Gists in Finland Include J. R. Aspelin, Ij. Alppelgren-Kivalo, and A. Hackann (4)

THE 1M-ESOLITHIC COMBWARE CULTUPE OF FINLAND (1)

Portti J. Pelto

Tho nesolithic sottlenient of northern Europe has received a groat deal of attention in the archaeological litoraturo of the last fow decadoes. The work of Scandinavian and Gerrnan archaeologists, as well as the writings of V. G. Childe and J. G. D. Clark have aidod in naking this a relatively well-known segment of Europoan prehistory. AdJacent to the Scandinavian area, and offoring som interesting con- trasts with it in archaoological naterial, is tho lake-studded, pine- and birch-forested onviromnent of Finland. Our nain concorn here will be to oxanine this archaoological material fran Finland, particularily.the so- called Coubware culture which doninated Finland and the adjacont Russian and East Baltic areas for an apparently long tino during the Mesolithic period. The "Mosolithic" culture of northern Europe indicatos here those Ston; Age traditions during tho geologically Recent (Holocono) period that pre- ceded agricultural and herding practices in the area being considered, were characterized by extensivo use of axes, adzes, and chisels for woodworking, and were supported by an econony based on hunting, fishing, fowling, and gathering of food. This cultural tradition in northern Europe was apparently carried on for a long tine after donestication of plants and aninals had revolutionized the econonries of people in the Mediterranean and Near Eastern areas.

The terr "Neolithic" we are using to designato cultures based on d(- estication of plants and/or food-producing anirials; however, it should be nentioned that Finnish archaeologists use the older terninology, calling the Conbwaro culturo "Neolithic" on the grounds that it has pottery and rop- resents a sharp break fron pre-ceranic culture in the area. Finnish Archaeologists. The boginnings of systenatization of the Stono. Ago naterials of Finland go back to the publication in 1909 by Julius Ailis (2) of a survey of Finnish Stone Ages sites. Ailio nentions earlier publi- cations, including a doscription of 632 artifacts published by H. J. Holrl- berg in 1863 (3); other ninetoenth and early twentieth contury archaeologists in Finland include J. R. Aspelin, Ij. Alppelgren-Kivalo, and A. Hackann (4). Publication of archaeological naterials in the Finnish National Museun series began in 1894. Finnish archaoologists whose nain work has boen done since World War I include A. M. Tallgron, Ella Kivikoski (now Professor of Archaeology at the University of Holsinki), and Aarne Ayrapaa, but dating has also deponded on the goology of M. Saurano, who has devoted great energy to the study of the history of forestation and shorelines of Post-glacial Finland. Saurano has also participated in many archaeological investigations, in which his pollen analysis, exination of rine deposits, and explanation of shoreline changes have boonx applied to particular archaeological finds.

32 Besides these archaeologists and geologists already nontionod, the National Musouu staff at Helsinki currently includes several non who have studied under Ayrapaa, among then V. Luho, C. F. Moinander, and J. Loppaaho. Mention should also be nado of the ethnologist T. I. Itkonon, who has specialized in the analysis of skis and sled-runners fron Finnish bogs. Archaeological finds. Finnish Stone Age finds can bo roughly divided into three groups: individual finds, genorally in bogs; huntor-fishor sites, which are usually associated with extinct shorolinos; and Neolithic sites, found on slightly elevated ridges near botton-lands. The bog finds include the Antroa fish-net (5), the Oulu and Narpio seals (6), and a nunbor of wooden skis and sled-runners. Those bog-finds have boon the focus of palynological dating. Hunter-fisher campsites are scattered over nost of Finland, and are the mrin source of archaeological materials. Listing the "nost inportant" of these sites, V. I;uho (7) gives the nanos of 14 Pro-coranic sites, 14 Early Combware sites, 47 "Classic" Conbware sites, and 14 Late Combware sites. xyrapaa and Luho (8) describe these canpsites as (a) situated on extinct shorelines, (b) sheltered from cold north winds, (c) chosen for the hunting and/or fishing possibilities in the vicinity, and (d) now often situated far fron bodies of water, due to the rising of the land. The list of "most inportant" sites nakes up only a snall percentage of the total known sites. The camps are usually found by accident in the course of plowing fields or digging for gravel. As an oxample, we nay oxanino the site of Askola, Honkanieni, in southwest Finland (see Plate 2 for sites nontioned in text). 2yrapaa, who excavated this site, describes it (9) as 20-21 neters above the present sea level, located on a plowed hillside. Occupation extended over an area about 140 neters long and 45 noters wide. Thicker concentration of cultural materials was napped in an area of about 40 neters by 30 neters, in which area at least three hearths were also found. The depth disturbed by plowing was about 30-40 contineters, and the total depth of the site in the deepest portions appears to have been about 60 centineters (10). The description nakes no nontion of stratigraphic variations in the site. appearing The cultural naterials from Askola include the following: 8 axes and adzes (one of Olonetz green slate) 5 "chisels" 2 "holed stones" 1 plunnot line-sinker 6 flint projectile points (nostly fragnonts) 8 flint scrapers 1 flint hannerstone 28 worked flakes of flint 135 flint flakes 3 "large rubbing stones" 10 fragoonts of stone tools (indoterminato)

33 3 scrapors of hard local stone naterial 171 flakes of hard local stone naaterial 3 quartz scrapers 10 worked flakes of quartz 218 quartz flakes 1 tool "blank" 2 quartz hanrerstones 42 rubbing stonos and fraguents 9 "polished piecos of stone" 6 fragments of "clay objects" 1 clay figure 2138 fragments of pottery pieces of burned clay pieces of burned bone 1 "stone saw" yrrpa'a dates this sito to the younger phaso of the Classic Corabware period on tho basis of the pottery style, while geological analysis of the shorolines placos the occupation at a height of 680/o of the Litorina Maxi- uun abovo current soa level (11). (Finnish geologists assign shoreline percentages using present sea lovel as 00/o and Litorina Maximu at 1000/0 when discussing shorelines of late post-glacial age; seo Plate 1). Accord- ing to gyrapa~a, pottery of the younger phaso of the Classic Corbware period is regularly associated with shorelines that are 700/o of the Litorina Maxi- nun (12). The third typo of find belongs to what the Finns call "HaImer-axe," "Cordware," or "Boat-axe" culture, and differs markedly in soavrerl ways fror the hunter-fishor sites. Its distribution is narrowly restricted to the southwest corner of Finland, which corresponds with the area offering the riost terporate climato as well as the best alluvial soils. These sites include burials as well as habitations, unlike tho Corbwaro sites in which burials are not known. No sure indications of donestic plants or anirals are known frorm these sitos, but circunstantial ovidonce points strongly to a Neo- lithoc economy. Tho Boat-axe Culture is clearly intrusive in Finland, and corresponds in pottery style, tool types, and burial techniques with Neoli- thic cultures in Swedon and south of the Baltic Sea (13). Also the restric- tion of finds to tho narrow coastal strip of soUthwost Finland argues for an ocOnomic basis different fror that of the huntor-fishors (14). Chronological Mothods. Finland's StonO Ago cultural riatorials are or- ganized into a chronological franework by the use of geological and palaeo- botanical ovidence. The geological evidence is based on observation of oustatic and isostatic changes in the Finnish shorelines. The geologist M. Saurano has identified a series of old Finnish shorelines which he correlates with the Yoldia Sea, Echineis Sca, Ancylus Lake, Mastogloia Sea, and Litorina Sea phases of the post-glacial Baltic (see Plate 1). A larGe number of Meso- lithic sites aro located along these ancient boach-lines, apparently reflec- ting the inportance of fishing in the econonic pattern. Exarmination of the Conbware pottery styles in terns of their relationships to these shorelines has lod the Finlish nro-haeologists to discard their older, purely typological

34 pottery sequences in favor of a chronology in which cultural matorials fron higher (hence older) shorelines are assumed to precede naterial fron sites nearer the present sea level. Thus, V. Luho affirms; "By comparing among themselvos pottery fragments found fron zones of different elevation it can be affirmed that pots decorated in certain ways appear only at certain elevations; in other words, decoration of pottery changes in direct relation- ship to (shoreline) elevations" (translation by this writer) (15). Luho also believes that this geological evidence shows that "the so-called Suonusjarvi culture habitation sites, froa which pottery is not known, are older than the early Conbware sites" (16). Palaeontological ovidence for dating is used, as already nontioned, in connection with bog finds. Assigning relative ages for these bog finds depends on both pollen analysis and exanination of deposits of marine life. The relative sequences in Finnish archaeology built up fron the above methods are given absolute dates in several ways by the Finnish archaeologists. Sauramo assigns absolute dates to his postulated Baltic Sea sequences and vegetation periods by the technique of varvo-counting. Certain points in the Finnish chronology have also been cross-dAtol with ntarials from other countries in northern Europe. The nost inportant oxample of cross- dating is the fixing of the ternination of the Conbware period at the tine of the incursion of Boat-axe culture, which apparently spread very rapidly into nany areas of northern Europe about 1800 B. C. (17). Finland in Early Post-Glacial Timn. The geological dovelopnmnts of northern Europe fron the terminal Pleistocene to the present have been exten- sively studied by Baron do Geer, M. Saurano, and several other geologists. Fron their studies it appears that the major part of Finland was freed of ice during the Finiglacial Retreat, which ended when the Scandinavian ico- Mass split in two (18). This Jantland Bi-Partition, which is dated at 8700 B. P., is used by Finnish geologists to nark the beginning of post-glacial tine (19). Hunan occupation in Finland may possibly have occurred before the beginning of post-glacial tine. High beach-lines in the northermnost parts of Finland and Norway have yielded roughly flaked tools of dolonite flint, quartz, and quartzite, which are variously dated at 10,000 to 5,000 B. C. (20). These interesting cultural remains show no apparent connection with the culture of nesolithic Finland, so no further discussion of thoe is war- ranted here. The first traces of hunan activity in south Finland have been dated to what Saurano calls the Ancylus Eake-Mastogloia Sea periods, or about 6500- 5000 B. C. (21). These beginnings of Finnish nesolithic activity are evidenced by three inportant bog-finds: the Antrea fish-not, the Heinola slod- runner, and a bone "ice-pick" fron Kirkkonumni. S. Palsi excavated tho first of these finds at Antrea, Korpilahti, near Lake Ladoga, in 1914, un- covering a series of 17 pine bark floats, sone stone not-weights, fragnonts of the willow-bast not aterial, and several stone and bono inplenents (22). The stone axes and chisels associated with the net naterials are core tools

35 of slate, slightly polished: at the cutting edgo. Inplenents rado of organic naterials lncluded an axe of elk antlor, a dagger or spearpoint of elk bone, and a chisel of elk bone. The pollen analysis of the Antrea excavation was re-oxamined by E. Hyypph (23) in 1933 with the result that tho find was dated to the Ancylus Lake stage, or about 6500-6200 B. C. The Heinola sled-rumner is 3.8 neters long, carved from pine, and notched for supports in such a way that T. I. Itkonen believes tho runner to belong to a two-runner type of sled. Dating of this find to the Ancylus period also depends on pollon analysis (24). The Kirkkonumi bog find was associated with and dated by Ancylus-age marine clays at a point 34 rioters above the prosent soa level (25). The object, described as an "ice-pick" by the Finnish archaeologists, is shaped from the fore-log of an elk, sharpened to a point, and measures a shade over 11 inches in length. These three early Finnish finds have been coupared with the well-known naterials fron Kunda in Esthonia. Zyrapaa says that tho early Finnish mesolithic matorial is relatod to the Kunda culture because of the sinilarity in tool types, sinilar reliance on bone as raw material, and similar reliance on fishing in the economy (26).

The Pre-Ceranic Cultures. The earliest occupation sites in Finland are grouped together by Finnish archaeologists as "Pro-Coramic cultures," the most important of which is called the Suomuesjarvi culture, after the parish fron which the largest amount of material has been collected. This culture has tool types that do not depart a great doal from the chisels and axes of the Antrea find mentioned above. Axes are bifacially flaked with slight polishing of tho cutting edge, and the stone naterial is from local deposits of poor quality (see Plate 4a). "Spearpoints" are wido, leaf-shapod., serrate- edged, and nade of slate (27). The nost prevalent form in the cultural in- ventcry is the bifaced axe described above. The Suomusjarvi. occupation sites are located along strand-lines that are identified by geologists as coincident with the first Litorina Sea Transgression (ca. 4000 B. C.), although a few sites appear to be on slightly earlier boaches, according to Ayrapaa (29). A younger phase of the pro-coramic poriod. is given the designation of Kisko culture. New items appearing in this phase include the "banana-shaped rubbing stone," four-sided chisels, "rubbing stones on which implements were polished with a circular notion" (30), and a now kind of extra-hard slate as raw mterial for adzes, axos, chisels, and "spearpoints." Separate fron the south Finnish Suonusjarvi and Kisko traditions, the Finns identify an eastern Finnish culture of pro-ceramic age, the Ilomntsi culture, that is distinguished by its preforence for Olonotz groen slate as raw material. The Ilomantsi, axe is round or ovoid in cross-section, pointed at the butt, polished to a sharp edge, and was fashioned by the peck-and- polish technique (31) (see Plate 4b). Associated with this axe type is the si-ca].M1d. huni-bcked, curve-oAdged chisel.

36 Archaeological excavations by V. Luho in 1946-47 at a site in KuroJoki, Alajarvi in west central Finland brought the question of nicrolithic projectile points into focus (32). This site produced 38 quartz projectile points which Luho identifies as rhonboid, trapezoid, triangular, and transverse nicroliths. The geological dating of the site tentatively places it in the sane period as the Suonusjarvi and Kisko cultures, which is supported by the fact that no p,ottery appears in the site. Luho nentions a total of one certain and seven "indefinite" nicroliths froa other sites in Finland, of which the one certain nicrolith was in a site with Early Conbware pottery, while the others all cone fron Pre-coranic sites (33). Both Ayrapaa and Luho note the strong resenblances between those Finnish nicroliths and what they refer to as "Late Tardonoisian influenced" nicroliths widespread in northern Europe in Mesolithie tines (34). The Finnish archaeologists believe that the above pro-ceranic cultures correspond to the Canpigny culture of continental Europe, and the Erteb/lle, Lihult, Lirnhan, and N6stvet traditions of Mosolithic Scandinavia. The Conbware Culture. The Conbware culture of Finland shows a fairly sharp departure fron the previous tradition. The nest notable innovation, pottery-naking, diffused into Finland as part of a widespread culture sphere that covered nost of northeastern Europe, fron the Vistula river in Poland clear across to the Ural nountains (see Plato 3, Inset). The Conbware pots are large, poorly fired, and torpered with sand, crushed-rock, bone-fragnents, or occasionally asbestos; the decorative style consists of scratches and pits that appear to have boon rado with suall sticks, twisted cord, fish vertebrae, and notched or toothed "conbs." Those pointed- base or ovoid pots were predominantly large, sone having capacities of over 30 quarts. The stone .tools Of the Coabware poople appear to9.follow thEr - basic patterns of the pre-ceranic cultures, although adzes apparently becone nuch predominant over axes in wood-working oquipment. Plunnet fish-line sinkers, shanks of composite fish-hooks, projectile points, and "spearpoints" in these canpsites attest to the hunting-fishing nature of the econony, although a significant reduction in the appearance of the slate "spearpoints" takes place (35). Early Conbware (ca. 3000-2250 B. C.) (36). Thu earliest pottery in nesolithic Finland, called Early Canbware (Conbware I), is associated with shorelines that are judged by the geologists to be 10-200/o lower than the Litorina Maxinun Transgression in the "Maxinun-to-nodern sea level con- tinuun" (37). This pottery is course-tenpered and decorated with various in- prints such as "E," "I," and "II"-shaped narks, wavy lines, and "fish-vertebrae" designs; these decorations aluost always extend over the entire surface of the vessel. Early Combware is sub-divided into two phases, designated I:1 and 1:2 (see Plato 4c, d), on the basis of style differences associated with slight differences in shoreline elevations. Besides clay vessels, those Conbware sites sonotinos contain snall clay figurines (see Plate 6c), which continue to appear throughout the entire Conbware period. Thoso figurines will be difscn.soin more detail below.

38 Classic Combware (ca. 2250-2000 B. C.). Whereas the Early Combware pottery in Finland appears to bo only a peripheral reflection of a nore souther- ly cultural tradition, the Classic Conbware development is believed by Fin- nish archaeologists to be focussed in south Finland, with close similarities of decoration style in nearby areas of Karelia and the East Baltic provinces. The decoration of pottery takes on an appoaranco of greater care in artistic design, and shows "more active creativo imagination," according to Luho (38). Rows of carefully spaced pits alternate with rows of "conb-scratchings" or "dotted-lines": (see Plates 4e, f; 5a, b). Bird figures, usually swans with excessively long necks, appear on some of the pots. Classic Combware pots are well-fired, and fino-tompered, of predominantly reddish and yellow hues. Now imports of raw materials into Finland during this period include flint from tho Valdai area in western Russia and amber for ornaments from East Prussia. The clay figurines of this period take on a phallic form, which Ayrdpa'a and Luho believe is also a diffusion from the outside because it departs considerably from the earlier anthropomorphic form (see Plate 6c, d). The Classic period is the shortest of the three postulated phases of the Combware culture, the abundance and relative richness of sites supports the argument that this phase was an "exuberant" development in the history of the Combwaro tradition. The Classic pottery style is sub-divided into soveral variants, including Classic II:1 and II:2 (style variation associated with slightly different shoreline levels), Jdkairlta style (a regional variant), "pitted" and "rhombic-pitted" styles which spread into the southeastern Fin- nish area from the south and east, according to Luho (39). Late or Decadent Coubware (2000-1700 B. C. ). This final period of Combware culture is also called the Uskela culture by the Finns, after the parish in which the pottery was first identified in quantity. The dis- tinguishing feature of the Uskela style is the concentration on pittod decoration. Rows of large pits alternate with smaller depressions, possibly as a development from the "pitted pottery" of the late Classic tradition. Ttomb- scratched" decorations persist to a slight degree in Uskela III:1, marking the separation between it and III:2, which is called Sipildinhaa pottery after a site in southwest Finland. Another short period has now been distinguished in the stylistic sequence, making Pyheonsilta syle (from the site of Mynmiiki, Pyheensilta) the final pottery style of the Combware period (40) (see Plate 5c, d, e). The Late Combware sites, like the sites of the preceding period, show evidence of continued receipt of amber from East Prussia. Luho points out that sites with Uskela type pottery are also found in the East Baltic countries, especially Latvia, along the postulated route by which amber was carried to Finland (41). Tho importation of Russian flint, however, stops con- pletely with the end of the Classic Combware period.

The end of the Late Combware period is signalled by the arrival of the Boat-axe culture, which spread rapidly over large areas of northern Europe in the first centuries after 2000 B. C. As mentioned earlier, this culture was restrrictAd to the southwest corner of Finland where climate is nildest and the nost fertile alluvial bottorlands are found (42).

38 Boat-axo sites and the distribution of stray boat-shapod axes stay within fairly close bounds, and presumably the hunter-fisher oconory continued in sone fom over tho rest of north and east Finland. Sone of the Uskola and Pyheensilta Conbware sites are apparently contonporary with the Boat-axe settlenent, but little is yet known about the successors to these cultures. The Boat-axe period in Finland is fairly short, (ca. 200 years), however, and the final phases of the Stone Age (the Kiukais culture) clearly show a nixture of Boat-axe and Conbwaro traditions (see Plate 5f). Conbware tool types and pottery styles again predoninato, but Finnish archaeologists believe that the Neolithic econony of herding and agriculture brought by the Boat-axe people continued, as evidenced by the choice of living sites and the appearance of large "grinding-stones" (43). The Hunter-Fisher Wa of Life. Conbware sites are nearly always found on sea, lake, and river shores, and this choice of settlenent location supports the conclusion that a considerable portion of the diot of Conbware people depended on fish and other water-dwelling life. Seal hunting was practiced at least along the Gulf of Bothnia, for skeletons of seals with harpoons in their ribs have been found at Narpio and Oulu along the west coast. These seals probably sank into the clay of the Litorina Sea floor during the Classic Combware period, according to Saurano, who dated the finds by pollen analysis and examination of associated narine deposits (44). The seals were shot several kilonoters from shore, ;but due to the rising of the land-nass were now located well above the present sea level--the Oulu seal 15 noters and the Nirpio find 17 noters above sea level. Harpoons associated with the finds are nade of elk bone, notched along one side only, and neasure 8.25 and 9.5 inches respectively (45) (see Plate 5g). The Narpio seal was of the species Phoca gronlandia, which has becone extinct in the Gulf of Bothnia, possibly because of Stone Age hunting. This species of seal nakes up a largeoproportion of the bone fragennts found in Stone Age sites in the adjacent Aland islands, whore seal-hunting was apparently one of the nainstays of a culture that had traits of both Finnish Conbware and kesolithic Swedish traditions (46). Fishing during the Finnish Mesolithic period was carried on by nets, hook-and-line, and (possibly) weirs. Besides the Antrea net find, evidence for net-fishing includes the occurrence of "holed stones" at such sites as Askola, Honkanieni, and collections of fist-sized stones fron several sites. A campsito at Ilnajoki, Koskenkorva contained 20 "holed stones" and IlnaJoki, Piirtola had 18 of those objects (47), which supports the theory that they were used as net-sinkers since that kind of utilization would require the considerable quantity of "holed stones" that has been found. Occurrence of fist-sized pebbles in sites recalls the collection of such stones found in association with the Antrea fish-net. Hook-and-line fishing was carried on by use of conposito hooks with shanks often nade of slate. Plurnet-type sinkers with grooves or holes for line have been found in several sites, including Askola, Honkanieni. The Finnish archaeologists bolieve that woir fishing was practiced during

39 Stone Age times, and they cite numerous campsites which wore located beside narrow straits which would be ideal for the use of a woir. However, the only possibly direct evidence for such a practice is from a site in Nyland, whore a series of vertical aspen stakes extending a distance of 13.5 meters was found in 1911. However, the dating of this find is uncertain, which leaves the real evidence for weir-fishing largely in tho realm of conjecture (48). The hunting of land anm a swas also an important part of tho economy of mosolithic Finland. Except for the one site in Alajairvi, the Pre-coramic sites show a predominance of "leaf-shaped" slate "spearpoints" over thesu al projectile points which the Finnish archaeologists tern "arrowpoints." Dur- ing the Combware period, however, small points of flint, Iquartz, quartzito, and slate dominate over the largo "spearpoints" (49). Several varieties of "holed stones" are identified-as "club-heads" by the Finns, ranging all the way from simple ovoid forms to complex rhombic, cruciform, and aninal-head implements. Whilo the simple "holed stones" nay have served just as well as not-sinkers, tho more carefully preparod "holed stones" my well have been haftod weapons. Preservation conditions for organic materials are extremely poor in nost of the Finnish hunter-fisher sites, but small fragments of burned bone are usually found in and around campsite hearths. Tho sito of Alavus, Ojalankangas yielded considerable amounts of bone fragments which were identified as the roeains of "largo land mamaias" by Professor Winge of Denmark (50). The Mesolithic sites in the adjacent Rland Islands contemporary to the Fin- nish Combware sltes are in calciferous soil favorable to preservation of bone, and they have yielded remains of birds, fish (mostly cod), and particularly seals in large amounts (51). Mbsolithic nan in northern Europe was a woodworker. In Finland he had good material available-pine, silver fir, spruce, as well as certain de- ciduous trees. Tools of quartz, quartzite, flint, slate, bone, and antler were used to ike things out of tthis wood. Axes, adzes, and chisels are abundant in hunter-fisher sites, although tho finished products made with these implements are not frequently found. In pre-Ccmbware tinos, axes such as the Suonusjarvi type were prepared by flaking and finishod by application of a slight polish to the-cutting edge. tyrapaa believes that the polishing techniques were first applied to bone tools, and later adapted to the harder .stone materials (52). Tho peck-and-polish technique was widely used during the Mesolithic period, particularly in the working of Olonetz groon slate. Polishing of these implements was dono by use of sandstone rubbing stones, such as wore found in the Askola, Honkanieni site in large numbers; and flint saws wore used to produce the four-sided adzes and chisels that became popular during the Combware period. Among the products of wood-working, items of travel equipment wore un- doubtedly of first importance. The Heinola sled-runner of the Ancylus Lake period has already been mentioned, but this is only the oldest of a series of 21 sled-runners that have been dated to the Stone Age (53). This quantity of sled-runners is sufficient to show somn of the stylistic and technical changes that occurrad in the Stone Age, according to Luho, and also sone hypotheses about important travel routes can be nade from this evidence. Luho believes that these sleds were powered by dog-teamn during at least part of the Meso- lithic period. Remains of dogs arc known from at least six sites in the Combware area, five of theo being in Russia. The Finnish site containing remains of a dog is at Pihtipudas, R'dnni, which is of Pre-ceranic and Early Ccrbware age. Luho notes that one of the types of canine found in these sites-the "large, wolf-like" Canis familiaris inostranzowi-is particularly adaptiblo to the harness. Of other neans of travel that night have been used in resolithic Fin- land there is no reliable evidence. Remains of both skis and dugout boats abound in the Finnish bogs, but the oldest of theso are fron the Bronze Ago. The Mesolithic peoples of Finland also used their wood-working tools to solve the housing problem. Finnish archaeologists report several sites with traces of house posts. Most of these "huts" were snall in floor space, but floor areas of about 20 square noters are reported fron Maaria, S'ikki- Jarvi, and Vartsila (56). A particularly unusual find was made at the Conbware sit of Raisala, Pitkajarvi, where a hut was equipped with an ante- roon. Possibly it was the dwelling of sane hiosolithic notable, for among the finds in the floor area were three anber ornaments-rare itens in Finnish Mesolithic inventories (57). A second type of dwelling found in the Finnish Mesolithic is the semi-subterranean pit-dwelling, which occurs in several Pro-ceramic and Early Conbware sites; for example Lapinjarvi, Malubacken, in which were found two pits, one 3.5 meters by 2 neters and 1.8 neters (58). deep Of the artistic proclivities of these Mesolithic peoples we have already hinted, especially in connection with the decorative notifs of the pottery and the humanoid representations in the form of clay figurines. The early Combware figures, such as a series of at least ten figures from Painio, Toispuolojannunni, are generally 2-3 inches high, and often represented in a sitting position (59) (see Plate 6c). Soce of then have a faint suggestion of a board, possibly indicating a male figure. Decoration of the figures is sinilar over a wide area in Finland--incised markings suggesting clothing, shoulder straps, and belts. Traces of red ochre suggest that some of the figures were painted. As nentioned above, the Classic Combware period is marked by the appearance of nore clearly phallic representations. Clay figures and fragnents of clay figures are known from Pailio, Askola, Espoo, Porvoo, Liljendal, Lapinjarvi, Gannolby, Pihtipudas, Kaukola, Raisala, Johannes, and several other Combware Sites. The Rland Islands also contain clay figures in Mesolithic sites (60) (see Plate 6d, o). In 1897 a carved wooden inage about 9 inches high representing a human face and shoulders was found during railroad excavations at Pohjankuru between Helsinki and Turku in southwest Finland (61). It speaks fairly well for the sophistication of early Finnish archaeology that the site of thu find (at a depth of 8 neters) was exanined in considerable detail by the archaeologist Hj. Appelgren-Kivalo, who also took extensive soil sanplos. However, 19th century geologists were unable to give any kind of date to the find. Dating of the Pohjankuru "Wooden God" (which rosenbles clay images fron Painio) waited nearly

41 40 yoars, until 1936 when E. Hyyppa" examined the find and associated soil samples. Both pollen analysis and rarine-life renains pointed to a date fron the middle of the Litorina Sea period, .-thus contemporary with the Corabware culture. Particularly convincing evidence for this date were the renains of Litorina-type iarine organisms inboddod in the wooden figure itself (62). Both the clay figures and the wood inage appear to have their closest cognates in regions south and east of Finland. Woodon figuros similar to the Pohjankuru find are known fran East Karelia, iNorth Russia, and Siberia (63). As for the clay figures, AyrapaA believes that both comb-narked pottery and clay figures were diffuscdto Finland fron the Balkan-South Russian area (64). These forrs are different than any fron western European traditions, but resemble pottery styles and figurines fron Russia and the East Baltic states; Cozbware pottery does not extend into south Russia, but clay figures appear in Runania and Odessa (see Plato 3). V. G. Childe writes of sinilarities botween central Russian and Finnish Conbware pottery; comparing sherds fron Yasikovo near Kalinin with Finnish Early Conbware, and seeing a connection between Finnish Classic Coabware and pottery fron Lyalovo near Moscow (65). Artistic achievenient also appears in the Finnish Stone Ago in the forn of aniraal-head iriplenents, chiefly bear-head and elk-hoad axos. The figures are made in a naturalistic style, resembling the elk, reindeer, and other animal figures engraved on rocks in northern Scandinavia. Tho "animals" often have raised dots for eyes, drilled holes for mouths, no nostrils, and little or no ears. This naturalistic art is assigned to the closing phases of the Cczbware period by Ayrapa~a and Nordnan, but dating is uncertain because the aniral-heads are stray finds, unassociated with any clearly datable sites. Animal-head axes are found in widely scattered points in northeastern Europe, including two places in Sweden, but appear to be moit closelyfas- sociated with the Iake Onoga area with its nearby source of Olonetz green slate, fron which several of the objects are made. Nordnan lists eloven aninal head objocts from this East Karolian area, including an elk-head dagger of horn from an undated burial ground on Olonii Ostrov (Deer Island) in Lako Onega (66).

The animal-hoad axes in both finished and unfinished fern appoar to have been traded over a wide area, as wore othor artifacts mde of the prized green slato. This variety of slate is found in northeastern Europe only in a very sma11 area near Petrosavodsk in East Karelia, but items made fron this material are found ovor nost of Finland and Esthonia. Ayrapaia notes that evidence for the working of groen slate articles is lacking in most Finnish sites, and believes that the material was traded in the fom of finishod arti- clos and "blanks" fron "factories" such as the site of Suoja in East Karelia, where extremely activo production of green slate implements appears to have been carried on for the "export market" (67). Other stone materials were also involved in sano kind of trading activity, including red slate fron northern Scandinavia which occasionally appears as "arctic-typo" knives and spearpoints in South Finland (68). As mentioned above, the importation of low-grado flint fron the Valdai region of western Russia was carried on in considerable quantities, but restricted mainly to the Classic Corbware period. Later, during the final poriods of the Stone

42 Age, flint was obtained that closely resembles the flint found in south Sweden (69). Miention has already beonlaode also of the occurrence of anbor ornanents in Finnish sites, showing connections with East Prussia. This naterial was expensive, judging fron its ocononic inportance in other trade aroas of Stone Age Europe, and very few hunter-fishers in Finland were able to afford this luxury. This wide diffusion of certain stone materials, coupled with stylistic .sinilarities in pottery decoration over a fairly large area in northeastern Europe, shows that considerable traveling and .intrrgru 'contact worc prevalent in this coniferous forest area fron early Mosolithic tines. Conclusion. During tost of the Stone Age, Finland played the role of recipient to culture diffused from neighboring areas. Almost all of present- day Finland was buried under glacial ice during that earliest phase of the post-Pleistocene when the Mesolithic way of life was developing farther to the south in Europe (70). When the land area of Finland began to open up for habitation, the earliest culture traits-bone inplenonts and stono axes-boro reserblance to the Kunda culture of Esthonia, which in turn appears to have been an eastern variant of the Maglenose culture of northern Europe (71). The few nicroliths found in Finnish sites also show connection with Scandinavian and north-central European cultural developments. However, the advent of the Conbware culture in Finland brought traits, such as pottery styles and clay figures, that have their closest affinities to traditions directly to the south in the East Baltic states and Russia, as well as east into northern Russia extending into Siberia. Early Finnish archaeologists were tenpted to equate this Conbware culture with the Finnic- speaking peoples, on the stroneth of continuities of tradition apparently fron the Stone Age down to historic tines in East Baltic and northeastern Russian areas where Finnic-speakers are still found today (72). The archaeological evidence for this hypothesis is far fron conplete, however, and in Finland, where the nost conplete archaeological record is found, there is no continuous cultural tradition that ties the Stone Ago population to the pooplo who were occupying the region when Swedish "Crusaders" began to "open up" Finland early in this nilloniun. Cultural sinilarities between Finland and Scandinavia occurred again during the relatively brief occupation of southwest Finland by the Boat-axe people who ranged widely into north Germany, Poland, the East Baltic area, as well as Sweden and Dennark. These food-producing intruders nark the end of the Mesolithic period in Finland as we have used it hero, but the hunter-fisher way of life nay have continued for nore than a thousand years longer in the forests of north and east Finland as well as adjacent territories in northern Russia. The archaeological naterial from this terninal Stone is larly slin, however. Ago particu- The tine lag in diffusion of cultural elements into the Finnish area il- lustrates its peripheral position in relation to so-called cultural centers

43 such as Denmark and the Noar East. The Combwaro culture of hunter-fishers flourishod in Finland at a tine when couplex urban, bronze-using cultures wore well-doveloped in Mcsoptamiia and Egypt. ContoLlporanoous cultures in Dermark appear to have been woll along in developing a Noolithic oconony, Judging from pollon analysis of forostation changes, and traces of barloy and wheat grains in sholl-mounds that datu back to lato Atlantic tines (73). These beginnings of agriculture in Dennark occur at least a thoueand years before the first evidonce of a Neolithic oconumy in Finland., according to chronological informa- tion fron Finnish archaeologists. Pottory, which is so important in nost Combware sitcs in Finland., appears at about 3000 B, C., also several hundred yoars later than in Denmark (74).

It is interesting to note that this pattern of tine-lag in diffusion of traits to tho north holds also for lator historical developnonts. For exanple, the introduction of Christianity into Finland occurred a full i thousand years after the Noar East had given birth to this movenont; it was not until 1154- 1155 A. D. that Swedish knights carried out tho "First Crusade" into southwost Finland (75).

Also significant in tho pattern of Stone Ago developments in Finland is the fact that cultural influences from two quito widely separatod traditions mot in tho Finnish area. We noted tho inportance of Western traditions in the earliest Mosolithic finds, which however bocane heavily influenced by culture traits more nearly rolated to eastern traditions found in Russia, and extending into Siberia. This mixing of Eastern and Western traditions is still in ovidence in Finland, for examplo in the meeting of Luthoran with Greek Orthodox Christianity.

The product oif this hybridization of Eastern and Western traditions during the Mosolithic was a tenacious culturo successfully adaptod to the demnd- ing environment of the northern coniferous forosts. Tho Combwaro culture persisted in Finland for a period of more than 1200 years, and stone tools of the Combware tradition were an important part of tho Neolithic culture that carried on aftor the brief doninanco of the Boat-axe tradition camo to an end. This picture of prehistory is far fron complote, for further research can add nuch to the current knowledge of the Finnish aroa, and koy problems, especially in chronology, are yet to be solved for the northern Russian region. As future archaological investigations add to our knowledge of tho prehistory of northeastern Europc, wo nay expect that those discoverios will also have iriportant inplications for the rost of the Circuupolar area stretching across Siberia to the New World.

44 NOTES

(1) For instruction in Finnish archacology as well as aid in gathoring source raterial I an indobtod to Dr. Aarno Ayra'apa, Dr. Ella Kivikoski, and Dr. C. F. Meinander, all of tho Univorsity of Holsinki, Finland. (2) Ailio, 1909. (3) Holuberg, 1863. (4) Appoleron-Kivalo, 1894; Aspolin, 1899; Hackiaan, 1909. (5) Ayr*pW*, 1937, p. 106. (6) tyrapW, 1937, p. 114; Loppa'aho, 1936, Pp. 1-9. (7) Luho, 1948, pp. 35, 41, 49-50, 56-57. (8) Luho, 1948, p. 58. (9) Ayrapi i, 1929a, pp. 15-32. (10) Ayrapuia, 1929a, p. 19. (11) Zyrapaai, 1929a, p. 31. (12) ;yrapaa, 1929a, p. 31. (13) Childo, 1950, pp. 134-138; Shotolig at al., 1937, pp. 68-70; Xyrapa', 1937, pp.120-121. (14) 2lyr*apa, 1937, pp. 120-121. (15) Luho, 1948, p. 161. (16) Luho, 1948, p. 161. (17) Luho, 1948, p. 57. (18) Clark, 1936, pp. 5, 6; Saurac, 1954, p. 231. (19) Sauroano, 1954, p. 231. (20) Luho, 1948, pp. 22-25; Ayrapaa, 1937, pp. 102-104. (21) Luho, 1948, p. 25; Saurano, 1954, p. 231. (22) Luho, 1948, pp. 25-29. (23) Hyyppa, 1933, pp. 9-14.

45 (24) Aario, 1934, pp. 22-27. (25) P*`paa, 1937, P. 106. (26) Ayr4"`; 1937, P. 107. (27) AYrdpdS, 1937, p. 110; Luho, 1948, P. 31. (28) Saurauo, 1954, p. 231. (29) Ayrapaa, 1937, P. 110. (30) Luho, 1948, P. 32. (31) Ayr pa, 1937, p. 111; Luho, 1948, PP. 34, 91. (32) Luho, 1947-48, PP. 5-23. (33) Luho, 1947-48, p. 5. (34) Luho, 1947-48, P. 5. (35) Luho, 1948, p. 38. (36) Luho, 1948, P. 38. (37) Ayr`paa, 1937, p. 116. (38) Luho, 1948, p. 44. (39) Luho, 1948, p. 48. (40) Luho, 1948, P. 54. (41) Luho, 1948, P. 56. (42) AyrPa*ipa, 1937, P. 120; Luho, 1948, P. 57. (43) Moinandar, 1954, P. 113. (44) Saureno, 1936, PP. 9-15. (45) Leppaaho, 1936, PP. 1, 3. (46) Luho, 1948, P. 72. (47) Moinander, 1950, p. 166. (48) Clark, 1952, pP* -44-45. (h9) Luho, 1948, pp. 114-115.-

46 (50) Mbinandor, 1950, p. 164. (51) Moinandor, 1950, p. 29. (5Q) yrapaa, 1937, p. 110. (5:3) Luho, 1949, p. 2. (54) Luho, 1949, pp. 14-18, including raps of p~stulatod travel routos. (55) Luho, 1949, p. 20. (56) Luho, 1948, p. 140. (07) Luho, 1948, p. 140. (58) Luho, 1948, p. 143. (59) 2yrapad, 1929a, pp. 28-32. (60) Ayrapaa, 1941, pp. 82-119. (61) Loppa'aho, 1936b, pp. 38-42; Hyypa, 1936, 43-52. (62) Hyyppa, 1936, p. 46. ;(63) Lopp~aho, 1936b, p. 40. (64) Ayrap'a, 1941, p. 115. (65) Childe, 1947, p. 205. (66) Nurdnn, 1944, p. 75. (67) AYrrpWa, 1944, p. 70. (68) Luho, 1948, pp. 120-128. (69) Luho, 1948, p. 120. (70) Platt, 1955, p. 434, inclu1ing nap of Finland during the period of the Baltic Ice Lako. (71) Indreko, 1954, p. 144. (72) Pailsi, 1916, p. 176. (73) Childe, 1953, p. 193. (74) Childo, 1950, p. 33. (75) Platt, 1955, p. 7.

47 BIBLIOGPAPHY

Aario, Loo

1933 Kuortaneelta loydetyn reenjalakson ika (Dating of the Kuortan sled-runner). Suoren Museo 40:15-17. Helsinki. Acta Archaeologia 1935 Archaeological investigations and finds in the Scandinavian countries in the year 1934. Acta Archaeologia 10:261-282. Coponhagen. 1936 Archaeological investigations and finds in the Scandinavian countries in the year 1935. Acta Archaeologia 11:308-339. Copenhagen. 1937 Archaeological investigations and finds in the Scandinavian countries in the year 1936. Acta Archaeologia 12:301-336. Copenhagen. 1938 Archaeological investigations and finds in the Scandinavian countries in the year 1937. Acta Archaeologia 13:231-253. Copenhagen. Ailio, Julius 1909 Die steinzeitlichen Wohnplatzfunde in Finland. Helsinki, Finnische Altertursgesollschaft. Appolgren-Kivalo, Hjalrlar 1894 Kokoenliien kasvainen (Growth of the collectionse) Suorion Musco 1:15-16, 46-48, 63-64. Helsinki. Aspolin, J. R. 1899 Historiantakaisia rnuistoja Kyr3*njoen suistauaolta (Prehistoric roains froa= the rnouth of the Kyro river). Suornen Museo 6:55-61. Helsinki. Ayrd;p"a, Aarno 1922 Fornfynd fran Kyrksilatt och Esbo socknar; Suonon Mtinais- nuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja (Finnish Antiquities Associ- ation Journal ) 32, No. 1. Helsinki. 1928 Uusia eldinpaaasoita kansallisrmseossa (New aniral-bead weapons in the national r;1useu). Suonen usco 35:36-43. Helsinki .

48 1929a Askolan Honkanieut-n kivikauden asuinpaikka. (A Stonu Age habitation site in Askola, Honkanierxi). Suonon Musoo 36: 15-32. Hlsinki. l929b Uusia kivikaudon taide1oyt~oJa" (New art-finds fron the Stone Ago). Suonen Musec 36:82-88. Helsinki. 1937 Suorin kivikaudon kulttuurinuodot (The Finnish Stono Age culture foris). Suomalainen Tiedeakatonian Esitoirt Ja P'oytakirjat (Finnish Acadeny of Science Papors and Minutes) 1937:101-126. Helsinki. 1941 Kanpakera&ison kulttuurin savikuviot (The clay figures of tho Corbware culture). Sucnen Muse8 48:82-119. Helsinki. 194411 Ita-KarJala kivikautisen asekaupan keskustana (East Karelia as a center of Stone Age weapons trade). Muinaista Ja vanhaa Ita-KarJalaa (Prehistoric and old East Karelia). Helsinki, Sucnen Muinaisruistoyhdistys (Finnish Antiquities Association).

Childo, V. Gordon 1947 The dawn of European civilation. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1950 Prohistoric migrations in Europe. Oslo, InstituttOt for Samnenlignonde Kulturforskning. 1953 Old World prehistory: Noolithic. In Anthropology Today, ed. A. L. Kroeber, pp. 193-210. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Clark, J. G. D. 1936 Mesolithic settleonnt of northern Europe. Canbridge, Canbridge University Press. 1952 Prehistoric Europe. London, Methuen. 3uropaeus, Aarne (see Ayrapaa.) Girbutas, Marija 1955 An ancient art of hunters and fishers. Archaeology 8:268- 277. Hankran, Alfred 1909 Arkeologiska forskningar 1908. Suonen Museo 16:15-17. Helsinki.

49 Holzaberg, H. 1863 Fortecknin och afbildningar af Fineka fornlroningar. Finska Votenskap-Socioteten 9. Holainki. Hyyppa", Esa 1933 Antrean Korpilahden kiivikautisen vorkkol*oydon geologinen ianrays (Geological dating of the Antrea, Korpilahti Stone Age net find). Suonon MUseo 40:9-14. Helsinki. 1936 Pohjankurun puukuvan g3oologinen iamaa.rays (Geological dating of the Pohjankuru wooden statue). Suonen Musoo 42:43-52. Helsinki. Indroko, Richard 1954 Kunda kultuuri paritolust (The origin of the Kunda -cultur4). EUS Pohjala 70. Stockholn. Itkonon, T. I. 1930 Muinaissuksia ja jalaksia (Ancient skis and sled-runners). Suomen Musoo 37:82-90. Holsinki. 1936 Muinaissuksia Ja jalaksia (Ancient skis and slod-runners). Suonon Museo 43:68-83. Helsinki. 1946 Muinaissuksia ja jalaksia (Ancient skis and sled-runners). Suoton Musoo 53:47-56. Helsinki. Kivikoski, Ella 1935 Sucten arkeologinen bibliografia, 1926-1935. Suonon Musco 42:37-82. Helsinki. 1944 Suonon arkoologinen bibliografia, 1936-1943. Suon Museo 51:65-88. Holsinki. Kujala, Viljo 1947-48 Antrean Korpilahden kivikautisen verkon kuitualnes (Netting rnaterial of tho Antrea, Korpilahti Stone Age not). Suoren Museo 54-55:24-27. Helsinki. Loppaaho, Jorma 1936 Pohjankurun "puujunalainen" (The "wooden god" of Pohjankuru). Suonen Mus1o 43:38-42. Helsinki.

50 Leppaaho, Jorra, Matti Saurario and V. A. Korvenkontio 1936 Ndrpio5n ja Oulujoon kivikauden hyljoloydOt (Stone Ago seal finds in Narpio and Oulujoki). Sucten Musco 43:1-37. Helsinki. Luho, Ville 1947-48 Alajarven Kurejoen Rasin poilkkitoraisot nuolenkdrjet (The slant-odeod. arrowpoints fron Alajarvi, Kurojoki, Rasi). Suomen Musoo 54:5-22. Helsinki. 1948 Suctien kivikaudon paapiirteot (Outlinos of the Finnish Stone Age). Helsinki, Otava. 1949 Kivikautista talviliikennevalinoistab (ConcCrniiri St,*tio -Ago Winter travel equipront). Suctin Musoo 56:1-25. Helsinki. Malinieni, A. and Ella Kivikoski 1940 Suctien historiallinen bibliografia, 1901-1925. Sucnon His- toriallisen Seuran K~sikirja (Finnish Historical Society Hand- book) 2. Holsinki. Meinander, C. F. 1946 Votolin Hautakedon kivikautinen asuinpaikka (A Stono A6e habitation site in Voteli, Hautaketo). Sucnon Museo 53:5-13. Helsinki. 1947-48 Veohnorsalton Roikaraon kivikautinen asuinpaikka (A Stone Ago habitation Bite in Vehmersalri, RaikanrLiki). Suonen Museo 54-55:28-43. Helsinki. 1950 Etelai-Pohjarnaan historia 1. Helsinki, Etela*-Pohjannaan Historiatoinikunta (South Osterbotten Historical Coriittee). 1954 Die kiukaiskultur. Suocin Muinaisuuistoyhdistyksen Aikakaus- kirja (Finnish Antiquities Association Journal) 53. Helsinki. Nordnan, C. A. 1944 Itikarjalaiset elainpaaasoet.(East Karelian aniial-head woap- ons). Muinaista Ja vanhaa Ita-Karjalaa (Prehistoric and old East Karelia). Helsinki, Suonon Muinaisrtistoyhdistys (Finnish Antiquities Association). Platt, R. R. 1955 Finland and its geography. New York, Armrican Geographical Society.

51 Palsi, Sakari 1916 Kulttuurikuvia kivikaudelta (Cultural pictures fron the Stone Ago). Holsinki, Otava. Saurario, Matti 1929 The Quaternary geology of Finland. D3ullotin de la Comission Geologique do Finlande No. 86, Helsinki. 1936 Narpi*3n ja Oulujoen kivikauden hyljel'Oydot 2. Ianaararys (Stone Age seal finds of Narpio and Oulujoki 2. Dating). Suonen Museo 43:9-16. Helsinki. 1945 Suonon urheilunuseon suol'oyto3o3n ianraaarays (The dating of the bog-finds in the Finnish Museuri of Athletics). Suonen Muinaisnuistoyhdistykson Aikakauskirja (Finnish Antiquities Ass3Ciation Journal) 45:268-276. Helsinki. 1954 Das Ratsel des Ancylusasos. Geologischen Rundschau 42:197-233. Leipzig# Saurano, Matti and Sakari Palsi 1937 Pielisensuun Mutalan kivikautinen liesi (A Stone Age hearth in Pielisonsuu, Mutala). Suonon Museo 44:1-13. Helsinki. Shetolig; Haakon, Hjalnar Falk and E. V. Gordon 1937 Scandinavian archaeology. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Sinonson, Poul 1952 Scandinavia, 1947-1950. Aiorican Journal of Archaeology.. 56:51. Suronn Musoo-Finskt Museum 1949 Sisa*llys-Register 1894-1943. Helsinki, Suonen Musoo.

52 PLATES I-VI

I. Chart of Post-glacial Dovelopuents in Finland.

II. Map of Finland Showing Major Archaeological Sites. 1. Kittiila 15. Siuntio (Sjunded) 2. Oulujoki 16. Espoo (Esbo) 3. NinisJarvi 17. SuausJarvi 14. Pihttpudas 18. Hoinola 5. AlaJarvi 19. Porvoo (Borga) 6. Kuortane 20. Askola 7. Ilcajoki 21. Liljondal 8. Ngrpio (Narpes) 22. Lapinjarvi (Lapptra"sk) 9. Kiukainen 23. Vilpuri (Viborg) 10. Myri-11i 24. Antrea 11. Pairio 25. SKiAinki 12. Uskela 26. Kaukola 13. Kisko 27. Vartsila 14. Kirldonumi (Kyrkslatt) 28. Ilonantsi rII. Map Showing Distribution of Clay Figures In Northern Europe. l. Painio 12* Sgninki 2. Siuntio (Sjundeg) 13. Pihtipudas 3. Espoo (Esbo) 14. Sa'raisnixLi 4. Porvoo (Borga.) 15. Kubenino 5. Askola 16. Purciens 6. Liljondal 17. Koloncy 7. LapinJarvi (Lapptrask) 18. Stanok 8. Viipuri (Viborg) 19. Ralachna 9. Johannes 20. Aland 10. Raisa*la 21. Toralunda 11. Kaukola Inset Showing Coribwaro Culture Area in Northeastern Europe. (Dottedl line narks western and southern boundaries).

1T. Finnish Mesolithic Artifacts. (a) Suonuaa*rvi Stone Axe (b) Ilonantsi Stone Axes (c) Early Conbware Pottery (I:1) (d) Early Conbware Pottery (I:2) (e) Classic Conbware Pottery (II:1) (f') Classic Conbware Pottery (II:1) (after Luho, 1948).

53 V. Finnish Mosolithic Artifacts. (a) Classic Coribwaro Pottery (II:2) (b) Classic Conbware Pottery (II:3) (c) Lato Conbware Pottory (Uskela; III:1) (d) Late Coribware Pottery (Sipildnhaa; III:2) (e) Late Corbware Pottory (Pyhoensilta; III:3) (f) Kiukais Pottery (C) Oulu and Nrpi'o Soal Harpoons (after Luho, 1948).

VI. Finnish Mos.olithic Artifacts. (a) Mesolithic Spearpoints (b) Mesolithic Rhonbic and Cruciforn Stone Artifacts (c) Early Ccbware Clay Figures (d) Cl .sic Conbware Clay Figure (a) Rland Island Figure (after Luho, 1948; Ayrapa*a 1941).

54 Clinato Culture Land/Sea Tiue SW. Cont. ( Iron Age Sub-Atlantic Linnea Sea 0

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