Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida)

Impact Evaluation of HIMA Iringa Region Tanzania

Annex 10: HIMA Profile

Prepared jointly by:

Orbicon A/S Ringstedvej 20 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark

Goss Gilroy Inc. Management Consultants Suite 900, 150 Metcalfe Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1, Canada October 2007

Table of Contents 1.0 Village and Division Selection ...... 1

2.0 HIMA Expansion Timeline ...... 3

3.0 HIMA Interventions Timeline ...... 6

4.0 HIMA Financial Analysis ...... 16

4.1 Iringa ...... 19 4.2 Njombe ...... 19 4.3 Makete ...... 20 4.4 Mufindi ...... 21 4.5 Ludewa ...... 21

Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

1.0 Village and Division Selection

The selection of villages to be included in the HIMA programme was initially driven by a “Catchment Approach” (a catchment is an area which collects rainwater and drains it into a common river or basin). The foundation for this was a conservation rationale in which environmental disturbances (deforestation, overgrazing, poor agricultural practices, wildfires, etc) in the upper areas of a catchment needed to be addressed to tackle issues of water quality, quantity, and soil erosion. The following diagram outlines the stages of assessment and selection for villages following this approach.

Selection and Initiation Process Stages Contents / Criteria

Physical Catchment Subcatchment Data Survey (PCS) Forestry – Extent of deforestation and need for conservation Soil - % of subcatchments affected by degradation Agriculture - % of agricultural land degraded and needing protection Location – Upper or lower part of major catchment Also: Water production, dry season water supply, forest cover, level of endemism, extent of agricultural activity Additional data: Land use, agriculture, livestock, forestry, and demographics

Selection of Priority Selection Criteria Sub-Catchments Deforestation, soil degradation, and % of agricultural land degraded and needing protection – The greater the extent of the problem the more points for selection Location – Upper part of catchment: more points for selection

Village Identification Village Data Study (VIS) Wealth Ranking - % of Rich, Average, & poor relative to rest of village Needs / Problems Ranking – 10 most important problems / needs Level of Village Responsiveness to Problems / Previous Project Success: Rating of how activities initiated, level of village participation in project design, women's participation, project success and benefits

Selection of Priority Selection Criteria Villages (for that year) Combined numerical ranking and selection based upon the % of the village in poverty, the correlation of the needs/problems to HIMA components (ie lack of piped water is not a HIMA "problem" and therefore ranked lower than "poor soil fertility"), and track record with previous projects. Holistic Study of Comprehensive Village Data Selected Villages (HS) Initiation Physical / Institutional: Location, boundaries, population, government, of HIMA committees, by-laws, groups / social services, and governance problems Program Agriculture: Major crops, farming practices, land tenure / distribution, pests, in Village Formulation of Village storage, soil erosion & fertility, land scarcity, extension advice Workplan Livestock: Species, distribution, fodder / pasture, marketing Forestry & Agroforestry: Species, sources of firewood, timber, fruits, marketing Water Sources: Sources and condition

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Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

For the 1995 to 2002 evaluation period the Physical Catchment Survey (PCS) for some divisions of Njombe and Makete districts were initiated in 1993-4, with Village Identification Studies (VIS) and Holistic Studies (HS) taking place into 1995-6. The last recorded catchment surveys were initiated in 1998 in Mufindi and Ludewa districts, with VIS and HS all taking place in the same year.

However, the documentation review shows that a PCS was not undertaken in all the divisions in which HIMA was active or that all the villages that HIMA worked in were selected through VIS. (It is unclear if all HIMA villages underwent HS as the HS for all villages cannot be located). In villages participating in the PRA exercise little documentation existed in terms of either catchment surveys or holistic studies. Villages tend to retain copies of studies undertaken of their respective villages. The recent government initiative to encourage villages to develop resource maps being the best example of this. From interviews with ex-HIMA staff it appears that there were at least two other processes for expansion of the HIMA programme through the selection of new villages:

Inclusion of all villages in a priority sub-catchment, ward, or division, due to “natural” or “local” pressures to expand - The document review shows that some villages initially not selected through PCS and VIS were then added to the HIMA programme. “Natural” pressure was stated by ex-HIMA employees to be the tendency to consider adjacent villages since it was relatively straightforward to include them in the programme due to their proximity. “Local” pressure was referred to as demands from adjacent or nearby villages to be included in the HIMA programme in order to receive the similar benefits as their neighbours.

Inclusion of a ward or division for reasons other than biophysical conservation – By 2000 HIMA had started to work in divisions with no catchment features, selected without any PCS. The reasons given by ex-HIMA staff for these expansions was “political” pressure, to bring HIMA interventions and benefits to other parts of a district where needs were also great, but there were not the same conservation considerations. It also appears that other practical considerations like the distance from district offices may have been an influencing factor in certain districts where more abundant HIMA activity can be found in villages closer to district offices with more sporadic interventions in outlying areas.

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Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

2.0 HIMA Expansion Timeline The HIMA expansion timeline is very telling in terms of understanding where and when the majority of HIMA‟s activities were undertaken. As the charts demonstrate, in 1995, HIMA started in Njombe and Iringa and finally made its way into the other districts. Iringa has the highest concentration of HIMA activity. Makete was added in 1996. In 1998, Mufundi and Ludewa were the last districts to be added as project target areas.

As the timelines show, as late as 2001, HIMA continued to establish new programming activity in all districts and undertaking programming in the dying days of HIMA became an important evaluation issue. The following charts outline the chronology of project preparation activity like holistic studies and provide timelines for sector activities like forestry for the respective districts.

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IRINGA

1995 July-Dec 1996 Jan-June 1996 July-Dec 1997 July-Dec 1998 July-Dec 1999 Jan-June 1999 July-Dec 2001 Jan-June

Added 12 Holistic studies of 13 villages completed; Operating in Participatory 40 villages 10 new villages Holistic studies Holistic new villages. village ID studies done in 13 villages (i.e., 40 villages - 5 survey for 10 new covered in selected (2 in Kilolo, carried out in 10 studies Socio- needs assessment & wealth ranking). villages added gulleys conducted. phase I & II, 2 in Mazombe); new villages in done in economic HIMA project covers 27 villages in Kilolo in Kilolo, 8 15 old villages & 26 villages HIMA activities Ismani & 15 new surveys & Mazombe divisions. 3 new villages to villages added scale down their more in scaled down in 15 Mazombe villages carried out be included for total of 40 villages in Mazombe activities phase III villages

NJOMBE

1996 1996 1997 1998 1999 1999 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 Jan-June July-Dec July-Dec July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec

Holistic Holistic studies Holistic HIMA studies of 12 villages studies Project operates Project operates project Holistic Holistic done in 6 completed in Survey and completed; in 19 villages in in 21 villages. 2 Project Project Project operates in studies studies priority Lupembe & mapping 12 initial Lupembe & priority villages operates operates operates 55 villages carried carried villages - Imalinyi; excercise priority & 3 Malinyi. selected; village in 25 in 36 in 42 (13 new) in out in 6 out in 10 2 in Quantitative done on new villages Catchment ID studies villages villages villages 10 out of new new Lupembe; baseline survey pilot basis in Lupembe survey done in undertaken in 8 (4 new) (11 new) (6 new) 25 wards villages villages 4 in done in 12 & Imalinyi Wanging'ombe villages of the Imalinyi priority villages divisions district

MAKETE

1999 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 2002 July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-June Jul-Dec July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-June July-Dec Jan-Dec

1 new village added HIMA project Holistic studies Holistic Conduct in Bulongwa Botanical 1 new village operates in 35 done in 13 new studies done of sev'l (Uganga); holistic survey carried Survey of 21 est'd in priority villages villages; project now in 9 villages; Holistic Holistic technical study done in out; project boundary of Conduct priority Bulongwa (incl. 12 operates in all 6 6 priority studies studies & socio- Bulongwa (in now operates Nhungu of catch- villages (Mahulu); 2 villages in divisions covering villages in finalized for done in economic Uganga & Mahalu) in 10 villages District ment in the new villages Bulongwa, 12 46 villages (incl. 12 Bulongwa; 9 Matamba 15 studies; & in Matawa (in in Bulongwa; council surveys district in Matamba in Matamba, 6 villages in priority division villages 15 Mbela & Makusi); 10 in Matawa; plantation (6 new) (Mbela & in Ikuwo, & 5 Bulongwa, 12 in villages in villages 12 priority villages in 5 in Lupalilo; completed Makusi) in Lupalilo), 8 Matamba, 2 in Matamba total Matamba & 2 in new Ukwama, 8 in (1 new). Efforts to Magoma. Ikuwo, 10 in select 2 pilot Total of 27 Lupalilo & 2 in villages in Lupalilo villages Magoma), 11 new underway

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MUFINDI

1996 July-Dec 1998 July-Dec

Physical catchment surveys, village ID Working study & holistic studies carried out in in 4 Sadani & Kibengu. In Sadani: 1 major villages catchment (Mkikifuku) & 2 villages on a (Tambalang'mbe & Lugodalutali) pilot selected. In Kibengu: 1 major catchment basis (Mwenga) & 2 villages (Usokami & Wamimbwale) selected

LUDEWA

1996 July-Dec 1998 July-Dec 1999 July-Dec 2000 July-Dec 2001 Jan-Dec

Physical catchment surveys, holistic Holistic studies Working in study, village identification survey carried done in 6 new Project covers Project still 6 villages out; activities carried out in 6 new priority villages; project 20 villages covers 20 on a pilot areas; 1 catchment in Luana (Mawengi) activities (8 new) villages basis with 9 villages; 1 catchment in Malisa with increased from 13 villages (Mlangali) 6 to 12 villages

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3.0 HIMA Interventions Timeline

NJOMBE Soil & Water Conservation

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Execution of soil-fertility study as Selection of new Construction of Training on Tree planting; countour Training of farmers on well as survey & mapping exercise ; sub-catchments; Development of contours; collection & SWC; making; training in wildfire improved farming & soil & upgrading of water sources; training monitoring of catchment mgmt analyzation of water- execution of prevention techniques; water conservation of local artisans on water mgmt water resources; plan; awareness quality samples; study tour on construction of improved techniques; establishment techniques; analyzation of water installation of raising of soil & installation of new rain construction stoves; improvement of of grass-split nursery samples; campaigning on wildfire automatic rain water conservation gauge; reporting by of shallow domestic water points prevention gauges villages of rainfall data wells

Improvement/rehabilitation of domestic Gully protection water sources

Agricultural Practices & Production

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Provision of Promotion of Establishment Establishment of on-farm Awarding of certificate Execution of agricultural inputs improved of notice boards Training of demonstration to display to Njombe farmers workshop on (e.g., seeds, agriculture for price info & farmers by improved crop varieties; representatives for marketing & fertilizers) to trial techniques (e.g., distribution of para- development & distribution being best in organic input supply participants compost making, leaflets to professionals of training materials for farming at workshop in issues (farmers) organic pesticides) villages different types of crops Dodoma

Establishment/execution of on-farm trials Provision of advice & training to farmers on subjects such as fruit-tree mgmt, farm-yard manure, crop & animal husbandry, farm budgeting & famers' group formation

Training of para-professionals tin poultry, guinea pigs, rabbits, Irish potatoes, etc. to facilitate training of other farmers

ForestryPractices and Production 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Execution Planting of Enhancement of tree Distribution of Approval, publication, Raising of 1 million Training of farmers in of socio- seedlings villagers, planting; engagement in grass splits & tree promotion & tree seedlings in seed collection & economic schools & groups; community-based forestry in seedlings, dev't of distribution of nurseries; 1 village improved techniques study on provision of all priority villages; raising of seedlings of agro- improved by-laws forest plan developed in tree nursery mgmt tree support to village- seedlings; campaigning forestry species in specific to env't & for community-based skills; campaigning farming based nurseries against wildfires two nurseries agriculture issues forest mgmt for wildfire prevention

Execution of tree-species trials 6

Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

NJOMBE

Government Capacity Building

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Training on SPSS Execution of Training of staff on soil & Training of extension staff Transferring of project application; execution of course on water conservation; study in promoting sustainable staff to district training on mgmt & logisitics natural tour to northern Tanzania agriculture & forestry & in employment; training of for staff; offering of short & resources, for select district staff; participatory methods; select extension officers long-term training to staff; leadership, execution of workshop on training abroad (Thailand on PLUP procedures & execution of study tour for facilitation & catchment protection & Malawi) for select staff approach select members of DMMT group skills

Field staff training; professional upgrading of staff

Village Institution Building

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Training of villagers on Training of members of village Training of Execution of training Training of para- Review & leadership skills; preparation of Training of gov't in mgmt skills in select field staff; sessions on village professionals ; modification of a booklet on 'principles of village select Village villages; re-distribution of professional leadership; training of training of village planning planning'; holding of meetings on Mazingira improved by-laws to select upgrading of select ward leaders village leaders procedures village planning; execution of Committees villages; execution of by-laws staff on village planning on mgmt skills study tour for divisional leaders sensitization seminars

Training of village leaders (e.g., on leadership & mgmt skills) Completion of village annual plans in select villages

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MAKETE

Soil & Water Conservation 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Production of Identification of new Training in ID & seedlings; Planting of grass splits, priority catchments Protection contouring & rehabilitation rehabilitation protection of water areas; awareness of water construction; of water of water sources creation & ID of intakes rehabilitation sources intakes water sources of gullies

Training & awareness-raising of villagers/farmers on water & soil issues (e.g., conservation issues)

Training of select farmers on contour Construction of contours making

Training of farmers in water & soil conservation (e.g., training in sub-catchment plans)

Protection of water sources Agricultural Practices & Production

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Training of farmers Green-manure experiments; Conduct Follow-up of farmers mkting groups; Establishment of demo Selection on storage facilties; establishment of bean of production & distribution of training Organic on 'pit cultivation' in 2 of contact provision of demonstration plots; study tours for organic mat'ls for paraprofessionals; farm demo divisions & demos on farmers/ subsidized planting select famers on ox-ploughing; farming construction of improved demo on 'pit crop variety in 5 groups/ material (e.g., seeds, conduct of a farmers' field day in select granaries; conduct of a field day cultivation' villages; oxenisation insitutions polyphene tubes) promoting improved wheat varieties villages promoting improved wheat varieties program cont'd

Training of farmers on organic farming; Testing of botanicals against field & storage pests training of select farmers on the establishment of on-farm nurseries (e.g., fruit nurseries)

On-farm production of improved seeds

Expansion/continuation of oxenisation program; training of farmers on organic farming

Dev't & promotion of on-farm (fruit) tree nurseries

Teaching/promotion of crop preservation techniques & home gardening

Training of paraprofessionals on organic faming

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MAKETE

ForestryPractices and Production 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Awareness raising on Execution of Execution of botanical survey & Participation of villagers in Production Conduct of meetings Establishment wildfires & forest forest-mgmt forest inventory of Numbe valley the dev't of forest mgmt Distribution/ of to develop forest of screening mgmt practices; activities; forest reserve; training of farmers plans; training of wood-lot sale of tree indigenous mgmt plans; trials for multi- conduct of dialogues development of in forest mgmt; selection of forest owners on harvesting seedlings tree execution of training purpose trees with communities on Mazingira Fund committees under community- techniques & mkting of seedlings on farm nurseries forest reserves for forestry based mgmt regimes forest products

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Training of Execution of Participation staff in Continuation staff training, of staff in Participation of staff from different technical dep'ts in a basic of staff including project range of in-house, short-term and long-term courses computer training short courses meetings skills

Conduct of study tours for staff

Village Institution Building 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Training on planning, Preparation & evaluations Approval of select village by- Updating of village by- Approval of select Training of village leaders on monitoring & evaluation of village plans; formation laws; training of farmers in laws in select villages in village by-laws at leadership; development of for select village & training of Mazingira Village Mazingira mgmt team order to enforce/regulate village & district village plans in all villages leaders mgmt teams activities protection of env't level

Training on leadership for select village leaders

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LUDEWA Soil & Water Conservation 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Training on contour Campaigning for Stabilization alignment; wildfire prevention; of contours. construction & training of Use of stabilization of paraprofessinals guatemala contours. Use of on soil & water grasses. Vertiver grass. conservation

Protection & ID of water sources

Alignment, construction & maintenance of contours

Training of farmers on water & soil conservation & soil fertility

Agricultural Practices & Production

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Establishment of Training of farmers on juice making, Establishment Establishment demo plots for Construction coffee-field mgmt, reduction of post- of bean demo of fruit-tree garlic; raising of of storage maturity losses, preservation of plot nurseries improved avocado structures perishable foodstuff, ox-cart making, trees & improved storage structures

Distribution & installation of rain gauges; establishment & follow-up of maize demo plots for field-pest control

Training of farmers on reduction of post-maturity losses & organic farming

Establishment of demo plots for maize, potatoes & beans

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LUDEWA

ForestryPractices and Production

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Establishment of follow-up nurseries in Creation of Updating the memo of Modification of Raising of tree selected villages; campaigning for wildfire proposal for joint understanding for villagers community-based forest- seedlings & prevention at village & divisional levels; mgmt for Madenge sorrounding natural forest mgmt plans; conduct of readying seedlings re-surveyance & mapping of 2 central National Forest reserves; campaigning for farmers study tour on for transplant gov't forest reserves reserve wildfire s prevention beekeeping

Training of farmers on wood-lot establishment & mgmt

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Training of staff on Training of Training of district, Training of dep'tal staff participatory & staff in divisional & village In-house training on on Excel, fish farming, communication skills, agroforestry extension officers ; fruit-tree mgmt, soil sampling & forestry inventory, computers systems & execution of short & long- mkting issues & PRA analysis, & & gender issues practices terms courses for staff agroforestry

Village Institution Building

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Preparation Training of para- ID & training of Training of village of village professionals; training of Execution paraprofessions on Mazingira committee plans by members of village gov'ts of farmers various subjects; members; training of select priority in basic leadership skills, study tours training of village village leadership in areas mgmt, & record-keeping leaders on evalution leadership skills

Training of select village gov't leaders on village particpatory planning, budegting & monitoring

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MUFINDI

Soil & Water Conservation

1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Establishment of on- Conduct of Awareness Construction of contour farm & group tree meetings in raising on terraces; training of Training of farmers on soil & nurseries; awareness priority areas on various extension staff & primary- water conservation raising in Ifwagi & conservation conservation school teachers on soil & Mlangali divisions issues issues water conservation

Agricultural Practices & Production

1999 2000 2001

Establishment of agroforestry tree Training of farmers to Procurement of vetiver & nurseries; setting up demo plots/ raise fruit trees; raising guatemala grass planting farm for beans; training of farmers of fruit trees; purchase materials for contour band on contour alignment, farm mgmt, & distribution of ox- stabilisation; provision of reduction of post-maturity losses, ploughs to farmers in better seed varieties & grafting of fruit trees select villages

Setting up demo plots/farm for finger millet & potatoes

Setting up demo plots/farm for sunflowers; production of maize seed in select divisions

ForestryPractices and Production

1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Execution Conduct of meetings in priority Training of village gov't leaders & Training of farmers in Training of Training of of forest areas on env'tal protection; Village Mazingira Committee members select villages on farmers on farmers on mgmt training of farmers in nursery in forest planning & mgmt skills; ID & establishment & mgmt wildfire agroforestry activities tending & tree planting demarcation of village forest reserves of tree nurseries protection

Training of farmers on tree planting & mgmt of trees

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MUFINDI

Village Institution Building 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Training of Village Mazingira Participation of villagers & leaders in Training of Facilitatiing Committee members & leaders annual village planning sessions; village development of village gov'ts on forest training on tree planting & conservation gov't of village planning, env'tal protection & of nat'l resources; training of members plans conservation, & gender issues paraprofessionals on contouring on by-laws

Preparation of annual plans in select villages

Government Capacity Building 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Training of select staff on Training of staff in Training of extension new farming systems, land-use planning, staff on participatory cultivation techniques, team building, skills, seed maize Conduct of various training participatory skills, post-maturity loss production, gender sessions for district technical staff communication skills, & reduction & data issues, & gender issues. gathering agroforestry

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IRINGA

Soil & Water Conservation

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Establishment of contour Survey for new gulleys; Tree Establishment of Training on soil & water protection; gully reclamation; ID terrace & tranchline Establishment Organic planting; plans for water conservation; contouring & & protection of new sub- construction; rehabilitation of contours & farming & training on sources; participatory ridging; use of village-led soil catchments; soil-fertility & soil- of trial plots for soil vetiver-grass composting soil-fertility rehabilitation/ conservation campaign to & water-conservation trials; well conservation; data nurseries for soil fertility mgmt construction of dams stabilise contours & hand-pump installation collected

Water-resource monitoring; land-use mapping & planning

Improvement & protection of water points & water sources

Gully rehabilitation

Training of farmers on water conservation & water-source protection

Training of farmers on soil fertility & conservation

Agricultural Practices & Production 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Maize-seed production of Planting of avocado, Promotion improved varieties; home Seed Fish farming; bee guava, lemon & tree of coffee, On-farm training of farmers On-farm garden plots, green multiplication of keeping; training of staff tomato seedlings; cotton & on coffee, pyrehtrum, wheat, training of manuring & rock phosphate an improved (residential); planting of on-farm training of pyrethrum & maize; farmer-to-farmer farmers in trials; distribution of small tomato variety fruit-tree seedlings farmers on food & as cash field visits land tenure animals cash crops crops

Crop diversification (e.g., soya beans); Training of farmers on fruit & vegetable preservation fruit-tree nurseries &/or home gardens &/or improved crop/grain storage

On-farm trials On-farm training of farmers (e.g., trials of bean, tomato & maize varieties ) in animal husbandry

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IRINGA

Government Capacity Building

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Training of staff on gender Training & skills, soil & water study tours Training of extension workers on soil fertility Training of staff & paraprofessionals on a variety of skills through residential or tours conservation, seed on various selection & use of bylaws topics

Village Institution Building 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Preparation of a Training of village Training on budgeting & Execution of Execution of capacity- Training of manual for leaders in by-law financial control; seminar leadership building workshops; parapro- village enforcement, for ward & divisional trainining for engagement in village fessionals ; leadership record keeping, leaders; execution of villagers; scaling-down activities; Training of para- execution of training; leadership, workshop on strenthening formation of consideration of HIV/ professionals & leadership formation of gender-based relationship bet. village AIDS issues; issuance village leaders training for farmers planning & councillors & district Mazingira of certificates to villagers committees monitoring executive staff Committees paraprofessionals

Training of village leaders in by-law formulation

Formulation & use of by-laws Production of villages' annual plans

ForestryPractices and Production 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mgmt of nat'l Tree planting; creation of Joint mgmt Weeding & protection Creation & submission of Registration of tree Training of forests in mgmt plans for village strategy put of forest boundaries; PRA reports & joint forest- nurseries owned by Planting of farmers on village, district & forests; trials w/exotic in place for campaigning for fire- mgmt contracts; dev't of schools for support; multi- forestry & bee central gov't species, woodlot mgmt; Kilanzi, prevention; planning for forest plans; memo of training of primary- purpose keeping; dev't forests; raising gazettment of district & Kitunguru, village forests; raising understanding for joint school teachers on tree of forest mgmt of tree- village forest reserves; Kitemele & of multi-purpose tree reserves developed for tree planting & mgmt; seedlings plans for seedlings by central gov't forest reserves Kawemba seedlings at/in schools/ Kitemele, Kawemba, campaigning for fire- villages farmers protection awareness raising forests nurseries Kilanzi & Kitungulu forests prevention

Raising trees in nurseries Tree planting/production

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4.0 HIMA Financial Analysis The following financial charts describe the spending that occurred in each district. The charts show financial breakdowns of sector specific activity as of 1998. Section 4.1 provides a detailed accounting of sector specific spending by district and activity.

The financial charts support the timelines in the previous sections in terms of confirming where HIMA‟s focus was at any particular point in time. In the early years there were large expenditures in Iringa and to some extent Njombe. These expenditures in Irringa and Njombe eventually fell more or less into line with the expenditure levels in the other districts. However, Iringa was clearly the beneficiary of more spending than the other districts even beyond the initial years. As indicated in the charts agriculture followed by community development was the main sectors of expenditure.

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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Programme Total 7,960,000 18,377,960 18,569,000 19,586,882 17,663,183 15,882,280 11,491,741 8,696,541 1. Iringa Total 5,870,0001 7,223,960 6,228,000 3,558,560 3,760,801 4,079,182 3,043,666 1,271,249 Investment 637,042 751,942 1,608,855 697,199 -325,328 Operations 2,921,517 3,008,859 2,470,327 2,346,467 1,596,577 Community Dev‟t 163,689 105,103 200,055 186,110 334,594 Forestry 138,553 88,344 129,261 122,724 134,398 Agriculture 273,969 347,949 527,909 516,492 734,176 Training 168,864 184,451 135,188 144,019 60,314 Mazingira Funds 160,183 267,316 123,606 -1,514 -27,013 2. Njombe Total 2,090,0002 5,446,000 5,439,000 4,119,543 2,800,327 2,776,129 2,473,591 1,614,518 Investment 884,659 334,325 785,591 1,007,766 448,700 Operations 3,234,884 2,466,002 1,990,538 1,465,825 1,165,818 Community Dev‟t 131,471 177,772 122,246 100,274 196,377 Forestry 227,677 316,177 134,664 51,057 74,830 Agriculture 413,798 261,958 477,142 390,653 363,796 Training 92,037 203,890 176,520 90,067 66,160 Mazingira Funds 52,875 -2,292 -781 -137 -2,441 3. Makete Total 5,708,000 6,902,000 3,397,530 2,874,007 2,195,080 2,191,144 1,939,479 Investment 451,660 562,914 -109,114 316,605 339,125 Operations 2,945,869 2,311,093 2,304,194 1,874,539 1,600,354 Community Dev‟t 87,586 660,414 -373,419 382,028 270,944 Forestry 122,501 236,678 229,536 283,584 295,476 Agriculture 366,163 381,837 335,665 362,187 444,550 Training 183,286 47,751 77,454 143,144 101,053

1 No figures available for January 1995 – June 1995. Sum for July 1995 – December 1995 doubled to extrapolate January 1995 – December 1995 total. 2 No figures available for July 1995 – December 1995. Sum for January 1995 – June 1995 doubled to extrapolate January 1995 – December 1995 total. 17

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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Mazingira Funds 24,809 65,173 39,742 -356 -6,359 4. Mufindi Total 4,091,106 6,119,015 2,308,391 1,947,796 1,896,095 Investment 2,925,076 4,866,623 780,249 348,376 241,473 Operations 1,166,030 1,252,393 1,528,142 1,599,421 1,654,622 Community Dev‟t 32,609 82,431 142,597 207,880 223,037 Forestry 37,014 107,538 107,618 184,772 90,491 Agriculture 84,867 163,610 276,413 348,347 436,007 Training 76,516 85,091 92,695 62,137 80,381 Mazingira Funds 0 49,950 -771 -135 -2,411 5. Ludewa Total 4,420,143 2,109,032 4,523,498 1,835,544 1,975,200 Investment 3,059,768 612,535 3,159,933 341,937 261,153 Operations 1,360,375 1,496,497 1,363,565 1,493,607 1,714,046 Community Dev‟t 52,188 55,466 89,341 125,902 328,664 Forestry 60,339 81,119 124,932 117,531 165,838 Agriculture 120,923 102,943 222,803 367,587 470,316 Training 67,801 33,892 99,286 167,488 138,829 Mazingira Funds 0 0 79 -0.216 -3.857

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4.1 Iringa

Over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002:

More funds were channelled towards agriculture than towards any other operational component. The portion of operating expenditures dedicated to agriculture grew almost fourfold – more than any other component The second greatest increase in operating expenditures was seen in community development Actual expenditures on training dropped by almost two-thirds, while actual expenditures on agriculture and community development more than doubled. Expenditures on forestry remained relatively stable Total actual expenditures on operations fell by almost 50%, but the percent of total expenditures dedicated to operations rose by more than half Total district expenditures as a percent of total programme expenditures fluctuated, with a standard deviation of 5% Actual investment expenditures varied widely, more than doubling between 1999 and 2000 and then falling almost 150% from 2001 to 2002

4.2 Njombe

Over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002:

The portion of operating expenditures dedicated to community development grew more than 300% More funds were channelled towards agriculture than towards any other operational component; however, in 1999 alone, the portion of operating expenditures dedicated to forestry was greater than that dedicated to any other operating component The greatest increase in actual expenditures was seen in community development, which rose by almost 50%. Actual expenditures for all other operating components decreased over the five-year period. Actual expenditures on forestry, in particular, dropped by almost two-thirds Total district expenditures as a percent of total programme expenditures remained relatively stable, with a standard deviation of only 2% – the lowest standard deviation of any other district Actual investment expenditures varied widely, falling by more than half from 1998 to 1999 and 2001 to 2002 and rising more than 100% between 1999 and 2000

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Fewer funds were channelled towards training than towards any other operational component Total actual expenditures on operations consistently decreased, falling by almost two- thirds. Total actual expenditures for the district (including investment expenditures) consistently decreased as well

4.3 Makete

Over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002:

The portion of operating expenditures dedicated to community development grew more than 400% and that dedicated to forestry grew more than 300% Overall, more funds were channelled towards agriculture than towards any other operational component; however, in 1999 and 2001, the portion of operating expenditures dedicated to forestry was greater than that dedicated to any other operating component Fewer funds were channelled towards training than towards any other operational component Actual expenditures for all operating components but training increased Actual expenditures on community development, in particular, rose by more than 200% Total actual expenditures on operations fell by almost half Total district expenditures as a percent of total programme expenditures varied little relative to other districts, with a standard deviation of only 3%. In both 1998 and 2000, Makete‟s total expenditures as a percent of total programme expenditures were lower than any other district Actual investment expenditures fell by one-quarter; however, these expenditures as a percent of Makete‟s total expenditures rose by almost one-third – more than they did for any other district. Notably, investment expenditures fell almost 400% between 2000 and 2001 Actual expenditures on forestry consistently increased Total actual expenditures for the district (including investment expenditures) consistently decreased, as did total actual expenditures on operations Total operations as a percent of total expenditures consistently decreased

Additionally,

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Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

Actual funds dedicated to community development jumped by more than 650% between 1998 and 1999

4.4 Mufindi

Over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002:

Actual expenditures on all operating components increased Total actual operating expenditures increased by more than 40%, with the greatest increase in total operating expenditures occurring between 1999 and 2000 The portion of total operating expenditures dedicated to community development grew almost 400%, and that dedicated to agriculture grew more than 250% Actual expenditures on community development grew almost 600% – more than any other of Mufindi‟s operating components – and those on agriculture grew more than 400% More funds were channelled towards agriculture than towards any other operational component Fewer funds were channelled towards training than towards any other operational component Total district expenditures as a percent of total programme expenditures varied greatly, with a standard deviation of 8% – more than any other district Actual investment expenditures fell by almost 100%; they have fallen consecutively since 1999 Actual expenditures on agriculture and community development have consistently increased Total actual expenditures on operations have consistently increased Total expenditures on operations as a percent of total expenditures for the district have consistently increased

Additionally,

Actual funds dedicated to forestry jumped almost 200% between 1998 and 1999

4.5 Ludewa

Over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002:

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Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

Actual expenditures on all operating components increased Total actual operating expenditures increased by more than 25%, with the greatest increase in occurring between 2001 and 2002 The portion of total operating expenditures dedicated to community development grew 400%, and that dedicated to agriculture grew over 200% Actual expenditures on community development grew more than 500% – more than any other of Ludewa‟s operating components – and those on agriculture grew almost 300% More funds were channelled towards agriculture than towards any other operational component Fewer funds were channelled towards training than towards any other operational component Total district expenditures as a percent of total programme expenditures varied considerably relative to other districts: Ludewa‟s expenditures comprised the smallest section of the total programme pie for two years –2000 and 2002 – and the largest section of the total programme pie for two years – 1999 and 2001 Actual investment expenditures fell by almost 100%; however, these expenditure rose by more than 400% between 1999 and 2000 Actual expenditures on agriculture and community development consistently increased

22

Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

Total Expenditures by District

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20 Total Expenditures, Indexed to 100 to Indexed Expenditures, Total 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec

Iringa Njombe Makete Mufindi Ludewa

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Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

Expenditures of the Ludew a District

700

600 500

400 300

200 100

Expenditures, Indexed Expenditures, to 100 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec

Investment Operations Community Dvt Expenditures of the Njombe District Expenditures of the Makete District 300 Expenditures of the Iringa DistrictForestry Agriculture TrainingExpenditures of the Mufindi District

250 800 250 700800 200 700 200 600 600 500 150 500 150 400400 100 300 300

100 200 Expenditures, Indexed to 100 to Indexed Expenditures,

50 200100

Expenditures, Indexed Expenditures, to 100 Expenditures, Indexed Expenditures, to 100 Expenditures, Expenditures, Indexed to 100 0 50 100 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec 24 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 0 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 0 Jan-Dec InvestmentJan-Dec OperationsJan-Dec Jan-DecCommunity Dvt Jan-Dec 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Forestry Agriculture Training Investment Operations Community Dvt Investment Operations Community Dvt InvestmentForestry AgricultureOperations TrainingCommunity Dvt Forestry Agriculture Training Forestry Agriculture Training Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

Expenditures by District

25

20

15

10

5 Expenditures (DKK in millions) (DKK Expenditures

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec

Iringa Njombe Makete Mufindi Ludewa

% Program Funds Dedicated to Investment vs. Operations % Operations Funding Dedicated to Individual Operating Components 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60%

50% 50%

40% 40%

30% 30%

20% 20%

10% 10% 0% 0% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Community Dvt Forestry Agriculture Training Investment Operations

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Annex 10 – HIMA Profile

COMPARATIVE CRITERIA for the FIVE-YEAR PERIOD from 1998 – 2002

Fewer funds Total actual Total district Actual The portion of were expenditures More funds The portion of expenditures Actual expenditures operating Total operating channelled Actual (including were dedicated operating as a % of total expenditures on community expenditures Total actual expenditures towards investment investment) to agriculture expenditures programme on all development dedicated to operating as a % of total DISTRICT training than expenditures for the district than towards dedicated to expenditures operating grew more community expenditures district towards any fell by more have any other agriculture varied components than any other development decreased expenditures other than 75% consistently operational grew more relatively increased operating grew more decreased operational decreased component than 200% greatly component than 300% component since „99 (SD>5%)

Iringa X X X X X

Njombe X X X X X X X

Makete X X X X X X X

Mufindi X X X X X X X X X

Ludewa X X X X X X X X

26