Istanbul Tekni Küni Versi Tesi Fen Bi Li Mleri Enstitüsü Fener

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Istanbul Tekni Küni Versi Tesi Fen Bi Li Mleri Enstitüsü Fener İSTANBUL TEKNİ K ÜNİ VERSİ TESİ FEN BİLİ MLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ FENER - BALAT SEMTLERİ NDE KENTSEL AÇIK ALAN KULLANI MININ İ RDELENMESİ VE SEMTLERİ N SAHİL KESİ Mİ İ ÇİN BİR DÜZENLE ME ÖNERİSİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Peyzaj Mimarı Zeynep HAGUR Anabili m Dalı: Disi pli nler Arası Progra mı: Kentsel Tasarım Tez Danış manı: Prof. Dr. Handan TÜRKOĞLU MAYIS 2005 ĠSTANBUL TEKNĠ K ÜNĠ VERSĠ TESĠ FEN BĠLĠ MLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ FENER - BALAT SEMTLERĠ NDE KENTSEL AÇIK ALAN KULLANI MINI N Ġ RDELENMESĠ VE SEMTLERĠ N SAHĠL KESĠ MĠ Ġ ÇĠN BĠR DÜZENLE ME ÖNERĠSĠ YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ Peyzaj Mimarı Zeynep HAGUR Tezi n Enstitüye Veril diği Tari h : 9 Mayıs 2005 Tezi n Savunul duğu Tari h : 31 Mayıs 2005 Tez Danış manı : Prof. Dr. Handan TÜRKOĞLU Diğer Jüri Üyel eri Prof. Dr. Nuran Zeren GÜLERSOY Doç. Dr. K. Kutgün Eyüpgiller MAYIS 2005 ÖNS ÖZ Değişen yaşa m biçi mi, değişen gereksi ni mler ve i nsan faaliyetlerinin, çevresel sorunlara getirdiği yeni boyutlar karşısında, el verişliliğini yitir meye başlayan, kullanıcı istekleri ile çelişen tarihi yapıları n ve bunları n oluşt urdukları çevrelerin çağdaş konfor şartları da dikkate alı narak kente entegrasyonu konusu, günümüz kent planlamacıları ve tasarı mcıları için büyük öne m taşı maktadır. Tü m dünyada ol duğu gibi Türkiye’de de artan öne m kazanmakta olan bu konu, Ġstanbul’da, özellikle sur i çi yerleş mel erde gel eneksel kent dokusunun, gel eneksel yapıları n ve di ğer kült ür kalı ntıları nın, son derece sağlı ksız koşuldaki yapılarla ve fonksi yonlarla iç içe geçmesi durumuyla günde me gel mektedir. Bu dur uma mar uz kal makta olan Fener ve Bal at se mtleri ni n, taşı dığı sosyal, kült ürel, estetik, duygusal, tari hsel değerler ve se mtlerde gereksi ni m duyulan i şlevler ile birlikte, çağdaş konfor koşullarının da dikkate alı narak, kente kazandırıl ması nı a maçl ayan bu tez çalış ması na kat kıda bulunan; başta kıymetli hoca m Prof. Dr. Handan TÜRKOĞLU’na, UNESCO Bür osu çalışanlarına, benden manevi desteklerini esirge meyen t üm arkadaşları ma ve aile me sonsuz teşekkürleri mi sunarı m. ÖZET Bu çalış mada; Ġstanbul’un en eski tarihi yerleşmel eri nden ve kült ürel mir asları ndan biri olan Fener - Bal at yöresi, ka musal açı k al an kullanı mı yönünden el e alı nmış ve se mtleri n sahil kesi minde bul unan park al anı içi n, se mt sakinleri nin bugünkü ve gel ecekteki ihtiyaçları na yöneli k bir düzenle me önerisi geliştiril miştir. Çalış manın üç aşa ması nın biri ncisi nde; kent ve kentsel açı k al an kavra mları na genel bir bakışı n sunul ması, t ari hsel süreç i çerisinde kentsel açı k al an kullanı mının irdelenmesi, Osmanlı’dan günü müze Ġstanbul şehri nin gelişi mi ve kentsel açı k al anda tasarı m konularına yer veril miştir. Ġkinci aşa ma Fener ve Bal at se mtleri özeli nde; semtlerdeki açık alan kullanı mının tarihsel süreç i çerisinde i ncelenmesi ni içer mektedir. Bu i ncelemede, Fener – Bal at semtl erinin kısa t arihçesi yle birlikte, Os manlı Ġ mparat orluğu’ndan Cumhuri yet Döne mi ne kadar, se mtl erin fiziki ve sosyal durumu ortaya koyul muşt ur. Üçüncü ve son aşa madaysa se mtlerin mevcut durum analizleri yapıl mış, bu analizler sonucunda ortaya çı kan sentezin ardından sahil kesi minde bulunan park al anı i çin bir düzenl e me önerisi sunul muşt ur. Bu öneri de; se mt sakinleri nin za man i çerisinde değişen i hti yaçları nı karşılayacak, aynı za manda kişisel gelişi ml erine, sosyal ve kült ürel faali yeterine kat kıda bulunacak yeni işlevler kazandırıl ması, bölgedeki ka musal yaşantı nın canlılığının ve sürekliliğinin sağlanması hedeflenmiştir. ii ABSTRACT At this st udy; Fener – Balat district, which is one of Istanbul’s most precious cult ural heritages and ol dest settlements, is observed i n the way of it’s public open space usege and a desi gn proposal for the coast area of the district is presented. The st udy is consisted of three stages. At the first stage; the cit y and urban open space concepts, the hist ory of urban open space, the devel opment of Ġstanbul from Ott oman Empire till today and urban open space desi gn topics t ake place. The second st age focuses on t he hist orical background of Fener – Bal at district by presenti ng a comprehensi ve research about t he physical and social struct ure of the district from t he Ott oman Empire till Turkish Republic peri od. The t hird and l ast stage incl udes, t he anal ysis of t he present situati on of Fener Bal at and t he synthesis of t hese anal ysis foll owed by t he proposed ur ban desi gn project for the park area at t he coast si de of the district. The ai m of this project is t o provide a conti nious and vi gorous public life by bri nging ne w functi ons and ne w units t o the site, in order to meet the changi ng needs and de mands of the nei ghborhood . iii Ġ ÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖZET ABSTRACT ÖNS ÖZ Ġ ÇĠNDEKĠLER ġEKĠL LĠSTESĠ TABLO LĠSTESĠ BÖLÜM I GĠ RĠġ BÖLÜM II KENTSEL AÇI K ALAN KAVRAMI VE TASARI MI 2. 1 Kent ve Kentsel Açık Alan ………………………………………………. 3 2. 2 Tari hsel Süreç Ġçerisi nde Kentsel Açı k Alan ve Kull anı mı …………. … 5 2. 3 Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Ġstanbul ġehri ni n GeliĢi mi ve Kentsel Açı k Alanlar …………………………………………………………….... 8 2. 4 Kentsel Açı k Alanda Tasarı m……………………………………………14 BÖLÜM III TARĠ HSEL SÜREÇ Ġ ÇĠNDE FENER BALAT’ TA AÇI K ALAN KULLANI MI NIN Ġ RDELENMESĠ 3. 1 Semtl eri n Kısa Tari hçesi ……………………………………………….. 19 3. 2 Feti hten 19. Yüzyıl a Kadar Se mtl eri n Fizi ki ve Sosyal Durumu 3. 2.1 Osmanlı Döne mi (15. ve 17. Yüzyıllar) ……………………….. 22 3. 2.2 BatılılaĢ ma Döne mi (18. ve 19. Yüzyıllar) ……………………. 25 3. 3 19. Yüzyıl da Se mtl eri n Fizi ki ve Sosyal Duru mu 3. 3.1 19. YY’da Yapılanma KoĢull arı ve Fiziksel DeğiĢi m – Fener Balat Yangı nları………………………………………... 26 3. 3.2 Sosyal Yapının YerleĢime Etkisi ……………………………… 27 3. 3.3 Sokak OluĢumu ………………………………………………... 28 3. 3.4 Sokak – Parsel – Yapı ĠliĢkisi ………………………………. … 29 iv 3. 4 Cumhuri yet Döneminde Se mtl eri n Fizi ki ve Sosyal Durumu ……….. 30 3.4.1 Cumhuri yet Döne minde Fener Balat YerleĢ me Dokusunu Etkileyen Planlama Kararl arı ……………………34 BÖLÜM I V FENER – BALAT SE MTLERĠ NĠN GÜNÜMÜZDEKĠ DURUMU VE SEMTLERĠ N SAHĠL KESĠ MĠ Ġ ÇĠN BĠR KENTSEL TASARI M ÖNERĠSĠ 4. 1 Amaç ve Met hod ………………………………………………………...37 4. 2 Mevcut Durum Analizleri 4. 2.1 Fener – Balat Semtl eri nin Sosyal Dokusu................................. 38 4. 2.2 Mevcut Projeler………………………………………………. 42 4. 2.3 Arazi Kull anı mı Analizi ……………………………………… 45 4. 2.4 Bina Yapı Durumu Analizi …………………………………... 46 4. 2.5 Bina Yapı Tarzı Analizi ……………………………………… 46 4. 2.6 Bina Kat Adedi Anali zi ………………………………………. 46 4. 2.7 Mül kiyet Analizi ……………………………………………… 47 4. 2.8 Bina Tescil Duru mu Analizi ………………………………….. 48 4. 2.9 UlaĢı m analizi…………………………………………………. 48 4. 2.10 Açı k Alan Kull anı m Analizi ………………………………….. 49 4. 3 Sentez ………………………………………. …………………………… 55 4.4 Fener – Balat Semtl eri nin Sahil Kesimi içi n Bir Düzenle me Önerisi 4. 2.1 Plan Kararl arı ………………. ………………………………… 56 4. 2.2 Park Tasarı mı ………………………………………. …………. 57 BÖLÜM V SONUÇ VE DEĞERLENDĠ RME …………………………………………. 60 KAYNAKÇA v ġEKĠL LĠSTESĠ ġEKĠL 1 San Marco Meydanı’ nın GeliĢi mi ……………………………………. 6 ġEKĠL 2 En eski Rönesans bahçesi olarak bili nen Villa Madama Bahçesi …………………………………………………7 ġEKĠL 3 Balat Pervetitich – 1929 ……………………………………………. …31 ġEKĠL 4 Fener- J. Pervetitch – 1929 ……………………………………………32 ġEKĠL 5 Fener Sokakları ndan Görünüm ……………………………………... 49 ġEKĠL 6 Binaları n arası nda, çöplük hali ne gel miĢ alan ……………...………5 0 ġEKĠL 7 Tahta Minare Camii yanındaki küçük meydan. ….. ……………. …51 ġEKĠL 8 Meydan ile bi nalar arkası nda kalan yeĢil alanı ayıran duvar ….. …51 ġEKĠL 9 Fener Bal at sahil yeĢil alanından bir görünüĢ ……………………... 52 ġEKĠL 10 Yol boyunca karĢı dan karĢı ya yaya geçiĢini engelleyen bariyer ………53 ġEKĠL 11 Yakından görünüĢ ………………………………………………………53 ġEKĠL 12 YağıĢlı havada çamur içinde kalan çocuk oyun alanı …………………54 ġEKĠL 13 Alandaki kum yığınında oynayan çocuklar ……………………………54 ġEKĠL 14 Rum Kilisesi ve etrafı ndaki yapıların durumu …………………….. …55 vi TABLO LĠSTESĠ Tablo 1 - Ġkinci MeĢrutiyet Döne minde Meclisleri n Etnik Yapısı ……………. …30 vii BÖLÜM I GĠ RĠġ Kentsel açı k al anlar, toplu msal bilincin ve eyle min ortaya koyulduğu, ortak değerlerin bütünleştiği alanlardır. Bu al anlar i nsanların iletişi m ve et kileşi mlerine olanak sağladığı gibi, bireylerin kentlilik bilincini, aidiyet duygusunu geliştiren, kent kült ürünün oluşt uğu mekanlardır. Sanayi devri mi ile birlikte ortaya çı kan endüstrileş me ve ticaretin, kent merkezleri nde yoğunlaş ması yla artan göç hareketleri, ka musal açı k al anları n tanı mını değiştir miştir. 20. yüzyılın başı ndan bu yana, dünya kentleri nde, yaşanan fiziki ve sosyal değişi mlere paralel olarak meydanlar, parklar, çok işlevli açı k al anlar oluşt urul maktadır. Post modern düşünce ile gel eneksel kent anlayışı ve yaşa mının bütünselliği aynı doğrult uda günde me gelmiş, geniş kapsa mlı koruma ve yenile me çalış maları na öne m veril meye başlanmıştır. Kent planla ma kavra mının bili msel olarak el e alındığı ve prati ğinin hayata geçirildiği modern çağa geli nceye kadar, ka musal açı k alanlar plansız, rastlantısal bir seyir çiz miştir. Dini, kurumsal veya anıtsal yapıları n çevresi, avlusu vs.
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