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[Report Title] Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida) Impact Evaluation of HIMA Iringa Region Tanzania Annex 10: HIMA Profile Prepared jointly by: Orbicon A/S Ringstedvej 20 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark Goss Gilroy Inc. Management Consultants Suite 900, 150 Metcalfe Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1, Canada October 2007 Table of Contents 1.0 Village and Division Selection ................................................................ 1 2.0 HIMA Expansion Timeline .................................................................... 3 3.0 HIMA Interventions Timeline ................................................................ 6 4.0 HIMA Financial Analysis ..................................................................... 16 4.1 Iringa ..................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Njombe ................................................................................................. 19 4.3 Makete ................................................................................................... 20 4.4 Mufindi .................................................................................................. 21 4.5 Ludewa .................................................................................................. 21 Annex 10 – HIMA Profile 1.0 Village and Division Selection The selection of villages to be included in the HIMA programme was initially driven by a “Catchment Approach” (a catchment is an area which collects rainwater and drains it into a common river or basin). The foundation for this was a conservation rationale in which environmental disturbances (deforestation, overgrazing, poor agricultural practices, wildfires, etc) in the upper areas of a catchment needed to be addressed to tackle issues of water quality, quantity, and soil erosion. The following diagram outlines the stages of assessment and selection for villages following this approach. Selection and Initiation Process Stages Contents / Criteria Physical Catchment Subcatchment Data Survey (PCS) Forestry – Extent of deforestation and need for conservation Soil - % of subcatchments affected by degradation Agriculture - % of agricultural land degraded and needing protection Location – Upper or lower part of major catchment Also: Water production, dry season water supply, forest cover, level of endemism, extent of agricultural activity Additional data: Land use, agriculture, livestock, forestry, and demographics Selection of Priority Selection Criteria Sub-Catchments Deforestation, soil degradation, and % of agricultural land degraded and needing protection – The greater the extent of the problem the more points for selection Location – Upper part of catchment: more points for selection Village Identification Village Data Study (VIS) Wealth Ranking - % of Rich, Average, & poor relative to rest of village Needs / Problems Ranking – 10 most important problems / needs Level of Village Responsiveness to Problems / Previous Project Success: Rating of how activities initiated, level of village participation in project design, women's participation, project success and benefits Selection of Priority Selection Criteria Villages (for that year) Combined numerical ranking and selection based upon the % of the village in poverty, the correlation of the needs/problems to HIMA components (ie lack of piped water is not a HIMA "problem" and therefore ranked lower than "poor soil fertility"), and track record with previous projects. Holistic Study of Comprehensive Village Data Selected Villages (HS) Initiation Physical / Institutional: Location, boundaries, population, government, of HIMA committees, by-laws, groups / social services, and governance problems Program Agriculture: Major crops, farming practices, land tenure / distribution, pests, in Village Formulation of Village storage, soil erosion & fertility, land scarcity, extension advice Workplan Livestock: Species, distribution, fodder / pasture, marketing Forestry & Agroforestry: Species, sources of firewood, timber, fruits, marketing Water Sources: Sources and condition 1 Annex 10 – HIMA Profile For the 1995 to 2002 evaluation period the Physical Catchment Survey (PCS) for some divisions of Njombe and Makete districts were initiated in 1993-4, with Village Identification Studies (VIS) and Holistic Studies (HS) taking place into 1995-6. The last recorded catchment surveys were initiated in 1998 in Mufindi and Ludewa districts, with VIS and HS all taking place in the same year. However, the documentation review shows that a PCS was not undertaken in all the divisions in which HIMA was active or that all the villages that HIMA worked in were selected through VIS. (It is unclear if all HIMA villages underwent HS as the HS for all villages cannot be located). In villages participating in the PRA exercise little documentation existed in terms of either catchment surveys or holistic studies. Villages tend to retain copies of studies undertaken of their respective villages. The recent government initiative to encourage villages to develop resource maps being the best example of this. From interviews with ex-HIMA staff it appears that there were at least two other processes for expansion of the HIMA programme through the selection of new villages: Inclusion of all villages in a priority sub-catchment, ward, or division, due to “natural” or “local” pressures to expand - The document review shows that some villages initially not selected through PCS and VIS were then added to the HIMA programme. “Natural” pressure was stated by ex-HIMA employees to be the tendency to consider adjacent villages since it was relatively straightforward to include them in the programme due to their proximity. “Local” pressure was referred to as demands from adjacent or nearby villages to be included in the HIMA programme in order to receive the similar benefits as their neighbours. Inclusion of a ward or division for reasons other than biophysical conservation – By 2000 HIMA had started to work in divisions with no catchment features, selected without any PCS. The reasons given by ex-HIMA staff for these expansions was “political” pressure, to bring HIMA interventions and benefits to other parts of a district where needs were also great, but there were not the same conservation considerations. It also appears that other practical considerations like the distance from district offices may have been an influencing factor in certain districts where more abundant HIMA activity can be found in villages closer to district offices with more sporadic interventions in outlying areas. 2 Annex 10 – HIMA Profile 2.0 HIMA Expansion Timeline The HIMA expansion timeline is very telling in terms of understanding where and when the majority of HIMA‟s activities were undertaken. As the charts demonstrate, in 1995, HIMA started in Njombe and Iringa and finally made its way into the other districts. Iringa has the highest concentration of HIMA activity. Makete was added in 1996. In 1998, Mufundi and Ludewa were the last districts to be added as project target areas. As the timelines show, as late as 2001, HIMA continued to establish new programming activity in all districts and undertaking programming in the dying days of HIMA became an important evaluation issue. The following charts outline the chronology of project preparation activity like holistic studies and provide timelines for sector activities like forestry for the respective districts. 3 Annex 10 – HIMA Profile IRINGA 1995 July-Dec 1996 Jan-June 1996 July-Dec 1997 July-Dec 1998 July-Dec 1999 Jan-June 1999 July-Dec 2001 Jan-June Added 12 Holistic studies of 13 villages completed; Operating in Participatory 40 villages 10 new villages Holistic studies Holistic new villages. village ID studies done in 13 villages (i.e., 40 villages - 5 survey for 10 new covered in selected (2 in Kilolo, carried out in 10 studies Socio- needs assessment & wealth ranking). villages added gulleys conducted. phase I & II, 2 in Mazombe); new villages in done in economic HIMA project covers 27 villages in Kilolo in Kilolo, 8 15 old villages & 26 villages HIMA activities Ismani & 15 new surveys & Mazombe divisions. 3 new villages to villages added scale down their more in scaled down in 15 Mazombe villages carried out be included for total of 40 villages in Mazombe activities phase III villages NJOMBE 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999 1999 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 Jan-June July-Dec July-Dec July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Holistic Holistic studies Holistic HIMA studies of 12 villages studies Project operates Project operates project Holistic Holistic done in 6 completed in Survey and completed; in 19 villages in in 21 villages. 2 Project Project Project operates in studies studies priority Lupembe & mapping 12 initial Lupembe & priority villages operates operates operates 55 villages carried carried villages - Imalinyi; excercise priority & 3 Malinyi. selected; village in 25 in 36 in 42 (13 new) in out in 6 out in 10 2 in Quantitative done on new villages Catchment ID studies villages villages villages 10 out of new new Lupembe; baseline survey pilot basis in Lupembe survey done in undertaken in 8 (4 new) (11 new) (6 new) 25 wards villages villages 4 in done in 12 & Imalinyi Wanging'ombe villages of the Imalinyi priority villages divisions district MAKETE 1999 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 2002 July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-June Jul-Dec July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-Dec 1 new village added HIMA project Holistic
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