Ii- Carbohydrates of Biological Importance
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Pentose PO4 Pathway, Fructose, Galactose Metabolism.Pptx
Pentose PO4 pathway, Fructose, galactose metabolism The Entner Doudoroff pathway begins with hexokinase producing Glucose 6 PO4 , but produce only one ATP. This pathway prevalent in anaerobes such as Pseudomonas, they doe not have a Phosphofructokinase. The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a biochemical pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosol. For each mole of glucose 6 PO4 metabolized to ribulose 5 PO4, 2 moles of NADPH are produced. 6-Phosphogluconate dh is not only an oxidation step but it’s also a decarboxylation reaction. The primary results of the pathway are: The generation of reducing equivalents, in the form of NADPH, used in reductive biosynthesis reactions within cells (e.g. fatty acid synthesis). Production of ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), used in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Production of erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), used in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions are similar in that they transfer between carbon chains, transketolases 2 carbon units or transaldolases 3 carbon units. Regulation; Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate- controlling enzyme of this pathway. It is allosterically stimulated by NADP+. The ratio of NADPH:NADP+ is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol. -
Lecture 7 - the Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Lecture 7 - The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire 1 Introduction The Calvin cycle Text The dark reactions of photosynthesis in green plants Reduces carbon from CO2 to hexose (C6H12O6) Requires ATP for free energy and NADPH as a reducing agent. 2 2 Introduction NADH versus Text NADPH 3 3 Introduction The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Used in all organisms Glucose is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce reduced NADPH Used for the synthesis and degradation of pentoses Shares reactions with the Calvin cycle 4 4 1. The Calvin Cycle Source of carbon is CO2 Text Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts Comprises three stages Fixation of CO2 by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to form two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules Reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to produce hexose sugars Regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate 5 5 1. Calvin Cycle Three stages 6 6 1.1 Stage I: Fixation Incorporation of CO2 into 3-phosphoglycerate 7 7 1.1 Stage I: Fixation Rubisco: Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase 8 8 1.1 Stage I: Fixation Active site contains a divalent metal ion 9 9 1.2 Rubisco Oxygenase Activity Rubisco also catalyzes a wasteful oxygenase reaction: 10 10 1.3 State II: Formation of Hexoses Reactions similar to those of gluconeogenesis But they take place in the chloroplasts And use NADPH instead of NADH 11 11 1.3 State III: Regeneration of Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphosphate Involves a sequence of transketolase and aldolase reactions. 12 12 1.3 State III: -
Genomewide and Enzymatic Analysis Reveals Efficient D-Galacturonic
RESEARCH ARTICLE Molecular Biology and Physiology Genomewide and Enzymatic Analysis Reveals Efficient D-Galacturonic Acid Metabolism in the Basidiomycete Yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Ryan J. Protzko,a,b Christina A. Hach,c Samuel T. Coradetti,b,d Magdalena A. Hackhofer,c Sonja Magosch,c Nils Thieme,c Gina M. Geiselman,b,d Adam P. Arkin,b,d,f Jeffrey M. Skerker,b,d,f John E. Dueber,b,e,f J. Philipp Benzc aDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA bEnergy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California, USA cHolzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany dEnvironmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA eBiological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA fDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA ABSTRACT Biorefining of renewable feedstocks is one of the most promising routes to replace fossil-based products. Since many common fermentation hosts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are naturally unable to convert many component plant cell wall polysaccharides, the identification of organisms with broad catabolism capabilities represents an opportunity to expand the range of substrates used in fer- mentation biorefinery approaches. The red basidiomycete yeast Rhodosporidium to- ruloides is a promising and robust host for lipid- and terpene-derived chemicals. Pre- vious studies demonstrated assimilation of a range of substrates, from C5/C6 sugars to aromatic molecules similar to lignin monomers. In the current study, we analyzed the potential of R. toruloides to assimilate D-galacturonic acid, a major sugar in many pectin-rich agricultural waste streams, including sugar beet pulp and citrus peels. -
48 3-1-4. Reactions Using Mutant FSA A129S Another Mutant Enzyme
Results _ 3-1-4. Reactions using mutant FSA A129S Another mutant enzyme, A129S, which has serine at 129th residue instead of alanine (Fig.3-11a), has high potential to catalyze the reactions using DHA as a donor substrate. Virtually, the kcat/Km value for DHA is more than 12 fold of that of WT (Schürmann, 2001). This implies that larger amounts of products can be acquired with A129S than with WT, or unfavorable reactions with WT may be accomplished with the mutant enzyme. Firstly, FSA A129S was produced in DH5α with pUC18 plasmid vector and purified with same method as WT was done (Fig.3-11b, Table 3-8). This mutant enzyme was overexpressed well and a strong band corresponding to FSA was seen on SDS-PAGE gel (as 10~15% of total protein in crude extract). In addition, this mutant enzyme held the stability against high temperature. Thus, a heat treatment step was part of the purification protocol. However, protein solution obtained from hydroxyapatite column of the final purification step showed still a few extra protein bands on SDS-PAGE gel (Fig.3-11b). Although it contained those extra proteins, the purity appeared to be more than 90% on the gel and the specific activity was quite high enough to assay the catalytic ability of the enzyme for several substrates. Indeed, even crude extract showed higher specific activity than purified WT had (Table 3-8). Three reactions (scheme 3-1) were probed to assay catalytic ability of both FSA WT and A129S. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) or hydroxyacetone (HA) were used as donor substrates, and formaldehyde or glycolaldehyde as acceptor. -
Pharmaceutical Compositions of Rifaximin Pharmazeutische Rifaximin-Zusammensetzungen Compositions Pharmaceutiques De Rifaximine
(19) TZZ Z__ T (11) EP 2 011 486 B2 (12) NEW EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION After opposition procedure (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the opposition decision: A61K 9/20 (2006.01) A61K 31/44 (2006.01) 12.08.2015 Bulletin 2015/33 (45) Mention of the grant of the patent: 23.05.2012 Bulletin 2012/21 (21) Application number: 08252198.0 (22) Date of filing: 26.06.2008 (54) Pharmaceutical compositions of rifaximin Pharmazeutische Rifaximin-Zusammensetzungen Compositions pharmaceutiques de rifaximine (84) Designated Contracting States: (56) References cited: AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR EP-A1- 0 616 808 EP-B1- 1 763 339 HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL NO PL PT WO-A-2006/094737 WO-A2-2006/039022 RO SE SI SK TR US-A- 6 140 355 US-A1- 2005 101 598 (30) Priority: 06.07.2007 IN KO09682007 • DUPONT ET AL: "Treatment of Travelers’ 23.06.2008 EP 08252158 Diarrhea: Randomized Trial Comparing Rifaximin, Rifaximin Plus Loperamide, and (43) Date of publication of application: Loperamide Alone" CLINICAL 07.01.2009 Bulletin 2009/02 GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, AMERICAN GASTROENTEROLOGICAL (60) Divisional application: ASSOCIATION, US, vol. 5, no. 4, 17 April 2007 11176043.5 / 2 420 226 (2007-04-17), pages 451-456, XP022029177 ISSN: 14186563.4 / 2 837 378 1542-3565 • ARYA ET AL: "Rifaximin-the promising anti- (73) Proprietor: Lupin Ltd. microbial for enteric infections" JOURNAL OF Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 098 (IN) INFECTION, ACADEMIC PRESS, LONDON, GB, vol. -
Conversion of D-Ribulose 5-Phosphate to D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate: New Insights from Structural and Biochemical Studies on Human RPE
The FASEB Journal • Research Communication Conversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose 5-phosphate: new insights from structural and biochemical studies on human RPE Wenguang Liang,*,†,1 Songying Ouyang,*,1 Neil Shaw,* Andrzej Joachimiak,‡ Rongguang Zhang,* and Zhi-Jie Liu*,2 *National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; †Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and ‡Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA ABSTRACT The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) such as erythrose 4-phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phos- confers protection against oxidative stress by supplying phate, and fructose 6-phosphate that are necessary for NADPH necessary for the regeneration of glutathione, the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and production which detoxifies H2O2 into H2O and O2. RPE functions of energy (Fig. 1) (3, 4). In addition, a majority of the in the PPP, catalyzing the reversible conversion of NADPH used by the human body for biosynthetic D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose 5-phosphate and is purposes is supplied by the PPP (5). Interestingly, RPE an important enzyme for cellular response against has been shown to protect cells from oxidative stress via oxidative stress. Here, using structural, biochemical, its participation in PPP for the production of NADPH and functional studies, we show that human D-ribulose (6–8). The protection against reactive oxygen species is ؉ 5-phosphate 3-epimerase (hRPE) uses Fe2 for cataly- exerted by NADPH’s ability to reduce glutathione, sis. Structures of the binary complexes of hRPE with which detoxifies H2O2 into H2O (Fig. 1). -
Improving the Utilization of Isomaltose and Panose by Lager Yeast Saccharomyces Pastorianus
fermentation Article Improving the Utilization of Isomaltose and Panose by Lager Yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus Javier Porcayo Loza 1,2,† , Anna Chailyan 3, Jochen Forster 3 , Michael Katz 3, Uffe Hasbro Mortensen 2,* and Rosa Garcia Sanchez 3,* 1 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] 2 Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark 3 Carlsberg A/S, Carlsberg Research Laboratory, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (J.F.); [email protected] (M.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (U.H.M.); [email protected] (R.G.S.) † Current address: Graphenea S.A., 20009 San Sebastian, Spain. Abstract: Approximately 25% of all carbohydrates in industrial worts are poorly, if at all, fermented by brewing yeast. This includes dextrins, β-glucans, arabinose, xylose, disaccharides such as isomaltose, nigerose, kojibiose, and trisaccharides such as panose and isopanose. As the efficient utilization of carbohydrates during the wort’s fermentation impacts the alcohol yield and the organoleptic traits of the product, developing brewing strains with enhanced abilities to ferment subsets of these sugars is highly desirable. In this study, we developed Saccharomyces pastorianus laboratory yeast strains with a superior capacity to grow on isomaltose and panose. First, we designed a plasmid toolbox for Citation: Porcayo Loza, J.; Chailyan, the stable integration of genes into lager strains. Next, we used the toolbox to elevate the levels of A.; Forster, J.; Katz, M.; Mortensen, the α-glucoside transporter Agt1 and the major isomaltase Ima1. -
A Review of Physiological Effects of Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fibers
ition & F tr oo u d N f S o c l i e a n n c r e u s o J Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences Perry and Ying, J Nutr Food Sci 2016, 6:2 ISSN: 2155-9600 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000476 Review Article Open Access A Review of Physiological Effects of Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fibers Perry JR and Ying W* College of Agriculture, Human, and Natural Sciences, 13500 John A Merritt, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA *Corresponding author: Ying W, College of Agriculture, Human, and Natural Sciences, 13500 John A Merritt, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States, Tel: 615-963-6006; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: Feb 18, 2016; Acc date: Mar 03, 2016; Pub date: Mar 14, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Perry JR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract This paper seeks to characterize the effects of Total Dietary Fibers (TDFs), Soluble Dietary Fibers (SDFs), and Insoluble Dietary Fibers (IDFs) with regard to the rates of digestion, enzymatic activity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and glucose absorption, glycemic index, and weight gain. This review intends to narrow pertinent data from the vast body of research, including both in vivo and in vitro experiments. SDF and IDF share a number of the theorized beneficial properties in the diet including weight loss, increased satiety, effects on inflammatory markers, and intestinal microbiota. -
Xylooligosaccharides Production, Quantification, and Characterization
19 Xylooligosaccharides Production, Quantification, and Characterization in Context of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Qing Qing1, Hongjia Li2,3,4,Ã, Rajeev Kumar2,4 and Charles E. Wyman2,3,4 1 Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China 2 Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside, USA 3 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, USA 4 BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, USA 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Definition of Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides, also termed sugar oligomers, refer to short-chain polymers of monosaccharide units con- nected by a and/or b glycosidic bonds. In structure, oligosaccharides represent a class of carbohydrates between polysaccharides and monosaccharides, but the range of degree of polymerization (DP, chain length) spanned by oligosaccharides has not been consistently defined. For example, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database of the US National Library of Medicine defines oligosaccharides as carbohy- drates consisting of 2–10 monosaccharide units; in other literature, sugar polymers with DPs of up to 30–40 have been included as oligosaccharides [1–3]. ÃPresent address: DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Palo Alto, USA Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals, First Edition. Edited by Charles E. Wyman. Ó 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 392 Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for -
Biochemistry Entry of Fructose and Galactose
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module : 06 Entry of Fructose and Galactose Dr. Vijaya Khader Dr. MC Varadaraj Principal Investigator Dr.S.K.Khare,Professor IIT Delhi. Paper Coordinator Dr. Ramesh Kothari,Professor UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences Saurashtra University, Rajkot-5, Gujarat-INDIA Dr. S. P. Singh, Professor Content Reviewer UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences Saurashtra University, Rajkot-5, Gujarat-INDIA Dr. Charmy Kothari, Assistant Professor Content Writer Department of Biotechnology Christ College, Affiliated to Saurashtra University, Rajkot-5, Gujarat-INDIA 1 Metabolism of Carbohydrates Biochemistry Entry of Fructose and Galactose Description of Module Subject Name Biochemistry Paper Name 04 Metabolism of Carbohydrates Module Name/Title 06 Entry of Fructose and Galactose 2 Metabolism of Carbohydrates Biochemistry Entry of Fructose and Galactose METABOLISM OF FRUCTOSE Objectives 1. To study the major pathway of fructose metabolism 2. To study specialized pathways of fructose metabolism 3. To study metabolism of galactose 4. To study disorders of galactose metabolism 3 Metabolism of Carbohydrates Biochemistry Entry of Fructose and Galactose Introduction Sucrose disaccharide contains glucose and fructose as monomers. Sucrose can be utilized as a major source of energy. Sucrose includes sugar beets, sugar cane, sorghum, maple sugar pineapple, ripe fruits and honey Corn syrup is recognized as high fructose corn syrup which gives the impression that it is very rich in fructose content but the difference between the fructose content in sucrose and high fructose corn syrup is only 5-10%. HFCS is rich in fructose because the sucrose extracted from the corn syrup is treated with the enzyme that converts some glucose in fructose which makes it more sweet. -
Carbohydrates: Structure and Function
CARBOHYDRATES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Color index: . Very important . Extra Information. “ STOP SAYING I WISH, START SAYING I WILL” 435 Biochemistry Team *هذا العمل ﻻ يغني عن المصدر المذاكرة الرئيسي • The structure of carbohydrates of physiological significance. • The main role of carbohydrates in providing and storing of energy. • The structure and function of glycosaminoglycans. OBJECTIVES: 435 Biochemistry Team extra information that might help you 1-synovial fluid: - It is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. - the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement O 2- aldehyde = terminal carbonyl group (RCHO) R H 3- ketone = carbonyl group within (inside) the compound (RCOR’) 435 Biochemistry Team the most abundant organic molecules in nature (CH2O)n Carbohydrates Formula *hydrate of carbon* Function 1-provides important part of energy Diseases caused by disorders of in diet . 2-Acts as the storage form of energy carbohydrate metabolism in the body 3-structural component of cell membrane. 1-Diabetesmellitus. 2-Galactosemia. 3-Glycogen storage disease. 4-Lactoseintolerance. 435 Biochemistry Team Classification of carbohydrates monosaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides simple sugar Two monosaccharides 3-10 sugar units units more than 10 sugar units Joining of 2 monosaccharides No. of carbon atoms Type of carbonyl by O-glycosidic bond: they contain group they contain - Maltose (α-1, 4)= glucose + glucose -Sucrose (α-1,2)= glucose + fructose - Lactose (β-1,4)= glucose+ galactose Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides Ketone or aldehyde Homo= same type of sugars Hetero= different types Ketose aldose of sugars branched unBranched -Example: - Contains: - Contains: Examples: aldehyde group glycosaminoglycans ketone group. -
United States Patent Office
- 2,926,180 United States Patent Office Patented Feb. 23, 1960 2 cycloalkyl, etc. These substituents R and R' may also be substituted with various groupings such as carboxyl 2,926,180 groups, sulfo groups, halogen atoms, etc. Examples of CONDENSATION OF AROMATIC KETONES WITH compounds which are included within the scope of this CARBOHYDRATES AND RELATED MATER ALS 5 general formula are acetophenone, propiophenone, benzo Carl B. Linn, Riverside, Ill., assignor, by mesne assign phenone, acetomesitylene, phenylglyoxal, benzylaceto ments, to Universal Oil Products Company, Des phenone, dypnone, dibenzoylmethane, benzopinacolone, Plaines, Ill., a corporation of Delaware dimethylaminobenzophenone, acetonaphthalene, benzoyl No Drawing. Application June 18, 1957 naphthalene, acetonaphthacene, benzoylnaphthacene, ben 10 zil, benzilacetophenone, ortho-hydroxyacetophenone, para Serial No. 666,489 hydroxyacetophenone, ortho - hydroxy-para - methoxy 5 Claims. (C. 260-345.9) acetophenone, para-hydroxy-meta-methoxyacetophenone, zingerone, etc. This application is a continuation-in-part of my co Carbohydrates which are condensed with aromatic pending application Serial No. 401,068, filed December 5 ketones to form a compound selected from the group 29, 1953, now Patent No. 2,798,079. consisting of an acylaryl-desoxy-alditol and an acylaryl This invention relates to a process for interacting aro desoxy-ketitol include simple sugars, their desoxy- and matic ketones with carbohydrates and materials closely omega-carboxy derivatives, compound sugars or oligo related to carbohydrates. The process relates more par saccharides, and polysaccharides. ticularly to the condensation of simple sugars, their 20 Simple sugars include dioses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses, desoxy- and their omega-carboxy derivatives, compound hexoses, heptoses, octoses, nonoses, and decoses. Com sugars or oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides with aro pound sugars include disaccharides, trisaccharides, and matic ketones in the presence of a hydrogen fluoride tetrasaccharides.