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The Conflicted City Hypergrowth, Urban Renewal and Mass Urbanization in Istanbul

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The Conflicted City Hypergrowth, Urban Renewal and Mass Urbanization in Istanbul The Conflicted City Hypergrowth, Urban Renewal and Mass Urbanization in Istanbul The Conflicted City Hypergrowth, Urban Renewal and Mass Urbanization in Istanbul Carrie Sturts Dossick Liz Dunn Ian Fishburn Natalie Gualy Kathryn Rogers Merlino Jason Twill The Runstad Fellows wish to express sincere appreciatiation to the following individuals for their supportof this research program: Daniel Friedman, George Rolfe, Suzanne Cartwright, Runstad Center Board of Directors, Melissa Best, AP Hurd, Julia Levitt, Peter Steinbrueck, Reşat Kasaba, Orhan Esen, Ipek Akpinar, Ulas Akin, Haluk Sur, Tuna Kuyucu, Yaren Türkoglu, Ibrahim Baz, Leyla Turanalp, Asu Aksoy, Murat Guvenc, Omer Kanipak Copyright © 2012 PREFACE 06 INTRODUCTION 08 THE CONFLICTED BUILT CITY: OLD CITY /NEW CITY 14 THE SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL DEMOLITION OF ISTANBUL’S INNER CITY NEIGHBORHOODS The 21st Century Republic and the Gecekondu 16 A Selective Seismic Law 18 The Case of Sulukule 19 Tarlabasi, Fener, and Balat 20 ‘Starchitects’ and ‘City Planning’ within Cities 22 THE CONFLICTED ECOLOGICAL CITY: GROWTH CITY / SUSTAINABLE CITY 24 SUSTAINABILITY IN ISTANBUL: “THE ISSUE IS THAT THERE IS NO ISSUE” The Systems of the City 25 Perspectives on Sustainability 28 THE CONFLICTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC CITY: GLOBAL CITY / LOCAL CITY 30 WHAT’S THE ROLE OF REAL ESTATE IN NURTURING “CREATIVE CULTURE” AND LOCAL ENTREPRENEURISM? Istanbul to Foreign Investors 31 The Creative Class of Istanbul 33 CONCLUSION: CITY AT A CROSSROADS 36 REFERENCES 40 ENDNOTES 42 PREFACE In September 2011 the Runstad Center for Real Estate Studies at the University of Washington selected a research fellows group to focus on themes of urbanism, real estate and sustainable development. This interdisciplinary group consisted of two graduate students and two professors from the College of Built Environments, and two local professionals who are leaders in the fields of sustainable development. The advantage of diverse disciplines was clear from the start as the group exchanged knowledge and perspectives that included urban and architectural design, real estate development and finance, construction and engineering, and historic preservation. The research team focused their studies on the city of Istanbul, Turkey as a case-study to explore sustainable development within city’s experiencing hyper-growth and what lessons could be learned there for places like Seattle, Washington. Through a year long process of research, writing, interviews, meetings and tours, the consistent topics that emerged amongst our team were ones of urban renewal, economic and environmental resiliency and the impact of an emerging generation of young, creative-class entrepreneurs that have been flocking to this urban center in recent years. This report summarizes our research over the past year, which included a seven-day intensive trip to this ancient city on the Bosporus. More specifically, it outlines our observations on critical and current urban issues (e.g., how issues surrounding land-use, public space and transportation are affecting the people, buildings, economics and ecology of Istanbul). A great deal has been published on Istanbul. Designated as one of the world’s so-called “mega-cities”, it has been a focus for governments, academics and practitioners in recent years due to its unprecedented economic growth and emergence as a new cultural capital of Europe. Our readings delved into Istanbul’s varying approaches to urban renewal, sustainable development and economic growth. With a population nearing 14 million and a vast landscape of urban fabric that was being impacted by change, we narrowed our research to a few distinct neighborhoods and projects that illustrated our chosen themes. Interviews were conducted both here in Seattle and in Istanbul with architects, planners, academics, activists, policy makers, artists and real estate developers to give us a broad and diverse perspective on current urban growth trends. These included presentations by some of the city’s primary planners and public-private developers who are connected with the city’s most powerful political elites. At the end of the research period, conclusions centered on the economic, political and urban framework of Istanbul and how it is a city riddled with conflicts: old versus new, growth versus limits, and global versus local. They are conflicts that will be crucial for Istanbul to address if it aspires to emerge as a 21st century success story in sustainable urbanism. As journalist Christopher Torchia states, “As Turkey strives for global status, its leading city [Istanbul] strains to channel expansion that threatens its heritage, environment and even its identity.”1 With explosive population growth, rapid urban expansion, and changing political leadership, the city’s ecological and social future appears fragile, influenced by both social and economic pressures. This report explores these pressures through three distinct lenses: urban renewal; environmental considerations in urban growth; and the role of a young emerging workforce that is rapidly shaping this city’s future. 6 2012 Runstad Fellows (left to right): Kathryn Rogers Merlino, Ian Fishburn, Carrie Sturts Dossick, Liz Dunn, Jason Twill, Natalie Gualy 7 INTRODUCTION With more than half the world’s population now living in cities, humans have entered what many consider to be the “urban age.” With rapid urbanization and the evolution of “mega-cities”, the world’s urban areas are facing greater challenges as we continue into the 21st century. These challenges include the balance of density and land-use, improved health and livability of dense populations and proper management of limited ecological resources. Across the globe, there is an ongoing debate on the potential solutions that cities hold for us in the future and how they need to evolve to solve a myriad of global crises. As one of the world’s “megacities,” Istanbul can be regarded as a 21st century test case for understanding the challenges in planning for rapid population growth and highly urbanized consumption patterns.2 Parts of the city are among the densest in the world, while others are characterized by gated sprawl so familiar to us here in America. With a population nearing 14 million and a total land area of approximately 1,930 square miles, it has been estimated that, at current growth rates, the city could have as many as 23 million inhabitants by 2025 Istanbul has been a consistent magnet for job-seeking rural Turks, and in the past decade, an emerging creative class of young artists, designers, architects and entrepreneurs has led to the establishment of the Istanbul Biennale and the city’s nomination as a European Capital of Culture in 2010.3 With predictions of double-digit annual economic growth over the next several years, Turkey finds itself relatively unscathed by the economic crisis that currently grips Europe, and the burgeoning economy of Istanbul is no doubt fueling this economic miracle.4 Romania Russia Black Sea Istanbul Greece Turkey Syria Mediterranean Sea Egypt Figure 1: Map 8 However, the past decade or so has introduced new and dramatic challenges to the melting pot that comprises Istanbul’s population. Two distinct urban trends – urban renewal and large urban-scale developments by ‘star’ architects- and their supporting policies are rapidly changing the historic nature of this city at multiple scales and a frenetic pace, with goals that focus on car ownership and large scale gentrification style developments. Without any overall framework in place to manage its tremendous growth, Istanbul is facing incredible social, cultural and architectural transformations at a vast scale in its current rush to be recognized as a ‘global’ city. The city’s historic tapestry is richly woven with images of exotic harems, wealthy sultans, exquisite mosques and Roman ruins. Throughout the 20th century, this image has slowly faded to the background as the city has joined the ranks of its more westernized counterparts. The more traditional views and ways of living were gradually exchanged for those of a secular, more democratic and western- oriented city focusing on modernization and free enterprise. The result, at least until very recently, has been a uniquely secular Islamic state, one that has tolerated a diversity of religious and cultural groups living for the most part peacefully within the city limits. This transition slowly began to emerge with Kemal Ataturk, founder of the Turkish Republic in 1923, whose pervasive image can be found in people’s homes and businesses throughout Istanbul as a constant reminder of his profound influence over modern Turkish governance and culture. In 1935, when surnames were introduced in Turkey, he was given the name Atatürk, meaning ‘Father of the Turks’, which represent his influence over the modernization of what is contemporary Turkey.5 Under his economic and social reforms in the first quarter of the 20th century, polygamy was abolished; civil, not religious, marriages were introduced; Islam was removed as the state religion; new western-style legal codes were instituted and women’s rights continued to change after they obtained the right to vote and serve in parliament in 1934. In 1923 Ankara replaced Constantinople as capital city of Turkey and in 1930 Constantinople was renamed Istanbul – a future sign of the move away from conservative, Islamic values ushered in by the Ottoman Empire, which had a constant presence in Istanbul since its invasion of the city in 1453.6 Black Sea Avrupa Yakası Anatolia
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