! "#$#!%&'()&*+(,-!.)!/&01! 2-30*1-4!).,!5'+-,*0+6! 7&44-'8-,!/&01!&'9! ",:&'!;,&'40+! ! ! !"#$%&'"()$*+"!+$%,-*-" ! ! %&,*6!B.C-?!$&.,0!;.D(.D&?!E,04+-'!F(:&6?! <('-!=>?!=@A@! &'9!G&,6!G-,-))0! ! H.'+,0:(+0'8!HGGH!,-4-&,*3-,I!;&10!;,088! ! ! ! ! ./0/"1$+&2$34&5'"62"7$*%"#')*3%'-"265"8+4'53*4,"9$--'+:'5"7$*%"$+;".5<$+"=5$+-*4" This research was prepared on behalf of Apollo Alliance with support from the Rockefeller Foundation and Surdna Foundation. The authors would like to thank Matt Mayrl of the Apollo Alliance for comments on early drafts. Many thanks also to the following reviewers: Doug Bowen, Chandra Brown, Nora Friend, Ruggero Golini, Dennis Harwig, Hatsuhiko Kageyama, Mike Mekhiche, Richard Moss, Matthew Palilla, Mike Pracht, Maryanne Roberts, Robin Stimson, and Chuck Wochele. Errors of fact or interpretation remain exclusively with the authors. We welcome comments and suggestions. The lead author can be contacted at
[email protected]. List of Abbreviations APMs Automated People Movers ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act CNR China North Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry Group CSR China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry Group DMUs Diesel Multiple Units EMUs Electric Multiple Units EMD Electro Motive Diesel EWI Edison Welding Institute FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HSR High Speed Rail IAMAW International Association of Machinists IBEW International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers LRT Light Rail Transit NAICS North American Industry Classification System OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer PRIIA Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 UNIFE Union des Industries Ferroviaires Européennes U.S. PIRG Federation of State Public Interest Research Groups Photo Permissions: Cover photo by Dave Wilcox (2008), Tostie14, (2005) and Doug Beghtel (2009) © June 22, 2010.