, Pastor Michel 89, 96, 112 113, 158–60, 185, 217, 218, 220, Second World War 11, 15, 66, 67, 222, 225, 270, 279, 283–87, 292, 69, 74, 97, 305, 321 300, 309 Sells, Michael 13 TWIBATURE. See Farmers and Service for Rural Development in Animal Raisers Joining Together Biguhu (SDRB) 244–46, 250, to Help Themselves 251, 256–58, 289 Seventh Day Adventist Church 4, ubuhake cattle clientship 35, 44, 5, 59, 78, 79, 93, 159, 174, 194, 69, 71 204, 224, 234, 290, 299 uburetwa forced labor 36, 65, 123 Shamukiga, Charles 188 ubutaka land clientship 35 Shyanda commune 121, 241 umuganda 88, 91, 93, 122, 123, Shyembe hill 204, 205, 209–11, 215, 126, 132, 133, 143, 170, 225, 219, 226–28, 231, 272, 274, 285, 236, 316 286, 291, 295 UNAMIR. See United Nations Shyogwe Episcopal parish 79 Assistance Mission to Rwanda Sibomana, Father André 7, 8, 128, UNAR (National Rwandan 129, 132, 141, 142, 174, 253 Union) 72, 73, 74, 84, 181 Siegmund-Schultze, Friedrich 17 Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda Sirven, Pierre 106 (UEBR) 81, 107, 160, 185, 201 Social Democratic Party (PDC) 139 United Church of Belgium 244 Social Democratic Party (PSD) United Nations Assistance Mission to 137–39, 164, 177–80, 183, 187, Rwanda (UNAMIR) 187, 188, 188, 193, 257, 275, 281 283 Society of Jesus. See Jesuits Uwilingiyimana, Prime Minister Society of Missionaries of Africa. See Agathe 181, 182, 183, 187, White Fathers 188 Speke, John Hanning 43 Sri Lanka Vail, Leroy 59 ethnic violence in 168, 306 Van Hoyweghen, Saskia 9 Ste. Famille Catholic parish 194 van Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald 17 Straus, Scott 186 Vansina, Jan 34, 35, 65, 75, 76 Sudan 2, 18, 306 Swiss Reformed Church 243 War of October 133, 136, 141, 147, 148, 150, 158, 165, 168, 178, Tanzania 14, 37, 88, 104, 113 269 ter Haar, Gerrie 234 White Fathers 27, 39, 40, 44, 49, 50 Theunis, Guy 90, 95, 142 in colonial Rwanda 48–57, 58–73, Trafipro consumers’ cooperative 115, 203 70, 113 in the democracy movement 165, Tripp, Aili 314 166, 171 Tutsi. See ethnic identity Wiesel, Elie 303 Tutu, Archbishop Desmond 16 Witte, John 265, 316 Twa. See ethnic identity World Council of Churches 7, 100 Twagiramungu, Faustin 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, 275, 281 Xaverian Movement 112

350 Index

Young Christian Workers (JOC) 67, ethnic violence in 16 107, 112 government exile in 3 Yugoslavia, former in the War of October 136 ethnic violence in 306 indigenous religion 37 Rwandan refugees in 296 Zaire Zaza Catholic parish 39, Anglican Church 144 40, 41 Catholic Church 14, 102 Zero Network 164, 166, 169