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An Estimation of Chemical Compound Concentrations Used in Onshore Gas Production, a Review of Their Degradation, and Associated Policy Frameworks in South Australia

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An Estimation of Chemical Compound Concentrations Used in Onshore Gas Production, a Review of Their Degradation, and Associated Policy Frameworks in South Australia ENERGY BUSINESS UNIT An estimation of chemical compound concentrations used in onshore gas production, a review of their degradation, and associated policy frameworks in South Australia Richard Schinteie, Nai Tran-Dinh, Tania J. Vergara, David J. Midgley CSIRO Energy, North Ryde, NSW, Australia Report Number: EP19349 April 2019 A report to: GISERA – Gas Industry Social & Environmental Research Alliance ISBN (print): 978-1-4863-1210-8 ISBN (online): 978-1-4863-1211-5 Citation Schinteie R, Tran-Dinh N, Vergara TJ, and Midgley DJ (2019) An estimation of chemical compound concentrations used in onshore gas production, a review of their degradation, and associated policy frameworks in South Australia. CSIRO, Australia. Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2019. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible. If you are having difficulties with accessing this document please contact [email protected] This report is in partial fulfilment of the GISERA project ‘Chemical compounds used in onshore gas production in the SE of South Australia: microbial degradation, microbial community impact and indicator taxa’, project number W15. The completion of this report fulfils Task 1 of this project. Task 1 sets out to provide a literature and policy review. The remaining tasks consist of sample collection (Task 2), experimental microbiology work (Tasks 3-4), DNA profiling (Task 5), and final reporting (Task 6). An estimation of chemical compound concentrations used in onshore gas production, a review of their degradation, and associated policy frameworks in South Australia | i Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... vi Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ vii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Preparation of drilling and stimulation fluids ..................................................................... 4 3 Estimated concentrations and degradation processes of selected chemical compounds found in drilling/stimulation fluids ................................................................................................. 6 4.1 Bronopol (C3H6BrNO4; 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3- diol; CAS # 52-51-7) ................ 7 4.2 Methylchloroisothiazolinone (C4H4ClNOS; 5-Chloro-2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one; CAS # 26172-55-4) .............................................................................................................. 9 4.3 Polyacrylamide / polyacrylate copolymer ((C3H5NO)n; poly(2-prop-enamide); CAS # 9003-05-8)......................................................................................................................... 11 4.4 Acrylamide (C3H5NO; Prop-2-enamide; CAS # 79-06-1) ............................................ 12 4.5 Xanthan gum (C35H49O29 (monomer); CAS # 11138-66-2) ......................................... 14 4.6 Polyoxypropylene diamine (Jeffamine D-230; CAS # 9046-10-0) ............................... 16 4.7 Hexahydro- 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-sym-triazine (C9H21N3O3; CAS # 4719-04-4) 16 4.8 Glyoxal (C2H2O2; Oxaldehyde; CAS # 107-22-2) ......................................................... 17 4.9 2-Aminoethanol (C2H7NO; 2-Aminoethan-1-ol; CAS # 141-43-5) .............................. 18 4.10 Limonene (C10H16; 1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene; CAS # 138-86-3) .. 20 4.11 2-Methylphenol (C7H8O; 2-Methylphenol; CAS # 95-48-7) ..................................... 21 4.12 Naphthalene (C10H8; Bicyclo[4.4.0]deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene; CAS # 91-20-3) ........ 22 4.13 Acetic Acid (C2H4O2; Ethanoic acid; CAS # 64-19-7) ................................................ 24 4.14 Alcohols, C6-12 ethoxylated (CAS # 68439-45-2)....................................................... 25 4.15 Alkanes, C12-26 branched and linear (CAS # 90622-53-0) ......................................... 26 4.16 Benzisothiazolinone (C7H5NOS; 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one; CAS # 2634-33-5) .. 28 4.17 2-Butoxyethanol (C6H14O2; 2-Butoxyethan-1-ol; CAS # 111-76-2) .......................... 28 4.18 Diethylene glycol ethyl ether (C6H14O3; 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol; CAS # 111-90- 0) 29 4.19 Ethanol (C2H6O; CAS # 64-17-5) ............................................................................... 31 4.20 Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2; Ethane-1,2-diol; CAS # 107-21-1) .................................... 32 4.21 Glutaraldehyde (C5H8O2; 1,5-Pentanedial; CAS # 111-30-8) ................................... 34 ii | An estimation of chemical compound concentrations used in onshore gas production, a review of their degradation, and associated policy frameworks in South Australia 4.22 Isopropanol (C3H8O; Propan-2-ol; CAS # 67-63-0) ................................................... 36 4.23 Methanol (CH3OH; CAS # 67-56-1) ........................................................................... 38 4.24 Methylisothiazolinone (C4H5NOS; 2-Methyl-1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one; CAS # 2682-20- 4) 40 4.25 Pigment Red 5 (C30H31ClN4O7S; (4E)-N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[[5- (diethylsulfamoyl)-2-methoxyphenyl]hydrazinylidene]-3-oxonaphthalene-2- carboxamide; CAS # 6410-41-9) ....................................................................................... 41 4.26 Triethanolamine (C6H15NO3; 2,2',2''-Nitrilotri(ethan-1-ol); CAS # 102-71-6) .......... 42 4.27 Propylene glycol (C3H8O2; Propane-1,2-diol; CAS # 57-55-6) .................................. 44 4.28 2-Ethylhexanol (C8H18O; 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol; CAS # 104-76-7) ................................. 45 4 Policy and regulatory frameworks associated with the harnessing of onshore gas resources 47 5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 50 References 51 An estimation of chemical compound concentrations used in onshore gas production, a review of their degradation, and associated policy frameworks in South Australia | iii Figures Figure 1 Schematic flow diagram showing a typical drilling fluid circulation system. Adapted with modification from Aboulrous et al. (2016). ............................................................................ 5 Figure 2 Schematic flow diagram showing the chemical mixing process at a well site to create stimulation fluid prior to injection. Each different part of the process is hosted in containers that are typically truck mounted. Adapted with modifications from Landis (2015). ..................... 5 Tables Table 1 Onshore gas production chemical compounds of interest examined in this review ....... 2 Table 2 Bronopol concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ....................................................................................................................... 8 Table 3 Methylchloroisothiazolinone concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ............................................................................................. 10 Table 4 Polyacrylamide concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ..................................................................................................................... 12 Table 5 Acrylamide concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ..................................................................................................................... 13 Table 6 Xanthan gum concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ..................................................................................................................... 15 Table 7 Hexahydro- 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-sym-triazine concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ...................................................... 17 Table 8 Glyoxal concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ..................................................................................................................... 18 Table 9 2-Aminoethanol concentrations as reported in various North American wells. Source: http://fracfocus.org/ ....................................................................................................................
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