THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL,

PRICE VOL. IX., No. 8. MARCH 8, 1893. ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE.

CONTENTS.

^ PAGE PAGE PAGE The Chemistry of Gutta-Percha... 225 BANKRUPTCIES, &C 254 Carless, Capel & Leonard ...: Macalister, J. & R. viii. Liverpool Rubber Company, Applications for Letters Patent... 255 Castle Rubber Company XIX. Maclellan, George, & Co ... iii. Limited 227 EMPLOYMENT REGISTER 256 Chautard, V. & Christensen ... viii. Markus, B iv. Mandleberg v, Morley 227 Rubber Telegraphic Addresses ... xii. Clark, Sons & Co Metzeler & Co viii. The India-Rubber, Gutta-Percha, Clayton Aniline Co., Limited ... Mills, John vi. and Telegraph Works Com­ Clayton Foundry Company ... Mistovski, L., & Co xiii. pany, Limited 229 Clouth, Franz Moseley, David, & Sons ... 240 NEW INVENTIONS 230 Clyde Rubber Works Company... Nathan, M., & Co. American Rubber Notes 233 Cohen, A., & Co North British Rubber Company The Inventor of Gutta-Percha Dean & Son Peartree, A. Covered Wire 234 Delatour, Alphonse Peel Brothers & Co Boiler Explosions 235 Dermatine Company, Limited ... Powell & Barstow Submarine Telegraphy 235 Dick, R. & J Reddaway, P., & Co Horse Power 235 Employers' Liability Assurance Robinson, Jos., & Co The Waterproof Trade 236 Corporation Rowley, Thos., & Co BITS 237 Felten & Guilleaume Rubber Reclaiming Company... ELECTRICAL NOTES 238 Forster & Gregory ...... Scott, G. H., & Co. New Books 239 Forster and Gregory, Limited ... Scottish India-Rubber Company LEADING ARTICLE, &C 241 ADVRTISEMKNTS. Gutta-Percha Company, The ... Shaw, Francis Vll. Dark Sayings 243 Ancoats Vale Rubber Co., Limited Heald, John Skelton, Sleat & Co XV. NOTES BY "QUIZ" 244 Anderson, Anderson, & Anderson Henley's (W. T.) Telegraph Smith, Alfred Monthly Report (La Rocque) ... 248 Anderson, Joseph & Sons Works Co., Limited 239 Sphincter Hose and Engineer­ Continental Market Report ... 249 Anderson, Wm. & Co. ... Hulme, Thomas xvii. ing Company Italian Rubber Trade 249 Armitage, Sir E., & Sons ... Hutchinson, A., & Co Thornton & Co United States Rubber Statistics 250 Armitage, Thomas xiv. Iddon Brothers Tuck & Co...... German Rubber Trade, 1892 ... 251 Backhouse, Ambrose xiv. Irwell Rubber Company Turner Brothers XIX. The French Rubber Trade ... 252 Bender & Martiny ... ' Johnson & Phillips 256 United Asbestos Company ... 24^ The Austro-Hungarian Rubber Berthold & Co 256 Rerr & Jubb xii. Victoria Rubber Company ... Trade, 1892 253 Birnbaum, B., & Son Koeber's Ironworks Waddington & Co., Limited ... India's Rubber Trade, 1892 ... 253 Blackman Ventilating Company xviii, Kohsel & Sohn Warne, Wm., & Co Italian Sulphur Exports 253 Calmon, Alfred xiv. Kramrisch, Sgal & Co Wertheim, Louis Not So Green As He Looked ... 254 Campbell, Achnach & Co. Liverpool Rubber Company ...

THE CHEMISTRY OF GUTTA-PERCHA. temperature. Towards solvents it acts in the same manner as Gutta-percha. BY GRANVILLE H. SHARPE, F.C.S., Alhine, C20H32O2, is the white crystalline solid which Lecturer on Chemistry and Technology. separates out from a hot alcoholic solution of Gutta­ (Continued from page 195.) percha, on allowing it to cool. It melts at a temperature of r75° to r8o° C.; above this point it suffers decom­ UTTA-PERCHA of commerce, besides position, and yields the same products as Gutta-percha. containing the pure hydro-carbon and Fluavile, C20H32O, is the yellow amorphous powder 6 some mechanically held water, is associated that is deposited on the alcoholic solution of Gutta­ with a considerable proportion of resinous percha cooling. Under ordinary conditions it is hard matter, as seen in the annexed analysis :— and resinous, but becomes soft when held between the Hydro-carbon .. 7970 hands, and melts between 100° and 110° C. ; if the Resin .. 1510 temperature be increased beyond this it is decomposed, Wood Fibre.. 218 Water .. 250 at the same time evolving strong smelling vapours. Ash .. 0-52 Gutta-percha in its various modifications possesses a

lOOOOO remarkable porosity, as can be shewn in the following The Gutta obtained by extracting the crude article manner:—A portion is dissolved in some carbon with alcohol possesses a whitish appearance, and may disulphide, and a drop of this solution allowed to be rolled into thin sheets having a certain degree spontaneously evaporate upon a glass plate ; a thin layer of ductility, but not very elastic. When heated, of Gutta-percha is thus obtained, the porous structure it changes colour to a yellowish hue, which darkens of which may be distinctly remarked under the micro­ and becomes more transparent at an increased scope. If the spot be moistened with water, the 226 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893. appearance becomes more opaque, and the small sharp blades project. By a rapid rotating action the cavities are seen to be much enlarged. One of the Gutta is reduced to thin shavings, which are transferred most important properties of Gutta-percha is its power to a trough containing water, and heated by steam. of withstanding the action of most chemical substances, The water is raised to its boiling point, and the shavings and its great permanency generally. It effectually collect together in masses, which are removed for resists the action of cold water and damp, and is not further treatment to a toothed cylinder, known as a attacked by caustic soda or potash, even when in a devilling machine. In this appliance the Gutta-percha concentrated condition. Ammonia and the vegetable is reduced to fine shreds, which fall into a tank of and mineral acids do not touch it, and it remains water ; the impurities sink to the bottom, and the unaltered by contact with wines, beer, etc. purified article floats upon the surface of the water. Concentrated sulphuric acid colours it brown, These floating fragments are removed by means of emitting at the same time fumes of sulphurous acid. perforated ladles, well washed in cold water and dried. Concentrated hydrochloric acid has but a slight action It is then softened either by hot water or heated in cast- on it, and Gutta-percha tubing is consequently largely iron vessels, and finally placed in the kneading machine, employed in chemical factories for running this acid which expels a deal of water and atmospheric air, and from one vessel to another. Nitric acid, however, renders it homogeneous. This apparatus is a cylindrical exerts a powerful action upon it, evolving deep red box, inside which revolves an axis fitted with projections suffocating fumes of nitrogen oxides ; the Gutta-percha that press the Gutta against the side, and form it into a becomes pasty, and after a time dries to a friable mass. thoroughly well kneaded mass, possessing great plasti­ In the cold carbon disulphide and chloroform dissolve city, and which can be readily fashioned into any desired Gutta-percha, and the impurities may be separated shape. therefrom by filtration beneath a glass vessel, to prevent In some cases certain bodies are introduced into this loss by evaporation. The impurities remain behind masticator for the sake of adding increased hardness and upon the filter, and an almost colourless liquid passes density, or for the purpose of colouring ; amongst such through. If this solution be exposed to the atmosphere may be mentioned sulphur, yellow ochre, and vermillion, the volatile carbon disulphide will escape, and a cake of red lead, gypsum, and resin. whitish Gutta-percha will remain behind. By varying the nature and amount of the body added Raw Gutta- percha of commerce is invariably so it is easy to obtain a product of any desired condition. impure that it must pass through a preparatory cleansing Lastly, after mastication, the Gutta is once more process before it can be applied for manufacturing passed through a rolling mill and well rolled. purposes, in order to free it from the earthy and other It has at various times been proposed to substitute extraneous matters with which it is associated, and some solvent, such as carbon disulphide, for the puri­ which in many cases have been wilfully added as fication of raw Gutta-percha, in lieu of the processes adulterants. referred to, but it does not appear that hitherto the This consists at first in disintegrating the Gutta­ suggestion has met with any favourable results. percha by means of suitable machinery, and a The important property which Gutta-percha has of subsequent course of washing. It is not unfrequently resisting changes of temperature, the action of acids, the case that stones are present, which it is necessary to alkalies, and other chemicals, is considerably increased remove prior to cutting the material to pieces, so as to by treating it, under certain conditions, with sulphur avoid any damage to the machines employed. For this or some compound containing sulphur, which makes it purpose the crude blocks are softened in warm water, invaluable for many industrial purposes. and rolled out into thin sheets by means of rollers This process is known as vulcanising, and has been constructed in such a manner that if a stone appears practised for a considerable time. The sulphur is the upper roller is lifted up, and then falls down again usually incorporated in conjunction with a metal, when the stone has passed through, thus enabling a although there are various methods by which the desired workman to detach all stones effectively, and with little results can be attained, viz. :— trouble. 1. By treatment with sulphur alone, at the necessary The sheets are then folded together, so as to form a temperatures. block adapted to the size of the cutting apparatus, 2. By treatment with metallic compounds of sulphur, which is a wheel of circular construction, from which such as the sulphides of lead and antimony. March 8, 1893. 227

3. By treatment with chloride of sulphur dissolved in MANDLEBERG v. MORLEV. carbon disulphide. The following formula is given for preparing vulcanised IHE following is the judgment of Mr. Justice Gutta-percha :— • Stirling in the above case delivered in the High PARTS BY WEIGHT. T" " Court of Justice, Chancery Division, on Satur­ Gutta-percha ...... 48 day, December 17th, 1892. Sulphur ...... I JUDGMENT. Sulphide of antimony ...... 6 Mr. Justice Stirling: This is a summons to consider the suffi­ These are mixed thoroughly together, and burned in ciency of the answer of four interrogatories, Nos. 9, 10, 11, and 12. furnaces of different constructions at a temperature of Interrogatory No. 9 is " If you allege that any of the said water­ furnaces from 1250 to 150° C. proof garments of the kind known as ' The Distingue,' were or was not manufactured by means of any process or processes being the Gutta-percha can be readily and simply vulcanised by same or substantially the same as any of the processes making a concentrated solution in carbon disulphide, respectively referred to in the last preceding interrogatory set forth and adding thereto a solution of chloride of sulphur. how precisely you allege that the same were or was in fact The larger the proportion of the latter the greater the manufactured." hardness of the resulting product, and by using about The Defendants have answered that, and as Mr. Clare says, they have raised no objection to answering. They begin in this way. 15 per cent, of the chloride, a body in every way similar " To the best of our knowledge information and belief the water­ to horn is obtained. proof garments of the kind known as ' The Distingue' were A solution of Gutta in carbon disulphide has been manufactured in the following manner." Then they set out a long applied, with very satisfactory results, for producing a account of the process which occupies nearly half a page of the permanent coating upon many articles of daily use and answer. That is objected to as insufficient in various points. The first point occurs with regard to these words. " The cloth is now ornament. cured and to remove any unpleasant odour is treated by a cold chemical process which renders the fabric practically odourless." The Plaintiffs want to know what the " cold chemical process " is. LIVERPOOL RUBBER COMPANY, LIMITED. It does not seem to me they are entitled to that. The essential part of the answer is that it is cold. It seems to me the essential ;HE Thirty-third ordinary General Meeting of this Company part of the Plaintiff's patent is that they employ a hot process for was held at the Offices of the Company, Vanxhall Road, getting rid of the disagreeable smell which attaches to waterproof T garments. That seems to be plain when you look at the Patent ' Liverpool. Mr. H. Grendon Tippet, Chairman of the Number 16,541 in which they say, " The object of our invention is Directors, presided. to make the garments free from the ordinary disagreeable odour The Directors' report showed a net profit for the year of unpleasant both to the wearer and to others, and we carry out our /i2,8i5 I2S., which, with ^6,077 carried forward from last year, invention by spreading or proofing a suitable fabric such as cotton left 18,892 at disposal. The Directors recommended a dividend wool or silk or a mixture of these fabrics with several coats of of 10 per cent, for the year, the addition of £2,000 to the reserve proofing such as those hereinafter mentioned." Then they say the fund, and the carrying forward of a balance of ^9,831 is. 8d. first coat is with a dough formed of certain materials, and the The Chairman, in moving the adoption of the report and succeeding ones are from a dough compound and " The proportions accounts, congratulated the shareholders on what was probably, of the materials and mode of mixing the dough compounds above all things considered, the best year the Company had had. They referred to and spreading or applying them to the fabric, is well had written off largely from the buildings, machinery, and tools known to the trade, and the materials may be mixed in the ordinary accounts, and could easily have paid a larger dividend, except that manner and the proportions varied as required, and in some cases they had under consideration extensions and improvements for whiting or equivalent material may be added." Therefore they which it was desirable to have a substantial balance in hand, whilst do not lay any stress on the proportions of the materials or the the Directors did not desire to increase the Capital Account. mode of mixing the dough ; but they claim by their patent, as it Mr. G. Jager, Jun., seconded the adoption of the report, and seems to me, their process as applied to any dough. They go on, further explained the policy of the Board. " Farina or similar material is applied to the proofed surface after Mr. Dart, Mr. Stott, and others, expressed themselves greatly the proofing in a well known manner used for making farina coated pleased with the policy pursued by the Board, and congratulated rubber waterproofing goods," and then comes the material part, them on the very satisfactory position which the Company had " and the fabric is then partially vulcanized in a dry air heated now attained. stove (which stoves are well known to the trade) at a vulcanizing The report was unanimously adopted, and the retiring Directors, temperature, say about 250 degrees fah. for a short time." Then Messrs. Tippet and H. Mason, were re-elected. it goes on, " The garments are made in the ordinary manner from Cordial thanks were voted to the Chairman, the Directors, and the fabrics prepared as above described, the seams being cemented the staff. or secured together by what is known as the ' ordinary solution ' 228 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893.

which has no sulphur in it, but when preferred we use a solution layer '11.' Let the Defendants state with regard to each of the which will vulcanize." Then it says, " Then the garments are above garments what solvent or solvents are used in the manu­ hung up in a dry air heated stove for the time found requisite to facture thereof and in case naptha is used in the manufacture of drive off the odour, sufficient heated air being permitted to escape any of the said garments let him state the description of naptha from the upper part of the stove during the process to carry away and its specific gravity boiling point and residue." Now in the the volatile vapour containing the disagreeable odour, and com­ Patent, as I have already pointed out, it is stated, "The propor­ pletely vulcanize the garments, the heat being a little greater, say tions of the materials and mode of mixing the dough compounds about 260 degrees fah., than was employed in the first process of above referred to and spreading or applying them to tlie fabric is vulcanization the result being that the garments are thus completely well known in the trade." It seems to me that makes the Patent vulcanized and deodorized at the same operation." Then they applicable to any kind of dough, and, therefore, the proportions of say, " When this latter process is finished the garments are odour­ the materials and the mode of mixing the dough is immaterial as less or free from disagreeable smell and may be perfumed." That is also the question, what are the solvents used? I think the seems to me to point to a process by which heated air at a con­ objection which is taken by the answer that the information sought siderable temperature is employed to drive off the disagreeable is not material for the purposes of the action is well founded and elements which are contained in the material employed in ordinary that the Defendants ought not to be compelled to answer these. waterproof. I do not think that the Defendants are called upon Then comes the last interrogatory, which is No. 12, " When did under those circumstances to state what is the cold chemical the Defendant first sell and when did he first see or know to be process they employ. offered for sale each of the said garments." The answer to that is, Then the next point occurs with regard to these words, " The " We first sold the ' Champion ' in the month of February, 1891, waterproofed fabric is then passed over a large revolving steam and the • Distingue ' since the year 1886. We object further to heated cylinder the temperature of which is high enough to drive answer this interrogatory on the ground that it is irrelevant and away the last traces of the solvents and also all the volatile and immaterial." That is objected to as regards the answer given smelling compounds." It is suggested that the temperature ought respecting the " Champion." It is sought to enforce an answer to to be told. But it is " a steam heated cylinder the temperature of the second part of the interrogatory. " When did the Defendant which is high enough to drive away the last traces of the solvents first see or know to be offered for sale each of the garments?" and also all the volatile and smelling compounds." If it is a tem­ and the ground on which that information is sought is this. It is perature sufficient to do that it seems to me it must plainly be said that an admission by the Defendants that they never saw or within the Patent because the Patent mentions 250 degrees as the knew to be offered for sale the " Champion " garments prior to the temperature which it is necessary to employ. A high temperature date of the Patent might help the Plaintiff on the question raised in the action. It is not impossible that such an answer might be sufficient to drive off, as this must be, the last traces of the solvents seems to me to be within the Patent and it is unnecessary to state useful to the Plaintiff. I do not think it is very material, and at particularly what the temperature is. this present stage, seeing that the defence has not yet been put in. and these are simply interrogatories submitted to for the purpose Then the last point relates to the words, " The garments are of enabling the Plaintiff to deliver particulars of infringement, I made from such material in the usual way and in some cases are do not propose to enforce an answer at present; but, apart from hung up and subjected to a draught of cold air without artificial the question which Mr. Clare proposes to argue with reference to heat." It is said that they do not say what they do with the gar­ having liberty to deliver further interrogatories, I should simply ments which are hung up and subjected to a draught of cold air make no order at present, but let the summons as to that particular without artificial heat. But what they say in their answer to my interrogatory stand over until the pleadings are complete. mind is plain enough. It is sworn to the best of their knowledge Mr. Clare : It seems to me after what your Lordship has said information and belief that the garments are manufactured in this that the most convenient course would be to postpone any applica­ way and that describes the process by which, by the use of a large tion for further interrogatories till that has been done. revolving steam heated cylinder, the temperature being high enough Mr. Graham Hastings : I do not know what my friend means by to drive away the last traces of the solvent and also all the volatile "postponing." I ask your Lordship to deal with this summons and smelling compounds the result of deodorized garments is now, and I ask that they pay my costs. attained ; and then it is said the garments are made up from snch Mr. Justice Stirling : It may be hereafter when the pleadings are material in the usual way. Stopping there, if there had been complete, right to allow Mr. Clare to go into this. nothing more, I should have inferred from that and it seems to me Mr. Clare: It seemed to me the interrogatories I was going to the plain and natural meaning of the language used, that the gar­ ask for were of such a nature that your Lordship would deal with ments are subjected to no further process with regard to air. them very much in the same way that you have dealt with this That is the meaning I put on the answer. It does not seem to me last question. Seeing that your Lordship cannot deal with it at it is affected by the words which follow (and in some cases are this time it seems to me it is not necessary to have an answer, so hung up and subjected to a draught of cold air without artificial long as I am not debarred from making an application hereafter. heat.) I take the meaning of the process to be plainly enough that Mr. Justice Stirling ; Very well. The Order I make on this sum­ there is no further heating of any kind after the use of the large mons so far as I have dealt with it, will be this, to disallow the revolving steam heated cylinder. summons so far as relates to interrogatories 9, 10 and 11 with the Their interrogatories 10 and 11 are these, "Let the Defendant usual consequences, and as regards interrogatory No. 12 I direct also state what is the composition of each of the doughs used in that to stand over and the rest of the summons to stand over with the manufacture thereof and state percentage of sulphur in each liberty to apply to restore it. March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 229

Mr. Graham Hastings : It is only as to the second part of in­ both Mr. Silver and the Hon. H. Marsham were not on the board. terrogatory 12. He, therefore, seconded the motion. Mr. Justice Stirling : So far as relates to " Champion." Mr. Gray then put the motion, which was adopted. Mr. Ford: So far as relates to seeing the " Champion." The Chairman : Well, gentlemen, I thank you for this renewal of Mr. Justice Stirling : Seeing or knowing. The second part of the your confidence. I need hardly say that it will stimulate us to fresh interrogatory so far as it relates to the " Champion." exertions, and hope that we shall meet under as favourable circum­ Mr. Graham Hastings : I suppose your Lordship will make the stances on the next occasion. costs the Defendants' costs in any event. Mr. Martindale moved that Mr. Clarke, in place of Mr. J. Weise Mr. Justice Stirling : Yes ; of the three which are disallowed. who retires, should be elected auditor for the current year with a fee of 30 guineas. Mr. Cochran seconded the motion, which was adopted without THE INDIA-RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA, AND any dissentient. TELEGRAPH WORKS COMPANY, LIMITED. Mr. G. Hanbury thought they ought not to separate without passing a vote of confidence in, and thanks to, the directors for the manner in which they had conducted the affairs of the company. p^'HE twenty-ninth ordinary general meeting of this company The investment was steady and excellent, and he begged to propose was held on 14th ult. at the Cannon Street Hotel, Mr. the vote mentioned. S. W. Silver (chairman) presiding. Mr. Treble seconded this, which was carried. The Chairman called upon the secretary (Mr. W. J. The Chairman, in reply, said ; Well, gentlemen, it remains for me Tyler) to read the notice of the meeting, after which the report was only to thank you for this fresh proof of your confidence. In doing taken as read. so, I will but remind you that with the stake on this side of the The Chairman said: The report is a very brief one, but I hope table our interests and yours are identical. you will agree with me that it is satisfactory, as it confirms the hopes The proceedings then terminated. expressed when we last had the pleasure of meeting. The result of the year's transactions, after carrying to reserve all the premium on the new capital issued, with a portion of the profit made, justifies our recommending the same dividend as heretofore and a bonus, MEXICO.—Practically no rubber footwear is imported to Mexico. and carrying forward an amount fully as large as a year ago. The Rubber ponchos and mackintoshes come almost exclusively from additional capital has been well employed. It has enabled us from Europe, because cheaper than in the United States. The trade in time to time to lay in a large stock of raw material under favourable the line of rubber goods is sufficiently large to merit the attention circumstances, and thus to compete successfully in the hard-fought of our rubber manufacturers. Patterns of rubber ponchos can battle of trade, and find remunerative employment for our works, easily be secured. Ponchos and rubber coats for the Mexican which, I am happy to say, are in a highly efficient condition. We trade should have three essential points—cheapness, light weight, have manufactured over 3,000 miles of submarine telegraph cable, and certainty not to stick when rolled up for any time in hot and I am glad to say without a fault and well within the contract weather.—United States Consul at Piedras Negras, October 9, 1892. time. The same may be said of the French factories; they have • THE Columbia Cycling Calendar for 1893 is truly artistic and been doing good work with the sinews of war in the form of ample practical. It is unusual in beginning with February, 1893, and capital, and the masterful attention of my friend, our managing ending with February, 1894. It consists of a circular piece of director, in command. I have no fear as to the future of this cardboard, 47 inches in circumference, the calendar picture being undertaking. I have much pleasure in recommending for your framed with a reproduction of the pneumatic rubber tyre. The adoption " That the report and accounts now presented be received picture is in fifteen water colours, and represents a country scene and adopted, and that the dividend of 5 per cent, and a bonus of with a bicycling couple in the foreground, resting in a cosy nook, 2j per cent., together 15s. per share free of income tax, and payable after a delightful ride. The original picture is by a celebrated on the 15th inst., be now declared." American artist, and the reproduction is so close to the painting Mr. Robert Henderson seconded the motion. that one hardly realises that the delightful tones and shades are The Chairman : I shall be glad to hear any observations any not the true brush marks. This calendar, issued by the Pope gentleman may wish to make. Manufacturing Company, of Boston, is adapted for the library, There being no remarks, the Chairman said : More or less I dining-room, parlour, or business office. suppose we are all business men here, and we have not much time to spare. If there are no observations to make, I will put it that QUICK TRANSATLANTIC CABLING.—The American United Press those who are in favour will be kind enough to hold up their hands. made a good record recently in transatlantic cabling. Having (This was done.) On the contrary ? I declare it to be unanimously occasion to send to the Central News, London, an inquiry relating carried, to a certain business matter, a despatch was filed at the office of Mr. Matthew Gray (managing director) proposed the re-election the Direct Cable Company in America, and in exactly loj minutes of Mr. Silver, as chairman, and the Hon. Henry Marsham as a reply was laid on the desk of the general manager. This time, director of the company. has, of course, been beaten by this and other cable companies, but Mr. Abraham Scott (a director) observed that the business and a better record has seldom been made without making some extra­ works were so well and ably managed, that he would be sorry if ordinary effect to do so. 230 March 8, 1893.

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Improvements in Ornamented India-Rubber Water­ Improvements in the Manufacture of India-Rubber proofed Fabrics, and in the Mode of Producing Water bottles, Beds, Pads, and other like Vessels. the same. PATENT 5,757 (1892). Date of application, March 24th, R892. Theodore Birnbaum, Wick Lane Rubber Works, Bow, London, E., ^ATENT 6,879 (1892). Date of application, April 9th, describes his invention as follows :— 1892. Goodman Charles Mandleberg (J. Mandleberg I form the inner lining and funnel of the bottle of pure sheet and Co., Limited), Albion Waterproofing Works, rubber, which is then steam vulcanised. I next apply to the Pendleton, Manchester. vulcanised body an india-rubber coated fabric preferably melton The object of this invention is to produce a class flannel, or it may be felt or other suitable material, which has been of india-rubber waterproof fabrics of very little more previously coated on one side with a " dry heat vulcanising dough" ; weight than ordinary single-texture india-rubber this covering I cause to thoroughly adhere to the rubber lining by waterproof fabrics, and also ornament the same, such fabrics being suitable means, and the two are then vulcanised together in a intended more particularly for ladies' waterproof garments. chamber by a process known as " dry heat." The cloth flanges These improved india-rubber waterproofed fabrics consist of any or edges of the vessel are then suitably bound or braided to give suitable and desired woven fabric, which is spread or coated with strength and finish. By the hereinbefore described construction or process of manu india-rubber proofing, and has then applied to its proofed surface, facture, I produce a waterbottle, bed, or pad, or other vessel or to parts of its surface ornamenting strips of fabrics, produced in composed of an inner lining of vulcanised rubber, which is vul­ the following manner. canised to an outer lining of any suitable fabric in the manner A woven fabric is selected of the desired material and woven described. according to any desired pattern or surface, the back of such fabric I claim for my ^improved waterbottle, bed, pad, or other similarly is then coated with one or more coats of india-rubber proofing in constructed india-rubber vessel, the following amongst other the spreading machine, in the ordinary manner. advantages, viz.:— It is then taken and cut into strips in the lengtbway of the fabric, That such a waterbottle, or vessel, of pure rubber vulcanised to and when being cut the strips may be wound up in a roll or rolls a suitable cloth or other covering enables repairs to be easily and on a beam or beams or on bobbins, then the ends of the proofed effectually made thereto in case of injury or leakage, all parts being side of these strips of prepared fabric are brought in contact with readily accessible. the proofed face of the previously proofed body or ground fabric, That such a bottle or vessel is lighter and more durable than the ornamenting strips being arranged according to the design bottles or vessels produced by other means in ordinary use. required, and the two fabrics are pressed together. That such a vessel will retain heat for a long period, and is more This operation takes place while the proofed surfaces of the comfortable and beneficial to the user than those of ordinary ground or body fabric and ornamenting strips are still tacky, or manufacture. india-rubber solvent is applied to the proofed surfaces of the body That the vessel cannot readily leak or get out of order. or ground, or ornamenting fabrics or to both fabrics while they are passing to a calendering machine which presses the two together. Apparatus to be used in the Manufacture of India The combined fabrics "may have india-rubber solvent applied to Rubber Belting. them, and when it has sufficiently softened the proofing, the com­ PATENT 5,262 (1892). Date of application, March 17th, T892. bined fabrics may be again calendered. Ellis Rothwell, 151, Mill Street, Bradford, near Manchester. In some cases, if desired, india-rubber solution may be used in This invention relates to the manufacture of india-rubber belting place of solvent; and in some cases, if desired, one or more thin which is made by doubling or folding a woven fabric coated with coatings may be spread over the entire surface of the combined plastic india-rubber, and then covering the doubled fabric with a fabrics. strip or sheet of india-rubber and vulcanizing the whole. Fabrics formed as described are or may be coated with farina or This doubling and covering or '' making up" is at present its equivalent, and then vulcanised or otherwise treated. accomplished by hand, and is a long process requiring many hands The process or processes hereinbefore described may be varied and much time ; and my invention is intended to reduce such labour without departing from this invention. and time, and consists of the following machine or apparatus March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 231

In a suitable frame I mount a pair of doubling and calendering The attendant then resets and reverses the motion of the calen­ rollers (preferably steam heated) the upper one of which runs in dering rollers, takes one end of the marked fabric, doubles, or folds sliding bearings which can be accurately adjusted to give any it, at the line marked for a short distance, places the doubled ends required pressure. in the nip of the said rollers, and as the latter again draw the I prefer to adjust each of these bearings by a short vertical screw folded fabric through the machine, he folds the same as it passes actuated by worm or other gearing from a transverse shaft which is over the roller at the edge of, and on to the folding table. The provided with a dial and pointer or other indicator so that it can be calendering rollers cause the doubled fabric to adhere together moved with the greatest exactness to raise or depress the sliding very closely, and the said fabric may be passed and repassed bearings. through the machine, the attendant doubling or folding it afresh These rollers are capable of being driven in both directions the each time as it goes between the said rollers, which should be upper one being actuated from the lower by toothed gearing, and reset every time until the whole width has been folded together, or the lower one by strap and pulley from a shaft differentially driven until the required number of folds or " ply " have been formed. by cone pulleys or other known means, from a main shaft actuated When the folding is completed and the strap, or belt, is of the by either a crossed or open strap according as it is desired to drive required width and thickness, it need not be calendered as is usual in one direction or the other. when such belt has been folded by hand, but can be at once " made At either side of these rollers close to and slightly below the nip up," covered with a sheet of rubber, by the following means. thereof, I fix a doubling or folding table or plate, and at or near the At a convenient distance at each side of the above apparatus, far edge of each table I mount a roller and beneath each table I and parallel with the rollers thereof, I mount in a suitable frame a mount the " batch " roller upon which the length of rubber coated " batch " roller and a " wrapper " roller, similar to those above fabric to be folded or doubledj is wound, and another roller for described, and on the " batch " roller is wound the rubber coating winding up the fabric or "wrapper" which is wound on the for the belts, and above these rollers, and on a level (or nearly so) " batch " roller with the said rubber coated fabric to prevent its with the folding table, I mount a feed roller and a cutting roller. laps from adhering together, and which is unwound with and The former is covered with card clothing, or equivalent material, separated from the said coated fabric as the latter is first passed and serves to unwind the sheet rubber and feed it to the calenders through the machine. The batch roller is free to revolve as the as hereafter described, and it is driven at the same surface speed fabric is unwound, and the roller for the "wrapper" is driven as the said calender, and the other is a plain roller, and near to it therefrom by any suitable means. is a shaft, provided with adjustable knives, or blades, pressed by At each side of the calendering rollers before named and above weights (or springs) and levers upon the cutting table, with suffi­ the doubling tables or plates I mount a tube or sleeve capable of cient force to cut the rubber strip to the desired width, as it is sliding upon a bar rod or shaft; upon this tube or sleeve I adjust a fed to the folding table plate above-named. • pair of guide arms or cheeks set at a distance apart corresponding with the exact width of the fabric before it has been folded, and The action of this part of the apparatus is as follows :— between these cheeks I also mount upon the tube or sleeve an The attendant unwinds a short length of the rubber from the adjustable marking point, capable of being set to any distance from " batch," and passes it over the card clothed feed roller between one or other of the said guide arms or cheeks ; or more than one the knives on the cutting roller and on to the folding table or such marking point may he used if only very narrow belts are being plate; he then takes the end of the doubled belt to be covered, made. which is on the flooring (or on a suitable platform or turntable) The tube or sleeve is also capable of rocking on the rod or bar, beyond the feed roller, and lays it over, and in the centre of the and the guide arms or cheeks and marking point or points are so strip or sheet of rubber, which is then folded or wrapped over it, mounted thereon that when the tube or sleeve is turned so that the being cut to such a width as to entirely cover or envelop it, and former rest upon the doubling or folding table, the latter will mark slightly overlap at the edges. The covered end of the belt is then a line or lines upon the rubber coated fabric as it is drawn by, and passed between the calendering rollers, which draw the belt and between the calender rollers and as the fabric will be guided covering through the machine, and firmly compress and bind the accurately by the plates or cheeks between which it passes the line two together, the attendant or attendants, folding over the edges or lines marked will be perfectly straight. of the sheet rubber as it is drawn over the folding table to the The action of this part of the apparatus is as follows ;— calendering rollers. The attendant unwinds a short length of the rubber coated fabric The speed of the calendering is, as before-mentioned, regulated from the batch beneath one of the tables, winding the end of the by differential driving cones (or equivalent means) according to the " wrapper " upon its roller. operation being performed by the apparatus. He then places the end of the coated fabric between the calendar I propose also to apply a measuring and indicating apparatus to rollers bringing down the guide arms or cheeks on each side of the calender rollers, to record the length of the belting made by and the marking point upon the said fabric. The rollers are set in the machine. ' motion and draw the fabric along under the marker, which traces a I may remark, in conclusion, that although I have herein straight line thereon. described a double apparatus with "batch" rollers for the coated The fabric, as it is marked, passes over the tabic at the other side fabric, and the sheet rubber at either end, and corresponding of the machine, and falls on the flooring beyond. marking and cutting apparatus, I do not confine myself to such The marking point, or points, and the guide arms, or cheeks, are double arrangement, as the machine may be made single, although then raised up out of the way by rocking the tube, or sleeve, on the such construction would not be so desirable as that above bar rod, or shaft, on which they are mounted. described. 232 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893.

Improvements in the Construction of India-Rubber exposed in a drying house to evaporate the naphtha or other solvent Buffer Springs or Pads for use on Railway used for the cementing solutions, before the surfaces of the two Rolling Stock and the like. materials were attached together by passing through rollers under PATENT 5,813 (1892). Date of application March 24th, 1892. pressure while both prepared surfaces were heated before a fire or John Ehenezer Hopkinson, 15, Walhrook. by currents of hot air. With this belt either the canvas or the This invention relates to an improved form or construction of leather may be made the driving surface working next the pulleys. india-rubber spring or pad, and is more especially applicable to By another arrangement a layer of leather would be similarly that class of springs known as buffer springs, in which one or prepared and attached at the same time between the pressing more pads or springs of india-rubber are used in combination with rollers to the opposite side of the canvas, which would be thus a suitable metallic plate or ring for locomotive engines, railway embedded between the two layers of leather, one of which would carriages, trucks, and other similar vehicles. Springs constructed form the driving surface and yield inwards while passing round according to my invention possess not only greater elasticity but small pulleys, while the other outer layer of leather would slightly are far more durable and lighter. stretch and leave the canvas or central layer unstretched. For In order to obtain these results, I propose to form upon either stronger belts, two or more layers of the prepared canvas may be side of the metallic plate a projecting ring or band of india-rubber first cemented to each other and passed between the rollers to preferably of a conical section, or I may make the band of a square attach same to one or two layers of leather as described. And for or rectangular section and pierce the same with a number of holes very strong belts layers of prepared canvas and leather may be or recesses, the whole forming a series of air chambers, or cushions, superimposed over each other and cemented and attached as or in lieu of making a continous band I may form a number of described alternately to any desired number and thickness; that is conical projections or pads of rubber on either side of the metallic there may be two layers of canvas to two of leather, or two layers plate, such projections or pads being arranged in a circular form of canvas to three of leather, and so on in this way. around the metallic plate or ring and upon each side of the same. In the making of these belts, the leather would be first stretched The particular form to which I now give preference is that of a before being attached to the prepared canvas, and the whole would band or ring having a conical section, its base being in contact with be preferably stretched after being attached in the complete belt the surface of the metallic plate or ring, and its open or abutting form, by ordinary powerful stretching appliances before the belts face shaped so as to present a curved or semicircular front. and solutions became cold. In some cases for narrow belts, these The sides of the projecting band or pad may be flat or tapered may be cut to the width desired out of broad layers of combined or slightly rounded, the amount of taper being equal on either side canvas and leather prepared as described. or otherwise as desired. Rope machinery driving bands would be also made in this way by making the combined layers of prepared canvas and leather equal Improvements in a,nd Relating to Machinery Driv­ in thickness to the diameter of the rope and in cutting these up into ing Belts and Bands. narrow strips equal to the diameter or width of the rope desired. PATENT 5,699 (1892). Date of application, March 23rd, 1892. These strips are then drawn or passed through between cutting James Dick (R. & J. Dick), Greenhead, Glasgow. This invention knives to form them approximately to the diameter or shape desired, has reference to, and comprises improvements in machinery driving and then passed through between rollers with grooves to roll them belts and bands, and in the method, or mode, and means of manu­ to the shape desired, either as round, or elliptical ropes or with V facturing the same, being a modification, or development, of the shaped gripping surfaces on their inner side to work in V shaped invention for which Letters Patent, No 12,254, of 1885, were grooves on the pulleys; and they may be coated with a layer of granted. gutta-percha solution or gutta-percha round their outer surface The improvements essentially consist in composite machinery before or while passing through the recessed shaping rollers. driving belts or bands, and in the method of forming these out of a layer or ayers of cotton or linen canvas or other strong woven or In making these belts or bands, the canvas would be solutionized textile fabric saturated and prepared on its surfaces with one or in webs of any required length, which would be then cut up into more coatings of gutta-percha or balata solutions or their compounds, the widths of belt desired for the single or doubled-up thickness of in accordance with the Specification of the said former Patent No. canvas. But the layers of leather which can only be cut from each 12254 of 1885 in combination with a layer or layers of leather hide in short lengths of the width desired, would require to be attached or cemented by heat and pressure to each other, the treated and solutionized individually on one or both sides as surface of the leather for being attached to the woven fabric being required; and the ends of each piece would be jointed by a long similarly prepared with a coating or coatings of gutta-percha or tapered " scarf " or wedge shaped joint brought to a thin edge at balata solutions before being cemented thereto, the solvents being the ends, so that the scarfed ends of each piece as they were all evaporated and the surfaces re-heated before attachment. attached in succession to each other would be solutionized and Under one arrangement, one ply or thickness of the canvas jointed the same as to the prepared canvas in passing through the saturated and prepared on both its surfaces with the gutta-percha rollers ; and these scarf jointed ends of the leather on opposite solution as described, would be attached to a single ply or layer of sides of the canvas would break bond, that is no two joints of the leather similarly coated and prepared on one of its surfaces leather on opposite sides of the canvas would be made at the same preferably the inner or hard surface of the leather and hide, this cross section of the belt. The lengths of leather may be all surface having been previously well cleaned or shaved to a uniform previously jointed together at their ends previous to being passed thickness in any ordinary leather shaving machine before receiving through the rollers and joined to the length of belt, and rivets or the coating. The leather and canvas so prepared would be both other equivalent fastenings may be used at the joints. March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 233 Tyres. AMERICAN RUBBER NOTES. PATENT 2,350 (1892). Date of application, February 8th, 1892. C. Middleton, 185, Hill Street, Glasgow ; and S. Young, 2, Beduly IHE Clement brought to New York 658 tons of rubber, value Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow. This tyre consists of a rubber tube, nearly $1,000,000 on January 14th. A large quantity enclosed in a canvas tube of smaller diameter, so that the com­ was taken at once by European buyers. pressed rubber may expand and fill up any puncture found in it. T An outer covering of rubber completes the tyre. In manufacturing THE Amazon has risen considerably since January, and good this article, the canvas tube is placed on a mandril, and then the water up to the mountains was reported at Manaos. rubber tube is drawn over it in such a way as to be turned inside out in the process. It is subsequently re-inverted (with the canvas) THE Candee Rubber Co. has done an unprecedented amount of when of course the canvas will be outside. business during the past year. Manual Gymnasium. MR. J. B. FORSYTHE says that the foreign business of the Boston PATENT 13,871 (1892). Date of application, July 30th, 1892. J. Belting Co., of which he is manager, has been practically ruined Hall, Kinnington, near Brocklesby. In this improved apparatus for by the Mc'Kinley tariff, but home trade has never been better. developing the flexibility of the fingers, wrists, (Sc., in musicians, typewriters, and so forth, rubber straps and springs are prominent. AT the Philadelphia Cycle Show there were 429 exhibits, There But we must refer our readers who may be interested in the matter was one solid tire and that was imported. There were six cushion to the specification and accompanying drawings, for further tires and all the rest pneumatic. particulars. OF the pneumatic tires 85 percent, were Dunlop type, and 15 per Packing. cent. Boothroyd type. PATENT 22,460 (1892). Date of application December 7th, 1892. Dr. Heinrich Traun (Harburger Gummi-Kamm Co.), 60, Meyer- THE tire manufacturers now use more rubber than any other strasse, Hamburg. A packing designed to resist the action of heat, American industry. acid, &c., in the manufacture of oils and chemical substances. It THE United States imported waste rubber for reclaiming to the consists of a packing plate ring or washer of rubber, lined on one amount of 1,82^1,786 pounds, value $66,775 in the year ending or both sides with a metal foil, which is intimately united with June 30th, 1892, as against only 488,163, value $19,488 on the the rubber during vulcanisation. previous years. Golf Balls. THE Boston Rubber Shoe Co. is out with a tennis announcement. PATENT 4,774 (1892). Date of application, March loth, 1892. This company will make only first quality goods this season. Bay A Golf ball having cut or moulded on its surface a series of spiral State tennis shoes have been dropped. A specialty will be made of grooves terminating at or near the extremities of its diameter. the ventilating tennis. This shoe has a feature peculiar to itself. This causes the ball to rotate on its axis similarly to a projectile Between the leather innersole, which is perforated and. the rubber from a rifled gun. outersole is a layer of felt. This being porous admits of more or Football Boots. less air and being soft and yielding, is pleasant to the foot. This combination of felt and leather in the innersole of a tennis shoe is PATENT 3,670 (1892). Date of application, February 25th, 1892. a patent owned by the Boston Rubber Shoe Co. Edwin Chatham, Rhos-y-meare, Ruabon. To minimise danger sic s;< from accidents, this inventor supplies football boots with rubber THE St. Louis Shoe and Leather Gazette of February, i6th, reports:— toe-tips. The demand for heavy and warm goods has fallen off materially Life-saving Apparatus. but the shoe factories are in receipt of good orders for sandals and PATENT 5,034 (1892). Date of application, March 15th, 1892. boots are still running very full. Tennis trade is also good and R. L. Tapscott, 62, Croxteth Road, Liverpool. A wicker frame, these shoes are expected to sell in larger quantities than ever. enclosed in a torpedo-shaped rubber case, having two openings, for Clothing factories are receiving good orders for Spring delivery and individuals to crawl through, controlled by contracting and ex­ are busily employed.

panding frames, and rubber blocks to make them air-tight. SufH- THERE has been but small buying in the crude rubber market, cient space is provided to form an air chamber for buoyancy, and though at full prices. Buyers are loth to pay the advance, which for a reservoir for fresh air or oxygen. The frame is divided by one on Para grades amounts to 23 per cent, since the first of the year or two partitions, and provided with head, arm, and leg supports to and consequently are in the market to as little degree as possible. maintain two individuals in a full length position, lying on their Nicaraguas are taken up as fast as they arrive. In the general run sides while subjected to the tossing of the waves. The frame is to of medium grades there is a moderate business. be suspended by two guides from a rope, and used instead of the present life-saving basket. THE whole market is practically unchanged. Cables from Para quote Island 4750 and 3000 reis, fine and coarse; Amazon. 5100 and 3600 reis; exchange, 13 i-i6d. Receipts first nine days 630 tons, would indicate a fair supply this month. Besides the. Bishop previously reported, the Sustine is afloat U.S. with 415 tons. ^34

THE INVENTOR OF GUTrA-PERCHA A reply to the above letter of Mr. Danchell's has COVERED WIRE. also been published :— f" N continuance of the controversy on the above " Mr. A. Siemens has drawn my attention to the subject referred to on page 250 in our last number. correspondence which has lately taken place in your I- Mr. F. H. Danchell comments as follows on the columns as to the inventor of gutta-percha covered statements of Mr. Alexander Siemens :— wires. As I was living with my brother Werner when " Mr. A. Siemens, in his letter of the i6th of January, he received the first sample of gutta-percha from protests against my having said that Dr. Siemens London, I am perhaps better able than Mr. A. Siemens appeared to have accompanied the Royal Commissioners to deal with the letter of Mr. F. H. Danchell in your as a friend, and thus insinuating that he did so without issue of the loth inst. This sample was sent by my authority, and for purposes of his own ; but that at the brother William immediately after he had received it at time I mention in my letter he had held the rank of the meeting of the Society of Arts, when gutta-percha lieutenant for 12 years, and was himself a member of was first brought to the notice of that society. In my the Royal Commission in question, and had been presence Werner began to cover a copper wire with appointed a year before with the object of developing the gutta-percha, and remarked that it seemed suitable his invention of covering wire with gutta-percha. I for insulating purposes. I never heard at the time of beg, in reply, to say as follows :— anyone else bringing the gutta-percha to the notice of " That he held the rank of lieutenant in the Prussian the Prussian Government, excepting my brother service for r2 years I do not question, nor that he had Werner, and a report from the Commission to the been appointed one of the Commissioners to investigate Prussian Treasury Department, dated September 7th, my invention ; that it could not be to develope an 1847,. declares my brother to be the first inventor. invention of his own was obvious, because he had made This report, among other documents, was laid before no invention himself to cover wire with gutta-percha, at the American Commission as a proof that my brother the time, inasmuch as when I applied for the patent, was the inventor of gutta-percha insulation. Mr. gutta-percha was unknown in Berlin ; for why did the Danchell brings no proof whatever in support of his Commissioners then ask me ' what is gutta-percha ? ' assertion that he made similar proposals to the Prussian and why did they want me to show them my process of Government, and without these I do not see how he can covering the wire if one of them. Lieutenant Siemens, substantiate his claim to priority. My brother Werner according to Mr. A. Siemens' assertion, had already has, throughout his life, claimed to be the first inventor made the invention for which I applied for a patent ? of gutta-percha insulation, and has publicly made his It must be borne in mind that I was not refused the claim in articles contributed to various scientific reviews. patent on account of priority of claim by someone else, The model of the original machine, constructed by my but because it was considered by the Commissioners too brother, was exhibited at Vienna in 1873 by the Prussian important a matter to give a monopoly thereof to one Telegraph Office, and is now to be seen in the museum person. A very shallow excuse for robbing a man of of the German Post Office. Dr. Edm. Hoppe, in his the work of his brains. It is probable that no notice of ' Geschichte der Elektricitat,' published in 1884, at the refusal to grant me a patent would be found in the Leipzig (Joh. Ambrosius Earth) expressly states, page Prussian Government records when the American Com­ 584, that my brother Werner is the inventor of gutta­ missioners were said to have investigated them, but that percha insulation. Under these circumstances it does not prove that Dr. Siemens was the inventor. Mr. appears very strange that Mr. Danchell never heard of A. Siemens thinks it particularly ungracious to raise the my brother's claim to the invention, as he asserts in his question of priority of invention after Dr. Siemens has letter, but the facts and references quoted above prove passed away and is unable to repel the attack himself. I that it is not my brother's friends who now claim it for knew that Dr. Siemens used the invention, but I never him, but that the scientific world generally has always heard he claimed it for his own, and it is only when his acknowledged his claim, and Mr. Danchell can scarcely friends claim it for him that I am able to protest against expect that these proofs can be met by nothing stronger the injustice. I leave it to your readers to judge whose than his unsupported assertion to the contrary. With conduct has been the most ungracious and ungenerous. regard to the last sentence of Mr. Danchell's letter, my Dr. Siemens' or mine ; he was on the Commission that brother, as a Government official, neither took a patent frustrated my attempt to obtain a patent in Prussia ; he for the covering machine, nor desired any benefit from made use of an unprotected invention, and presumably its application, all contracts for underground cables has reaped benefit from it, and ultimately, it appears, being carried out by the firm of Fonrobert and Ruck- claims it as his own invention without ever having given ner, in which my brother had no interest whatever. It the slightest proof of its being his ; whilst I, who spent is not necessary, therefore, to comment upon the reflec­ time and money on the invention without having reaped tions Mr. Danchell chooses to make on the friends of any benefit from it, only claim my just right of being my brother."—CARL SIEMENS. the first inventor of covering wire with gutta-percha." March'8, 1893. 235 BOILER EXPLOSIONS. tropics, has proved to be the teredo of various species ; but this depredatory worm has been utterly routed by covering the gutta­ - •- • •- ^ percha core with a lapping of thin brass tape laid on spirally. A REPORT to the Secretary of the Board of Trade, which remarkable thing about this little insect is that, whereas 20 years has just been issued, shows that preliminary inquiries or ago it was practically unknown in our English waters, it has now formal investigations under the provisions of the Boiler gradually spread all round our coasts, with the exception, perhaps, Explosions Acts, 1882 and 1890, were held in 88 cases during the of the North Sea. A new cable about to connect Scotland and Ire­ twelve months ended June 30th, 1892. This is the largest number land is being served with brass tape. Perhaps the most remarkable of cases dealt with in any year since the Act of 1882 came into history of a cable is the following :—In 1859 the light cables laid operation, but the number of lives lost (23) was below the average in 1853 from Orfordness to Holland were picked up and replaced by (29"6) for the nine preceding years. In 46 cases the boilers which a heavier one. A few nauts were sold to the Isle of Man Tele­ exploded were in use on land, and in 42 cases on board vessels. In graph Company, and had an extra sheath laid on. This cable was 32 cases formal investigations were held. In more than half these submerged between that island and St. Bees, where it remained cases the owners of boilers were blamed for neglect, for reckless until 1885, when it was replaced by a three-core cable. It was management, or for the employment of incompetent orinexperienced again put under water in 1886 as part of the cable between Uist persons. In most of the cases the persons blamed were ordered to and Harris, in the Hebrides, where it still lies, as good as ever. pay the costs of the inquiry or a portion of them. The Commis­ The durability of submarine cables is remarkable. That laid sioners usually attached responsibility to the owner of the boiler, between Beachy Head and Dieppe in- 1861 is still working, and whether the negligence which led to the explosion was shown by that laid between Beachy Head and Havre in 1870 has broken himself personally or by his servant. In two cases the makers of within the last month for thQ first time. the boilers were ordered to pay costs for misrepresenting the work­ ing pressure at which the boilers £Ould be safely worked, and in one instance a person who voluntarily and ignorantly undertook to advise the owner on the same point, was also ordered to pay costs. In another instance an engineer who sold the boiler to the owner without examining it was ordered to pay costs. In one case only HORSE POWER. was an order made against a boiler insurance company on account of negligent inspection, and it may be inferred that on the whole the examinations made on behalf of these companies have been efficiently conducted. *'Thus far," the report says, "the results O much ignorance exists as to the meaning of the words which of the working of the Boiler Explosions Acts do not tend to show 1 head this article that we have thought (says Kuhlow) that a that careless management of boilers is on the increase. Although S' few practical words on the subject may prove of some the total r. umber of cases of all kinds dealt with is higher than in service. We may commence, then, by pointing out that if the past years, it must be remembered that every year the requirements boiler is new, or has never been tested, the heating surface is the of the law as regards reporting explosions are becoming more best guide to a knowledge of what it will be capable of doing. If widely known, and that, although the numbers of boilers in use is the boiler is well designed and properly set, two pounds of water probably becoming greater in each succeeding year, the actual loss should be evaporated for each square foot of heating surface, so of life and the number of grave cases dealt with show no tendency that, on a recognised basis, 15 square feet of heating surface should to increase. be allowed per horse power, and in estimating the horse power of a boiler the external surface of that portion of the shell which is exposed to the fire should be estimated, and to this, expressed in SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHY. square feet, should be added the area of the tubes, and of such - •» - - " • • portions of the heads as are exposed to the direct heat. The sum I HE growth of submarine cables about the world is should then be divided by 15, and the result is the nominal horse extraordinary, (said Mr. Preece in his Presidential address power of the bailer. This rule is not absolute, but, like all other ~ to the Institute of Electrical Engineers). The total rules, it has exceptions. With the most approved settings, and mileage, which in 1852 was 87 nautical miles (nauts), now reaches with well-managed fires, the evaporation is greater than that a total of 139,594 nauts, of which 14,479 nauts belong to various estimated above, and we find that in such cases 12 square feet of Government administrations. Between this country and the heating surface will evaporate the quantity of water required for a Continent all the cables (with the exception of those to Norway, horse power. In some exceptional cases the requisite heating those to Spain, and those forming the connections with the surface is even less than 12 square feet, but we do not use less than Eastern Telegraph Company's system) now belong to the respec­ 12 unless we have satisfied ourselves, by careful experiment upon tive Government administrations, and are all maintained by them. similar boilers, similarly set, that we may do so fairly. On the The British Post Office owns and maintains those to Holland and other hand, if the boiler or the setting is poorly designed, or the one of those to Germany, while those to Belgium and France, con­ draught more imperfect, or the fires badly handled, more than 15 taining 37 wires, are joint property, but maintained by the British square feet may be required. There is no such thing possible as an Post Office. absolute rule for the horse power of a boiler, and the rule we have Next to strong tides, rocky bottoms, anchors, and shallow water, above merely represents what, in our experience, a given boiler, the greatest enemy to submarine cables, more especially in the well-designed, may be expected to do under ordinary circumstances. 236 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893.

THE WATERPROOF TRADE.

"i l l Nil i !M III; iiii iiii"iiiii

the effect of making the rubber more elastic, less susceptible to extremes of ^temperature, and less affected by fatty oils. Certain solvents are then used, which render it more tractable in the subsequent operations. It is then dyed or printed as the case may be, and again subjected to examination. The operation of combining the woven fabric with the rubber then follows. The cloth is passed N the spring of last year retailers made much larger purchases through a pair of fine rollers, and a mass of the prepared rubber is in ladies' goods than usual, owing, it is to be presumed, to the simultaneously brought into contact with it, so that the rollers I press and spread the rubber in a very thin film, which, at the high anticipation of an exceptionally good season. But the buyers were doomed to disappointment. The spring of 1892 was unusually temperature applied, adheres tenaciously to the surface of the cloth. dry. Owing in a great measure to this, the wholesale houses and This operation is repeated some six times. The material intended manufacturers during the latter months of the year experienced a for the lining of the garment is then treated in the same way, and general dulness, as a consequence of the accumulated stocks which the two are united by a further rolling. The result is that a film the retailers had been unable to get rid of. In attempting to gauge of rubber of a uniform thickness of about one hundredth of an inch the probabilities of the future in a trade such as this, it is well to is enclosed between two fabrics forming practically one piece of bear in mind the essentially progressive character of the manu­ material. This thin sheet of rubber is just as effectually water­ facture. The development of this branch of industry is a notable tight as if it were an inch thick. But the importance of using as example of the fact that supply is the cause of demand, as well as little rubber as possible consistent with utility, is obvious the converse phenomenon. Probably no department of the dry considering that the raw rubber when purified costs 4s. a pound. goods trade has had more scientific skill brought to bear upon it, In addition to the processes referred to there is another—of a or has grown more as a consequence. purely chemical character—^the deodorising of the rubber, which, The primitive and odoriferous macintosh bears hardly more of course, has a highly important bearing on the saleability of the resemblance to the latest productions of the leading manufacturers finished article. Improvements, some of them slight in themselves of to-day than the wooden sabot of the Normandy peasant to the but having an aggregate importance, are constantly being made, modern high-class boot. The progress made has been the result of and there can be no doubt that the goods which will be offered for persistent scientific work in two directions—chemical and the ensuing spring trade will be in various respects superior to any mechanical. The old garments kept out the wet certainly, but that which have gone before. Looking at the fact that retailers' stocks was their only virtue. They were unsightly, heavy, uncomfortable, must as a general rule be low, the outlook for the season is and so high in price as to be quite beyond the reach of any but the decidedly promising, and should there be anything beyond the well-to-do, and were practically confined to the sterner sex. normal English allowance of rain, it is quite likely that an Elegance, lightness, and cheapness have gradually been attained, unprecedented trade may be done. It is worth noting that at and as a consequence a prodigious demand has been created. The present there is practically no competition from abroad in these process of manufacture, particularly of the best qualities, is complex goods. There is a large output from American factories, but it and interesting, and a brief reference to the manipulation as now is confined to the home trade, and is almost exclusively of the practised may not be out of place, especially as they suggest the inferior grades. Until the increase in the United States tariff, a probability of further progress. The basis of the water-proofing considerable export trade with that country was carried on, material, the raw caoutchouc arrives in this country {chiefly from which has, at least, for the time being, been abolished. South America and Africa) in the form of lumps, which are soaked Canada, however, is likely to remain a good customer, in hot water, crushed between powerful rollers and washed and we export largely to the Continent of Europe. At any repeatedly to free them from the dirt and various impurities with rate, unless something very unforeseen happens to jeopardise which they are mixed. The cleansed material is then treated with the ancient reputation of our unique climate, it will be in accordance a preparation of sulphur and exposed to a heat of about 260 deg. with "the eternal fitness of things" that England should remain for some hours. This process, which is known as vulcanising, has the home of the waterproofing industry.—The Drapers' Record. March 8, 1893. 237

M^.Bns.K^

MICANITE.—The Mica Insulator Company of New York are COMPOSING sticks of celluloid and vulcanised rubber are now issuing a new price list of micanite plates, commutator segments, being used in Germany, while in France aluminium is being utilised rings, washers, tubes, troughs, cloth, and paint, which they claim for the same purpose. The new sticks are obviously very much is used as an insulator by many of the largest electrical machinery lighter than those made of iron or brass. manufacturers in the United States. This material consists of mica, with lapped joints, cemented together under pressure. THE BOOM IN EUCALYPTUS OIL.—The Melbourne Argus, describing a recent visit of a party of Victorian legislator to Mr. CHICAGO EXHIBITION.—For the convenience of visitors to Bosisto's distillery, states that the season is a remarkably Chicago during the forthcoming exposition, a mammoth hotel is favourable one for eucalyptus oil. During the previous week 142 being erected by the World's Fair Co-operative Bureau. The gallons had been distilled, which is the largest yield yet reached, hotel is in blocks, somewhat after the plan of St. Thomas's Hos­ the weekly average being about 100 gallons. There are about 5,000 pital, and will contain over 6,000 rooms. These rooms will be let acres of land on which the mallee is cultivated, by rolling down the at a uniform rate of a dollar a day to those who pay a nominal larger growth and allowing the shoots to grow for about eighteen registration fee beforehand, and thus secure the right of occupancy months, when they are in the best oil-producing condition. The at any time during the Exposition. The sole representation of produce of about i ,000 acres is distilled every year. About fifty the World's Fair Co-operative Bureau in Great Britain, has been men are on the place at present, but twenty men are about the placed in the hands of the City Press Agency, i, King's Arms regular number. Yard, and 51, Coleman Street, London, E.C. THE JAVA EXHIBITION.—The exhibition of industrial and natural MR. FRED. REYNOLDS'S " latest invention" is the peptonic tooth­ products of the Dutch East Indies, which is to be held at Batavia pick. He does not propose to stimulate digestion by picking the in the course of this year, promises to be a decided success. The teeth, but into an ordinary quill tooth-pick he slips half-a-dozen agricultural section will include extensive exhibits of cinchona, pepsin pilules, and these are kept in by a small piece of rubber including flowering branches as well as dried bark, indigo and other tubing at the cut of the quill. Not a bad idea at all, and as dyestuffs, spices, gums and resins, essential oils and medicinal drugs chemists may get quill tooth-picks with their name on them, the of native as well as European use. Prizes are offered for the best "latest invention" provides a cheap scheme of advertising. treatises on the cultivation of and commerce in cinchona, pepper, cubebs, vanilla, cloves, and cinnamon, and for the best project for A NEW RUST PREVENTIVE.—It is reported that a new compound, the establishment of a cinchona-factory in Java. which is said to be an excellent preventive of rust on bright iron and steel articles, was accidentally discovered some time ago by STRIKES.—The Strikes reported to the Board of Trade during Messrs. Edmund Mueller & Mann, Charlottenburg, Germany. The January were :—Iron and Steel, 6 ; Shipbuilding, 6 ; Dock Labour, compound, which consists of a mixture of the essential oils and 6 ; Coal Mining, 4 ; Building Trades, 4 ; Miscellaneous, 12. grease, is now being largely made use of in several of the German Government departments, and has been called " Mannocitin." The SKILLED LABOUR.—Of the 23 unions of skilled trades, which sent composition is a thin fluid, which may be readily applied by means in reports for January as to the condition of their respective labour of a brush. In a short time after application the oils evaporate markets, the general remarks made, show 14 as "bad," 6 as and the grease remains behind, forming a coating which protects " moderate," and 3 as " good." the metal against atmospheric influences and sea water. The absence of acid in the composition is alluded to as an important THE Belgian Commercial Museum is proving of great service feature. It is claimed that the composition does not turn rancid, to merchants and manufacturers, not only the trade samples, but and that it can be readily removed by rubbing with cotton waste also the economic publications, prospectuses and trade circulars are saturated with turpentine. found invaluable. THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893.

ELECTRICAL NOTES

TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES. year, but it is thought probable that the road-bed will be A MANCHESTER daily understands that a working arrangement has completed by the autumn, as it is proposed to start work been entered into between the National and Mutual Telephone immediately , at several different' points, and work in both Companies, the two systems which are in operation in Man­ directions. chester, which may eventuate in the amalgamation of those The Bill authorising the construction of an underground electric enterprises. railway from Baker Street to Waterloo Station, came in due The new telegraph cable which the French Government is laying course before Lord Morley, and formal proof of some minor from Marseilles to Tunis, has been successfully landed at amendments was given. This scheme only has now to receive Biserta. Experiments in the transmission of messages have the Royal assent. proved successful in every way. ELECTRIC LIGHTING. The Eastern Extension Company notify, that on ist inst. the tariffs for telegrams to all places in China, except Macao, were .\T the last meeting of the Owen's College Engineering Society, Mr. reduced to the same rate as the cable stations, viz., 7s. per Harry Pollitt, of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire word. The Great Northern Telegraph Company make a Railway, contributed a Paper on "Train Lighting." Mr. similar notification. Pollit referred to the various systems of train lighting by elec­

It is accepted as true in Vienna, says the Daily News correspondent tricity and oil gas, holding that as yet the latter was the best there, that the Chinese Government has decided to lay a tele­ system, as, by only a slight addition to the weight of the graph line from the Pamirs to Pekin. carriage, the lamps could be fed for 24 to 36 hours without re­ charging. MOTIVE POWER. THE Parliamentary Committee of the County Council have asked Electric Traction in Brussels.—A proposal is well advanced for for an additional £$,000 to complete the sum required for providing Brussels with an underground electric railway similar lighting the Albert Embankment, Westminster, and Waterloo to the South London line. The railway will be arranged Bridges, and the Victoria Embankment, by electricity. The similar to the Inner Circle railway, having eleven stations at total cost is now set down at £i^,ooo. the most important points of the city. No locomotives will be employed, but each train will consist of only one first and HULL is losing no time in taking full advantage of the electric light, second-class composite bogie carriage, to carry forty passengers, and its latest departure is a football match, played in the , with a compartment in front in which the electric traction gear enclosure of the Hull Football Club. Eight i,ooo-c.p. arc will be arranged. It is proposed to run eleven such cars in lamps surrounded the field—three on each side and one at each each direction, and to work the traffic by the automatic electric end. The players found that rather more light would have been block system, as adopted on the Liverpool electric railway. advantageous, but the affair altogether was a distinct success. The lifts at each station will be operated by electric power. . Messrs. Alexander Penney and Co. are the Agents for the THE London Electric Supply Corporation announce that from Syndicate, and Mr. J. H. Greathead has been appointed April ist next their standard charge for electrical energy will be engineer. 6d. per Board of Trade Unit. All customers will also be entitled to the benefit of a sliding scale extending from the According to the Electrical World, of February nth, 20 miles of the standard rate of 5d. per unit, based on their consumption of road of the St. Louis-Chicago Electric Railway have been energy. completed, and contracts for the remainder have been let. The contractors are Bagnall Brothers, of St. Louis, and THE Westminster Electric Supply Corporation, Limited, give notice Givens Brothers, of Memphis, Tenn. Both of these firms are that, from March 31st next, the standard charge for electric well known, and have laid more than 1,800 miles of railroad energy will be reduced to fid. per Board of Trade unit, with a track for various Western and Southern roads. The contract sliding scale of rebate to clubs and other large consumers. For price is $5,500,000, of which $2,750,000 is to be taken in bonds current supply for lifts and other motor power the charge is 5d. of the company at par. The time limit of the contract is one per unit. . March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 239

MISCELLANEOUS. M. Moissan has just succeeded in producing the diamond artificially, by means of the electric arc. Under certain conditions, he obtains a hard body, the density of which is 3 5, formed like BOOKS the ruby, and giving off carbonic acid while burning. This result is obtained by subjecting to the electric arc some cast-

iron or silver, and saturating it with carbon. The arc is formed *' The Electrician " Trades Directory and Handbook, 1893. between two carbons placed in a groove on a block of quick­ The present issue of this useful Directory fairly exclipses all its lime, and covered with another block. The arc at this moment predecessors, good as they all were at the time. But the volume expends 70 volts and 450 amperes, or 31,500 kilowatts; its before us, is fairly up to date, and no pains or expense have been temperature is 3,000°. Care must be taken to cool the crucible spared to make it as perfect as possible in every respect. quickly; a hollow is then formed, inside which great pressure is developed. This discovery created great interest at the The first number of the " Directory and Handbook " was issued Academie des Sciences on the day when it was presented, in 1882, and consisted of about 100 pages ; that for 1893 contains February 6th, 1893. more than 1,000 closely printed pages. Each successive volume has clearly indicated the rapid growth of the Electrical industries, A Chicago contemporary gives an account of the sensations of a until to-day the various applications of Electricity find employment railway electrician who by accident received 550 volts and for hundreds of thousands throughout the world. The Classified lived. The individual referred to (Mr. Chatterton) was testing Trades' Section shows at a glance the large number of allied trades a new armature; he placed his foot upon the upper brush-holder intimately associated with this growing industry ; and the fact that to make a perfect contact. The current was next turned on, a book of more than 1,000 large Svo. pages can be filled annually but the armature appeared to be running away; Mr. with matter of the greatest interest to the trades served by the Chatterton's foot slipped from the brush-holder down on the publication is convincing proof, if any were necessary, of the commutator, and whether his hand grasped the connections on phenomenal advance the applications of Electrical Science have the field block, or the stove, he could not say, but he knew made in the past decade. nothing more until he regained consciousness about half-an- hour afterwards. After a couple of days Mr. Chatterton was, The Handbook Section contains a mass of statistical informa­ with the exception of a little nervousness as well as ever. The tion which is grouped together for ready reference, and which has accident had the effect of short circuiting the station, which, proved of the greatest service to the Electrical profession in past says our contemporary, is proof that he received the extreme years. The new features added to the current issue will doubtless 500 to 550 volts. ' prove of equal value. Under the heading of Curious but Successful Treatment, The Natal Advertiser, apparently in good faith, recounts the curative treatment to which a man who had been struck by lightning was subjected. The account states, " Brandy was administered ARTIFICIAL CAMPHOR.—In France M. de Mare, and in Germany internally, after which he (the injured man) was able to speak. Herr L. Nordheim, of Hamburg, have discovered how to make He was put to' bed, while Mr. Walter Stead procured some camphor artificially. From turpentine terebenthene hydrochlorate copper wire, which was utilised as a conductor from the injured is prepared by the action of chlorine, and this is distilled in presence ' man's body out of the window into the ground, and by means of an alkaline carbonate, whereby camphene (CioHis) is obtained. . of which he obtained speedy relief. We are glad to state that The product is collected in a large retort and heated, ozonised air Mr. Stead has now almost completely recovered from the being then introduced to mingle with the vapour formed. The shock. Great credit is due to Mr. Walter Stead for the result is a cloud of camphor (CioHisO), which is deposited on the prompt and effectual manner in which he treated the case." internal surface of the globe. The German patent is No. 64,180.

W. T. HENLEY'S TELEGRAPH WORKS Co., Ltd.,

27, MARTIN'S LANE, i \ .0' CANNON STREET, / « LONDON, E.G. Works: NORTH WOOLWICH.

TELEPHONE No. 1,734,. 240 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893. ^tt>ar6 at t^c ^anitar^ an6 "g^e^tcaf ,^onC>on, 1881.

PRIZE MEDAL PRIZE MEDAL

THABE

Paris Ejxhi'bitioii,—IST8. Bradford,—1883.

"EST-A-BILISHZBID 1852. EST-A-BLISHIEID 1852. SEMPER EAT^KT.

(LIMITED), MANUFACTURING AND 'n6ia=^uBBcr LONESOME CHEMICAL WORKS, ' STREATHAM COMMON. SURREY. S.W. DAVID MOSELEY & SONS. lliniA niinnrn SHEET, WASHERS, VALVES, CORD, TUBING, INIIIA"KllnnrK BALL VALVES, BUFFERS, DOOR MATS. I11 i# IIT IIW V&JLill PACKING OF ALL DESGRIPTIGNS. DELIVERY & SUCTION HOSE FOn EITGHTEEHIITG AND MECHANICAL FUEFOSES.

VULCANITE & EBONITE ^"^ELECTRfcAL "pURPOSES. ™'' SHEETS, TUBES, PUMPS, VALVES, BALLS, &C. VULCANITE & INDIA-RUBBER FOR CHEMICAL PURPOSES.

SOXiZ] IKE.A.Bir'CTF.A.Ca^'CrjEC.JEiXCS OI* THU "SIMPLEX" COTTON BELTING, AND THE "ANCHOR" FIRE BRIGADE HOSE. Waterproof Garments, Fishing and Sporting Artielos, Surgical and Chemical Articles. Bicycle and Perambulator Tyres, and every Deseription of India-Rubber Goods. EI O E LISTS OIT .A. SE L I O-A. T X O IT .

CHAPEL FIELD WORKS, ARDWICK, MANCHESTER.

MANOHESTBE-2,4, as 6, New Erown Street. I GLASGOW-57, Miller Street. BItUSSELS-14, Flaee Saiate andale. LONDON—14, Aldermanbury Aveaue. I FAEIS—20, Kae des Marais. EAMBDItO-OO, El Eeicbeastrasse. March 8, 1893.

THE F BELT NC r, IIVX IX E D .

CLAYTOIT, 2CA1TCIZESTEE,

ENGINEERS AND RUBBER MACHINISTS, C/iNwis HOSE IRON AND BRASS FOUNDERS. COTTON BELTING.

Sole Manufaeturer5 9ENDLETON,^ •liUiXmSt M^^CZ/FSTE/i.

SECTION THE AT A B 3nbia=Hubber anb (5utta=percf;a AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL.

VOL. IX. MARCH 8, 1893. No.

TRADE OF 1892.

III LET OFF

SECTION AT LL through the year 1892, the rubber trade has been fairly good, but both our total imports and deliveries show a fall­ ing off of nearly 500 tons the reduced deliveries being entirely of Para. There was little speculation and trivial fluctuations in price throughout the year ; fine opened at 2s. pd. last January, and sales in February were made at the lowest point of the year at 2s. 8d., but 3s. was obtained by the end of "HEYWOOD'S" PATENT SELF-VULCANISING March. This was the highest price, and we closed with HOLLOW MOULD FOR TYRES OR RINGS. a firm market at 2S. rod. Large sales of old Para and EVERY DESCRIPTION OF dry Bolivian were frequently made at fully id. per lb. RUBBER MACHINERY IN STOCK over the quotation for fine Para, and up-river fine has OR IN PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE. been scarce and realised |d more. Negrohead has been 242 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893. in good demand and reduced supply, and prices have CONSIDERABLE uneasiness is felt at advanced fully 2d. per lb., the last price of good Manoas Para Rubber Para, and consequently in the scrappy being 2s. 3^d. Supply. Markets of Europe and America, in The last year's crop of Para was almost the same as consequence of the sudden large that of 1891; Africa sent fully as much, and a large part decrease in the rubber supply. The receipts at Para again of very mixed qualities. Of Benguela supply has for January were only 1,500 tons, inclusive of 86 tons been ample and fair quality. Of Congo only moderate caucho against 3,030 tons the first month of 1892. supply. Less Niger and too soft. Accra, &c. supplied P"ebruary receipts cannot be estimated. The falling off us freely. Zanzibar and Mozambique only moderate in the receipts is still generally charged to low water in supplies, but quality rather improved. Madagascar the upper rivers, the steamers not being able to get up shipped more, especially of South Coast niggers, which to the landings while the canoes cannot get down to are too earthy to realise high prices. Of Assam we got those points over the natural dams in the channels. small lots, but a good deal of poor quality from Rangoon. But it is suspected that there may be another cause. Borneo sent us 160 tons, and not so much Pbntianac. The receipts of island rubber in the last seven months Java and Penang exported small lots, also Ceylon. Of have declined 300 tons, and there has been no trouble Central America we had more. Fine Columbian and about water. The character of the Indian gatherers is Nicaragua sold very well. Guayaquil and Carthagena to do no more work than will suffice for their immediate were mostly common. Ceara and Pernambuco scrap in and limited necessities, and the high reis prices paid for large supply, but sold at low prices ; also Mangabeira, rubber has enabled them to provide for these by smaller which has increased. Peruvian has been fairly plenti­ gatherings. ful, 210 tons sold readily, also Mattogrosso. The trade —* in America was active and consumption good. STOOPING to conquer" is an old Total imports of rubber were :— Manhood in and familiar phrase, and the action it ENGLAND. the Trades, describes is more essential to a suc­ Stock. cessful life than is generally recognised. Imports, Deliveries. 31st Dec. Tons. Tons. Tons. It is an almost universal practice with kings to have 1892 .. 12,145 12,047 1.970 their children instructed in some trade, so that they 1891 12,544 •• 12,585 .. 1,893 may be able to obtain a living by its practice, should 1890 ...... 12,034 11.671 .. 1.942 disaster overtake them. The large wisdom of rulers . shown in this matter should be instructive to those in WE hear from the United States that lower position, who are as liable to misfortune as greater Rubber in a big demand for rubber boots for sovereigns. It is less disagreeable, and better in every U. S. A. early Spring wear is anticipated. way to go higher than lower, and nothing contributes The ground is so deeply frozen that more to this end than a substantial basis. In refering the thawing process will be very slow. Besides this, the to a class in the science of plumbing, under the auspices melting of the snow will turn the fields and roads into of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, a swamps, and rubber boots will be the only serviceable correspondent of the Philadelphia Record said: " If it wear. The companies are all working hard to meet the will diminish the number of young men whose highest expected demand. Manufacturers of all classes of ambition seems to be to stand behind a counter and goods are very busy, and all are buying. There is wear good clothes, it will be a public benefaction. There consequently considerable movement in the rubber is a great deal of money in trades, and very little in market, and a further advance has taken place, partly counter-jumping, and yet only one young man in a in consequence of the decreased receipts of raw hundred is willing to blacken his hands with tools." material at Para. The month of January showed the Upon this the Stationary Engineer comments as follows : biggest business in medium grades for a long time. " It is not always the boy's fault, however. A gentlema,p Receipts in U.S. were 1,000,000 lbs. and deliveries for of our acquaintance who is now a broker in New York, consumption 1,117,000 lbs. The bulk of the business said in our hearing, ' I ought to have been a machinist; was done at old figures, but the demand is responsible I would have been rich by this time. When I was a for the advance which buyers now are not disposed to boy I wanted to go into the Alliance Works, but niy pay. : father was afraid it would soil my hands. He wanted March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 243 me to be a " gentleman." The result is I have never DARK SAYINGS. liked my business, and never made more than a living at it. Had he let me go in as an apprentice in the E commend to the very serious attention of machinist's trade, 1 would have been building engines rubber experts and chemists, the following W' ' startling deliverance which we extract from and coining money by this time, and my whole heart would have been in it.' " How many rich fathers of a recent number of the Electrical Review. We should to-day are the same. They would almost as soon bury be very glad to have the views of any of our friends their sons as see them apprentices. The result is a race on the points referred to. of mediocre clerks and book-keepers who part their hair " The electrical world will probably be unanimous in agreeing in the middle, smoke nasty cigarettes, and find their that the gutta-percha and india-rubber industry can scarcely be regarded as being established on an intelligent or indeed intelligible intellectual level in the flash newspaper of the day. basis. During the last few years we have been accustomed to It is largely in the class above described that are formed attribute all the troubles which we experience in this direction as the characters which finally find their level in the ranks due to the improvident treatment of the native supplies ; and there, of the shiftless, the suffering seeker for employment, undoubtedly, is much blame to be attached to those who control tramps and criminals, and the miserable of all sorts. these supplies. But are those whose business it is to manipulate the raw materials beyond censure ? Professor Campbell-Brown threw a startling side-light upon this question when he declared the other day that chemistry had little control over the manufac­ BRAZILIAN politics and Brazilian ture of india-rubber, for the simple reason that the chemist did not Advance Finance have of late attracted con- know anything about this substance! So we presume this important industry is, even in these days of technical education, Amazonia ! siderable attention in various quarters. being carried on chiefly by rule of thumb. Here, surely, is one of Some writers take a very gloomy view those golden opportunities which so seldom occur for the chemists of the national prospects. Fortunately the rubber to gain kudos, and do the great electrical industries a lasting service ; provinces are a long way off the capital, with its moreover, there is the certainty of the price of gutta-percha going intrigues and cabals. Amazonia possesses in itself vast up very much more in the market during the next few years, and resources, great powers and opportunities for develop­ this alone ought to stimulate chemists to the task of setting the manufacture of this material upon an intelligent basis. Is there ment, and a more general spirit of individual and nothing to be done in finding a substitute that shall commend mercantile enterprise than many would suppose possible itself to the uses of the electrical engineer ? Cannot the old or in these tropical regions. Whatever revolutionary " perished " rubber be turned to better use? In connection with changes, or whatever processes of disintegration Brazil this latter question, it must be remembered that the problem of may yet have to experience, the provinces of the Amazon the de-vulcanisation of scraps and old rubber has been before the valley have undoubtedly a great future before them. In trade since vulcanisation was first practised, but it cannot be said to have yet been solved. In these days of feverish activity in spite of the assertions of pessimists, the sources of commercial matters, one wonders whatever the chemists can be supply are practically inexhaustible, and on the other thinking of." hand customers from Europe and America are always waiting with gold in their hands ready to purchase all

the rubber that can be produced. AN English bookbinder recently paid £10 for the hide of the heifer that knocked Mr. Gladstone down and came near killing him. He has had the hide tanned, and will get his money back with large profits by using the leather as backs for the covers of lives of Gladstone and other like volumes. Such enterprise as this, says an NOTICE OF REMOVAL. American contemporary, has a decidedly Yankee flavour. But the shocking thought must occur to every reader that if this heifer's discreditable performance be thus returned in profit to her owner, HE Offices of this Journal will be removed at there will soon become a powerful temptation to train other heifers T Lady-day to to the business of running Mr. Gladstone down whenever they get a chance, on the same principle as in some localites where too large bounties have been paid for wolf scalps, little colonies of wolves 28, WILSON STREET, LONDON, E.G., have soon been found in various places, carefully guarded and in consequence of the development of the business bred as rapidly as possible, until they have grown to the proper age to be scalped. If Englishmen take to emulating American enter­ requiring more extensive premises. All communications prise, there is no telling where they will stop.—Boot and Shoe should be addressed there after the 25th inst. Trade Journal. 244 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893.

mmiii

German Rubber Company, Fonrobert, is declaring a dividend of 3!^ per cent., as compared with 3 per cent, in 1891. Messrs. Voight & Winde, Limited, india- rubber manufacturers, have made a profit of ^4,633 in 1891.

FROM the Gutta-percha and Rubber Manufacturing Company of Toronto, Limited, comes to me rather a novel Calendar for 1893. The monthly leaves are mounted in the centre of a Maltese Cross, in ruby and silver, of very attractive design. S! * EACH monthly leaf has at the bottom of it some rubber trade advice suited to the month. Thus April com­ mends Macintoshes; May, Lawn Hose ; August, Camp Blankets; October, Sportsmen's Bags ; and so on. Not at all a bad idea.

I NOTE that in the new Customs Tariff of New South Wales, india-rubber mechanical goods are exempt from duty.

!{! * I NOTE that Mr. Goodman C. Mandleberg, of the As will be readily seen from Messrs. La Rocques Albion Rubber Company, Pendleton, Manchester, was Monthly Report, only about half the usual quantity of on the 18th ult. placed on the list of Justices of the rubber came down the Amazon in January. This was Peace for the town of Salford. occasioned by the low water in the upper tributaries n: ^ preventing the natives getting their canoes down to the THE Mannheim India-rubber, Gutta-percha, and river parts. The rubber is no doubt accumulating in Asbestos Company is declaring a dividend of 7 per cent., the interior, and the deficiency in receipts will probably as compared with 5 per cent, in 1891 ; while the North be made up during February and March. March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 245

I LEARN that the contract for the supply of capes for ACCORDING to a contemporary, it seems as though the the inspectors of the Glasgow police has been secured police, tiring of the delay of the authorities in providing by the Scottish India-rubber Company, 45, Queen them with rubber boots, will take the initiative them­ Street. selves. A correspondent says — " The other night I narrowly averted collision with a spectral- IT is an old saying, that the country is happy whose looking object which was approaching me as noiselessly as a shadow. A closer inspection showed, however, that it was nothing more annals are brief, and certainly the statement is true of supernatural than an ordinary constable provided with a pair of joint-stock companies. Where dividends have dwindled rubber-soled boots. Replying to a question, he informed me that or have altogether disappeared, long and unusually he and some of his mates had adopted the simple expedient of fixing dreary dissertations are thought to be necessary to small strips of rubber underneath their shoes, which enabled them explain the unsatisfactory state of things; but when to tramp the pavements without the least noise." shareholders are favoured with good dividends, they are generally spared very much oratory. Take, for instance, I HAVE received from Mr. Isidore Frankenburg, of the meeting of the India-Rubber and Gutta-Percha and Greengate Rubber Works, Salford, Manchester, a very Telegraph Works Company, whose annual meeting is neat and elegantly printed calendar, on which his reported in another column. A good year's work had Distingue patent gaiter is the most prominent feature, been done, and the shareholders were promised 12^ per and travellers to and from the Chicago Exhibition are cent, on their capital, so they were quite content to asked to wear this most reliable article. A very good transact their business and get away. The proceedings, view is also given of the World's Fair (taken from including the adoption of the report and accounts, the photographs). On the back of the calendar the Dis­ declaration of the dividend and bonus, the re-election of tingue grip shoe (patented) is well displayed. directors and auditors, and the usual complimentary FROM Fletcher, Russell & Co., Limited, of Warring­ vote, occupied just six minutes by the tick of the clock. ton, I have received as usual one of their convenient At the half-yearly meetings of this Company ten minutes tear-off calendars for the year 1893. Each day is is about the record. associated by means of a well-executed wood-cut, with one of the productions of this well-known firm. A COLLEAGUE to whom I have shown the above par, says he was present, and that the meeting was called THE event which annually creates great excitement for 12 noon, and it closed at 12.6; but the first two in the local musical circles of Stratford and thereabouts, minutes were spent in waiting to begin. So business came off a week or two ago. We refer to the Meiter really occupied four minutes. This must be a " record." Concert, when the members of this talented family, and the numerous artistes who assisted them, added fresh THE first of a series of lectures arranged by the Local laurels to the many already won. The ladies' orches­ Committee of Technical Education in Ledbury, was tra, consisting of 65 members—who looked very pretty, delivered by Mr. Bickham (of Horsfall and Bickham, all being dressed alike in white dresses, having short India-rubber Manufacturers), Underdown, Ledbury, at full sleeves and dark green loose waistcoats, trimmed the Town Hall on Monday, Feb. 20th. The subject of with gold braid—played, under the conductorship of the lecture was " India-rubber ; what it is, whence it Miss Grace Meiter, and under the leadership of Miss comes, what plants supply it, how it is collected, with Florence Meiter, Balfour's March, " Rakoczy;" some general account of its manufacture." There was a Strauss's "Beautiful Danube" Valse, and numerous good attendance, and the lecture was listened to with other selections. Mrs. Meiter was at the pianoforte and great interest.

'he DOCK HOUSE, BiLLITER ST., LONDON, E.G. (Late 161, Queen Victoria St.) PIONEERS of the ASBESTOS Trade.-The ONLY COMPANY in the' WORLD owning and 3. ] working Asbestos Mines in both ITALY and CANADA. All Goods are made at our ItP 'Works, near London, and are of the best possible description. Specify—"Salamander"Brand. 1 ^ndoH Depots: HEWOASTtE-ON-TrNE, Quay Side; MANCHESTER: 3d, Deansgate; IIVEEPOOL, 33, James Street; GLASGOW, 60, West Howard Street; CARDIFF, 135, Bute Street; ST. PETERSBURG, Gostinoe Dror. BBISOL, Prorident Buildings, Clare Street. 246 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893.

five of her daughters were in the orchestra. We must THE account of the thirty-third ordinary General again congratulate the celebrated rubber expert of Meeting of the Liverpool Rubber Company, Limited, Gracechurch Street on the musical fame of his talented reached us too late for notice last month. I con^ family. gratulate the Directors on having realised so favourable a result. I HEAR from Newcastle that Messrs. George Angus & Co., of the St. John's Works, have only a few orders in MR. JAMES T. GOODIE, who recently became pro­ hand for the home markets, but continue to do a satis­ prietor of the estate of Sand, Shetland, has just left for factory export trade. The local demand for india-rubber a tour in Australia and New Zealand. Mr. Goudie is goods, and especially for valves, packings, &c., has a Shetlander, resident in Glasgow, where, as principal fallen off considerably during the past few months, and partner of James T. Goudie & Co., he carries on an while the present depression in the engineering trade extensive business in the india-rubber and waterproof continues no improvement is looked for in this branch trade. He was a bailie of Pollokshields, and when that of the business. burgh, with other burghs, along with other surrounding districts, were incorporated into Greater Glasgow, was I HEAR from Aberdeen that there has been a decided pressed to continue his services to the suburb in the tendency this winter to purchase rubber overshoes or City Council, but at that time other engagements pre­ goloshes instead of going in exclusively for the stout vented him doing so. Mr. Goudie is rarely absent from leather boots that used to be considered the only the annual gatherings of Orkney and Shetland, over winter wear. which he has presided with much acceptance, and in

I THANK you very much Messrs. Thornton & Co., him both the Benevolent and Literary Associations Rubber Manufacturers, of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, have always found a warm supporter and sympathetic and divers other places, for your handsomely got-up friend. I wish him a pleasant journey. calendar and blotting pad, with its appropriate adver­ tisements. Glad to hear you have been doing so well MUCH may be said of Fair Trade, but commend me with the snow boots as well as with your well-known to the following pithy statement found at the bottom of waterproof specialities. the Fair Trade Club Programme at their First Smoking Concert :— IT is stated that the United States Rubber Co. will " The piano on this occasion («oi made in Germany, but in the not at present engage in the trade on the Amazon River, classic region of Holy Pancras), is kindly lent by Mr. Justin Browne, 237-245, Euston Road, in recognition of the justice of though it possibly may put some steamers on the stream the Club's policy, that imported foreign-made pianos should con­ later. The great difficulty is to find men to command tribute, at least, as much to the expenses of the home market place, the boats who are capable of bartering supplies with (i.e.. to the rates and taxes of the country) as he himself has to pay, the natives for rubber. Lager beer is in great demand before he can sell a single instrument." among the semi-amphibions of the Amazon forests and their refreshment constitutes a very important article of I AM asked to state that Messrs. Thin & Sinclair, traffic. Beer certainly marks a step in advance of rum Rubber Brokers, have removed from 3, Rumford Place, and " Jersey lightning" which have wrought such to Hamilton Buildings, 24, Chapel Street, Liverpool. , havoc among our own aborigines. THE Cartagena-Magdalena Railway Co. have THE St. Louis Shoe and Leather Gazette says, with obtained valuable concessions in money and land from respect to the present state of the American Rubber the Colombian Government, and are making the surveys Market :— for their railways to the interior. Vast supplies of " It is impossible for the rubber companies to announce prices superior rubber exist far up the Magdalena Valley, and now, or for some time to come. Crude rubber is steadily advancing. the four hundred tons, or thereabouts, that Colombia Fine Para is easily 10 cents, per pound higher than it was last year annually exports, will, no doubt, be largely increased. when present prices were made. The stock is small, the receipts are unprecedentedly light. No one can tell at present writing IT is a curious fact, pointed out by a contemporary, where the market will go. The companies are as much at sea as that Russians can import crude rubber and pay duty the most inexperienced man would be. The consumption of rubber is steadily increasing, while the production of some kinds on it, manufacture it into shoes, which are • sent iio has changed much in quality for some years." Germany, and another duty paid on them, and yet^h'old March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. . 247 TJ the trade against German, British, and American com­ NEARLY two dozen varieties of cycles are here dis­ petition. The boots are clumsy articles that would sell played, and I should advise any intending purchaser to nowhere else, but they seem just to hit the German send for this catalogue before making a final decision. taste. To agents and the trade a very handsome discount is offered. THE Union Rubber Works Co. has been incor­ il! * * porated at New York to carry on business at various THE Local Government Annual for 1893, will be centres in the States, chiefly in making reclaimed found of service to those contracting firms desiring to rubber and articles therefrom. communicate with Local Authorities throughout the

THE Company claims to possess new inventions, country. The book is published at the offices of the which enable it to produce better and cheaper reclaimed Local Government Journal, Dorset House, Salisbury rubber than has hitherto been possible. The Company Square, Fleet Street, E.C., price is. 6d. has secured very advantageous works, near Manchester, for its British branch. I HEAR that the Clayton Foundry Co., Ltd., of Clayton, near Manchester, has laid down the plant and AT Milangi, in British Central Africa, fruit is scarce machinery for the Seddon Pneumatic Tyre, Co., Ltd., —nothing but plantains to be got. The planters are of Openshaw, Manchester, and has given them every anxious to get fruit seed from Ceylon, and will send in satisfaction. We shall have more to say on this matter return seed of LandolpMa Florida, and other rubber. I in a future issue. hope that exchange will be successfully effected. I EXTRACT from " The Surveyor," of March 2nd, the I HEAR that the Northampton, flagship at the Nore, following paragraph :— after steaming for some time at a quarter her nominal " Streets of india-rubber have been tried with great success over rate of speed, has had fifty tons of barnacles taken off in Australia and also in Germany. Why, therefore, are they not her. How is it that the anti-fouling compounds or experimented with in this country ? Nobody seems to know, says paints are not more efficient ? a contemporary. It may be because the expense would be too great; but this is doubtful. The number of accidents that would be MY attention has been called to the Standard Tubu­ averted, and the great saving of cruelty to horses, would amply lar System of Wiring of Messrs. Bagshawe, Bros. repay, one would think, the additional expense of procuring and & Co., of 4A, Upper Thames Street, London. They laying down the fresh material, which is supposed to stand more use papier mache impregnated and coated with a special wear than asphalte. insulatory composition and strongly recommend it instead WITH regard to the foregoing, "streets of India- of wood casing, &c., for indoor installations. Full rubber " is rather an ambiguous expression, and I think particulars on application. would require rubber houses. But as to rubber pave­ AN improved time and date stamp is being offered to ment which I suppose is referred to, our contemporary the public by Messrs. Grant & Co., of Ludgate Hill. should know that it has been experimented with both in A clock, not much larger than a watch, has a rubber London and Edinburgh ; and, under the fostering care dial on its back, with which letters or parcels sent out of the North British Rubber Co., we believe that may be stamped, so as to mark the exact time of their further developments may be expected. dispatch without possibility of mistake. It is said to be the first time stamp to use both hands and mark the I REFERRED in November and December last to the time to a minute. It should be found more especially case of Louis and Ada Leyberg, of Manchester. I useful for stamping receipts and letters or parcels of hear that the trial has recently come off, and that Louis importance, where the date or hour of dispatch may was sentenced to twelve months and Ada to one day's afterwards be called in question. Any name can, be imprisonment. put with the rubber dial, so as to make the check mark A " CARRIAGE TELEPHONE " is spoken of by a contem­ complete and indisputable. • sit >1: porary as a recent invention. It is said to consist of a I HAVE received from Messrs. Saville & Molesworth, speaking tube of rubber wound with silk, through which of the Freeth Street Mills, Coventry, a copy of their the occupant of a closed carriage can speak to the illustrated price list of the " Alert" Cycles. driver. If this is all it consists of, it sounds like the 248 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893-

speaking tube, pure and simple, which has been in use The Chairman explained that the cost of re-arranging in some closed carriages for many years past. Perhaps the mortgages and debentures, having left only /'150 to it is the name that is new ? deal with, it was proposed to write off the amount to • sic suspense account. Mr. Forster, Managing Director, I AM asked to state that the completion of our account explained that the plant was in a better condition than of the exhibits at the National Cycle Show, Crystal it has ever been since the formation of the Company, Palace, is unavoidably deferred till next month. and that two new boilers were being fixed, which would A serviceable adaptation of rubber for obviating one decrease the consumption of fuel, and give better results. of the petty annoyances of life has been brought out by Mr. Biggs, the Director, retiring by rotation, was re­ Messrs. Thompson & Co., of 32, Bridge Street, elected. Aberdeen. It is merely a thin sheet of india-rubber, A vote of thanks to the Directors closed the meeting. measuring some eighteen inches square. In the centre of this there is a little round hole. The space thus left vacant is meant to be occupied by the necks of folk MONTHLY REPORT FROM LA ROCQUE. who may chance to be undergoing the delectable DA COSTA & CO. operation of "hair-cut and shampoo." >[< 5{c >;< PARA, 31st JANUARY, 1892. The elasticity of the encircling rubber makes it fit Kilos. Kilos. Kilos. closely to the skin, although the pressure is by no Stock on the 31st December .. 772,000 means sufficient to suggest to the mind of a nervous Further arrivals from the interior* 1,500,000 2,272,000 subject that he is being throttled. This most effectually Exports for Europe— stops the passage of those distressing little hairs " Lebralence" ,. 408,000 which love to worm their way down twixt the hair­ "Anselm" .. 107,000 dresser's sheet and hair-owner's collar, finally taking up " Maranbense " 115,000 630,000 their position on the inside of the shirt, from which Exports for the States— point of vantage they immediately commence a career "Marcia" .. 145,000 of intense irritation and annoyance. "Basil" .. 222,000 "Honds" .. 23,000 " Paraense " .. 377,000 "Anna R. Bishop" 233.000 FORSTER AND GREGORY, LIMITED. 1,000,000 1,630,000

DIRECTORS' REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1892. Stock this day .. 642,000

I'HE directors beg to lay before the Proprietors the Tons. In ist hands.. accounts for the year ending 31st December In 2nd hands last. " La Rocque " 2 The business of the year has amounted to ;^i5ii98> " Norton " 53 " Crouan " 8 against ;^i3,494 in 1891, but it will be seen that the net " Zietz " I profit, which is ;^523 5s. 3d., has not increased in " Sears " I proportion to the trading. " Pusinelli" 70 " Reets " 8 In the report for the half-year ending June last the " Bernaud " 30 Directors stated that they had had to re-arrange the " Samuel" 28 " S. Santos " Mortgages and Debentures—the cost of this, and also the 5 " Watein " 5 expenditure on Plant, obliges them to ask the Proprietors " Ceyherina " 16 to again forego a dividend, and they propose to write off " Carvalhos " 12 " Iweria " the ^150 shown as a suspense account. Competition 14 " Manaanense' 140 increases, and tends to reduce profits, but the Directors " Ambrose " 157 still feel confidence in the future of the Company. 92

The annual general meeting was held at 3, Laurence 642 Pountney Hill, on Thursday, February 23rd. * Against 3,000,000 in 1892,but this difference is only due to the delay ofUp-river steamers overdue since beginning of January, in consequence of dry rivers, and Mr. Biggs in the chair. will probably be made up in February. March 8, 1893. 249

CONTINENTAL AND AMERICAN RUBBER TRADE.

ITALIAN RUBBER TRADE, Although these imports were below both 1889 and 1890 in bulk, they exceed either 1888 or 1891. With the single exception of 1892. 1891, an abnormally bad year, the imports from Great Britain were last year the lowest of the series, the supplies from other sources, S usual, the Italian returns for the last month of the year slightly checked also in 1891, having otherwise continuously risen. were later making their appearance than is usual with other There is plainly a diversion of trade going on in this instance, of months, because of the annual revision of the official values which it would be interesting to have an explanation from those attached to imports and exports. So far, however, as the rubber most concerned in handling the crude material. For manufactures trade is concerned, only one change was made, and that in advan­ the account is a little more favourable :— cing the value of rubber thread, from 1,500 lire per quintal in 1891, TWELVE MONTHS. to 1,550 lire per quintal for 1892, All the other items have been Rubber manufactures im­ 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 maintained at the same level as in the preceding year. Imports ported from— Qls. Qls. Qls. Qls. Qls. during the last two years are shown in detail below:— Austria-Hungary 300 191 139 129 120 TWELVE MONTHS. France .. 439 452 406 339 250 Imports. Quantity—Quintals Value—Lire Germany .. 1.235 1.146 1.172 612 673 Rubber and gutta-percha;— 1892 1891 1892 1891 Great Britain 309 335 263 168 314 Raw (solid and liquid) .. 2,628 1,738 2,365,300 1,564,200 Switzerland 206 174 262 263 212 In leaf, (Sc...... 121 124 205,700 210,800 Other Countries 46 31 13 55 106 In threads, &c. .. .. 401 286 621,550 429,000 Otherwise worked .. .. 476 424 333,200 296,800 Total 2,535 2,329 2,255 1.591 1.675 In tubes with metal .. 9 13 2,880 4,160 A glance at the further statement which follows will suffice to Mixed with tissues.. .. 333 356 153,180 163,760 show at once how the imports from either of the countries stood in In ribbons, bands, &c. .. 335 388 469,000 543,200 1892, compared with either of the other four years :— Electrical wires (covered or INCREASE (-I-) OR DECREASE (—) OF IMPORTS OF MANUFACTURED varnished) .. .. 163 67 81,500 33,500 Electrical wires (covered with RUBBER IN 1892, COMPARED WITH :— iron, (ic...... 454 1,720 86,260 326,800 1888 1889 1890 i8gi Noticing the increases first, it will be found that raw material to From— Qtls. Qtls. Qtls. Qtls. the extent of 890 quintals more was taken in 1892, while threads pro­ Austria-Hungary .. .. —180 —71 —19 —9 gressed 115 quintals, and various goods, 52 quintals. Against these France ...... —189 —202 -156 —89 have to be set decreases of 3 quintals on rubber leaf, 4 quintals on Germany .. .. •. —562 —473 —499 + 61 rubber tubes, 23 quintals on rubber, with tissues, and 53 quintals on Great Britain ,. .. •• +5 —21 + 51 + 146 rubber ribbons, bands, (fee. Electrical wires, covered or varnished, Switzerland ...... 4-6 + 38 —50 —76 display an improvement of 96 quintals, while those covered with Other Countries .. .. -f 60 + 75 +93 +51 iron, &c., have fallen off by 1,266 quintals. Imports of raw material were in the appended proportions compared with the four Total .. .. —860 —654 —580 + 84 preceding years;— Whilst, therefore, the net increase on imports of rubber goods TWELVE MONTHS. only amounted to 84 quintals, those from Great Britain alone went Raw rubber. &c., imported 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 up far more by themselves, to say nothing of the renewal of custom from— Qls. Qls. Qls. Qls. Qls. of German goods. The latter revival notwithstanding, German Great Britain 1,481 2,546 2,336 1,272 1,277 dealers, have a lot of ground to recover before they stand as in 1888. Other Countries .. .. 500 505 753 466 1,351 Whereas British goods were taken in 1892 to the extent of 5 quintals more, comparing with that year. The export trade is covered by Total . 1,981 3,051 3,089 1,738 2,628 the appended table 250 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893.

TWELVE MONTHS. CRUDE GUTTA-PERCH A (free of duty). Exports. Quantity—Quintals. Value—Lire. 1892. 1891. Rubber and Gutta-percha:— 1892 1891 1892 1891. Quantity, Value, Quantity. Value, In leaf, &c 15 7 25,500 11,900 Imports. lbs. dols. lbs. dols. In threads 106 248 164.300 372,000 December . • 134.935 47.912 24,287 8,128 Otherwise worked.. .843 524 . 590,100 366,800 Jan. to Dec. . • 559.968 185,031 802,474 163,083 In tubes with metal .. 26 23 8,320 7'3bo Re-exports. Mixed with tissues, &c. .. 6' 19 2,760 8,740 December . In ribbons, band, &c. .. 201 188 281,400 263,200 Jan. to Dec. . 4.063 2.440 56,444 17,840 Electrical wires (covered or Notwithstanding the imports of December being higher, com­ varnished) ...... 177 31b 88,500 158,000 pared with that rnonth in the previous year, by 110,648 lbs., the Electrical wires (covered with return for 1892, as a whole, is lower by 262,506 lbs. Values come iron, etc — 9 — ii7^® out at an average of 33 cents per lb. in 1892, and 20J cents in 1891, Increases are here shown to have been recorded for rubber leaf, of a rise last year equal to 62^ per cent. Combining the two materials 8 quintals; on sundries, 319 quintals; tubes, 3 quintals; and we obtain the annexed contrast of values for the past six years :— ribbons, bands, &c., 13 quintals. The items with a diminished CRUDE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA (Imported). bulk against their designations, are threads fallen off, by 142 Year. Value—dols. quintals; and mixtures, by 13 quintals. Electrical wires also were 1887 Eleven months ended December 14.389.499 1888 on the down grade with a drop for the year of 139 quintals. To 14,228,358 complete the particulars we should also note that 108 quintals of 1889 12.503.254 raw rubber, &c., were exported, leaving the net imports of material 1890 16,719,604 at 2,520 quintals ; and as 57 quintals were exported in 1891, the net 1891 18,461,175 imports of that year amounted to 1,681 quintals. On the net figures, therefore, 1892 was still 839 quintals in front of 1891, Average for five years, 1887-91 .. .. $15,260,378 1892 Twelve months ended December $23,299,503

Increase on average ...... $8,039,125 UNITED STATES RUBBER STATISTICS. In our last issue we noted that the advance of value on the average amounted to 40 per cent., against 48 per cent, at the end of September; with the addition of the December accounts the . URING the last month of 1892 the United States took in a increase is brought up to 52 per cent. In manufactures the very considerable amount more raw material than in the appended movements are recorded :— same month of the preceding year, as the appended figures MANUFACTURES OF INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA. drawn from the usual official source establish ;— 1892. 1891. CRUDE INDIA-RUBBER (free of duty). Imports (dutiable) dols. dols. 1892. 1891. December .. .. ,. ,. 31.595 37.482 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. January to December .. .. 401,324 403.834 Imports. lbs. dols. lbs. dols. Re-exports— December .. 3,110,855 3,888'768 4,622,897 1,900,214 December ...... " .. Jan. to Dec... 37,421,081 23,114,472 37,401,634 18,298,092 January to December .. .. Re-exports. Exports (except Boots and Shoes). December .. 66,513 34.073 77.447 38,318 December ...... 144,246 139.45^ Jan. to Dec. 996.55° 535.453 1,723.258 1,004,592 January to December ...... 1,339,080 1.175.586 Comparing quantities, it will be found that the imports of The close of the year brought with it conclusive proof of the fact December were 487,958 lbs. in front of December, 1891, this addi­ that augmented receipts of manufactures, early in 1892, were of a tion making up for an earlier loss, and placing the imports of the passing character, and December displays a shrinkage of 5,887 whole year 19,447 lbs. in advance of 1891. With values the change dollars, making the value of such imports for the year fall below is more marked. Th'e imports of December were valued at 1891 by 2,510 dollars. On the other hand, American wares were 1,988,554 dollars more than the imports of the like month of 1891; shipped for 4,788 dollars in December, and 1892 goes to the front and the whole supplies taken lastyearwere valuedat4,8i6,38odollars with a rise of 163,494 dollars over its predecessor. Boots and shoes more than in the preceding twelve months. These differences in follow the same line :— value will be more appreciated if we state that the average value INDIA-RUBBER BOOTS AND SHOES. per lb. in December, 1892, attained 76 cents, comparing with 41 1892, 1892. 1891, 1891. cents in December, 1891, or an advance of 85 per cent. ; whilst of Exports. Pairs. Dols. Pairs. Dols. the total imports of 1892, the average works out at 61J cents, December ...... 37,075 24,306 23,708 17,988 against 49 cents for i8gi, an advance of 26 per cent. As the re­ January to December .. 320,168 216,331 214,526 173.905 exports last year were less by 726,708 lbs., it is necessary to add the Coming on top of larger exports in other months, those of quantity to the gain on imports to get at the material available for December helped to swell the year's total materially, and it stands home consumption. Gutta-percha affords the following contrast:— in front of 1891 by 105,642 pairs and 42,426 dollars, representing 49 March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 251 per cent, and 24 per cent, respectively. In 1891 the average CAODTCHonc THREADS, TUBES, &C. registered value per pair was 81 cents ; this average fell in 1892 to Imports. Exports. 67 cents, or a drop of 17J per cent. For the last six years the value 1891. 1892. i8gi. 1892. of all exported rubber and gutta-percha manufactures has been as December .. 15,900 20,000 10,goo 9,200 below:— Jan. to Dec. .. 224,800 219,600 116,700 128,700 INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA MANUFACTDRES (Exported). Year. Value—dols. COARSE GOODS OF SOFT CAOUTCHOUC, &C. (Jan. to Dec.) 1887 Twelve months ended December 845,096 Imports. Exports. 833.126 1888 From or to— 1891. 1892. 1891. 1892. 1889 Belgium .. 46,500 1.175.151 1890 Denmark .. 64,100 1,349,491 1891 Great Britain .. 131,000 Italy .. .. 174,200 199,000 995.400 31.800 Average for five years, 1887-91 .. .. $1,028,072 Holland .. 97.400 1892 .. Twelve months ended December ..$1,555,411 Austria-Hungary 158,800 Sweden •.. .. 83.900 Increase on average ...... $527,339 Switzerland .. 130,100 Taking the comparison on the extreme years, 1892 beats the Spain .. .. 44,800 total of 1887 by 710,315 dollars, or 84 per cent. From that year the exports had had a continuously progressive tendency, so that it Total 174,200 199,000 995.400 1,035,300 must be satisfying to the American manufacturers—if not to those " foreigners," who had to compete with them on neutral markets, or even on their own home markets—that 1892 went 51 per cent, FINISHED HARD GUM GOODS. (Jan. to Dec.) better than the five years' average. Imports. Exports. From or to— 1891. 1892. 1892. GERMAN RUBBER TRADE, Belgium .. 1 14.300 1892. France .. .. 112,100 Great Britain .. 125,900 13,600 8,700 467,200 31.800 (HE whole year's business is referred to in the latest publi­ Austria-Hungary 16,200 cation regarding the Foreign trade of the Zollverein, Russia .. .. 24,600 T~ issued by the Imperial Statistical Authorities at Berlin, Switzerland .. 7.700 and we gather the appended comparisons of articles interesting Spain .. .. United States .. 28,900 to the rubber trade. DECEMBER.—RAW OR REFINED CAOUTCHOUC AND GUTTA-PERCHA. 467,200 460,400 December. Jan. to Dec. Total . 13,600 8,700 Kilos, net. Kilos, net. 4,405,900 Imports 1891 ...... 379.100 FINE GOODS OF SOFT CAOUTCHOUC. , (Jan, to Dec.) 1892 ...... 406,800 4,692,400 Imports. Exports. Exports 1891 ...... 59.800 754.400 From or to— . 1892. 1891. 1892. 1892 ...... 86,700 942,500 1.700 The first place in supplying raw material was taken by Great Hamburg .. 20,200 Britain in December, sending in 166,100 kilos. (1,952,700 kilos, for Belgium .. 14,000 1892), followed by British India with 61,400 kilos. (446,700 kilos, France .. .. for 1892), West Africa 49,200 kilos. (574,100 kilos, for 1892), Brazil Great Britain .. 477.400 16,600 33,800 kilos. (390,000 kilos, for 1892), and East Africa 28,400 kilos. Holland . - 232,000 276,800 525,500 27,200 (286,600 kilos, for 1892). Austria-Hungary, during last year, took Austria-Hungary 33.000 216,900 kilos, of the exports. Great Britain 193.100 kilos., and Roumania .. France 125,500 kilos., while no less than 290,000 kilos, were sent to Sweden .. .. 18,600 the United States. The gross receipts of raw stuff in 1892, United States .. 15.500 exceeded those of 1891 by 286,500 kilos., while the exports also 525.500 742,900 went up by 188,100 kilos., the net gain on imports being, there­ Total .. 232,000 276,800 fore, 78,400 kilos. In other branches of the trade the movements

were recorded as below :— TOYS OF SOFT CAOUTCHOUC, &C. HARDENED CAOUTCHOUC, &C., IN MASS. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1891. 1892. 1891. 1892. 1891. 1892. i8gi. 1892. 13,100 10,500 December .. 800 — 800 2,800 December 1,400 1,600 Jan. to Dec. .. 2.400 2,400 13,700 28,600 Jan. to Dec. 15,800 19,300 555,800 257,800 252 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893. TEXTILES WOVEN OR COVERED WITH CAOUTCHOUC, die THE FRTNCH RUBBER TRADE. (January to December.) Imports. Exports. From or to— 1892. . 1892. HHE first of the foreign trade returns, to which we at present Denmark .. 1 18,000 devote attention, to touch on the trade of 1893, are those France .. .. 10,000 published by the French Ministry of Finance, the document Great Britain .. 31,400 containing them having been issued with particulars of January. Holland .. 28,700 Imports of raw material are exhibited in the table as follows:— Austria-Hungary 11,100 10,700 314,300 55.200 Sweden .. .. 36,100 TWELVE MONTHS.—RAW CAOUTCHOUC AND GUTTA-PERCHA. Switzerland .. 19,200 1893. 1892. Spain .. .. 18,100 All arrivals .. .. Kilos. 226,100 303.540 283,618 Chili .. .. 44,700 Deliveries for Home Consumption .. ,, 147,300 204,185 244,229 Total .. 11,100 10,700 314.300 343.100 Value Frcs. 907,368 1,078,097 1,504,450

ELASTIC HOSIERY. Both in imports and deliveries there are shrinkages from the Imports. Exports. totals attained in preceding year, on arrivals of 77,440 kilos., and 1891. 1892. 1891. 1892. 57,518 kilos, compared with 1892 and 1891 respectively, while December .. 300 500 900 1,700 deliveries fell off by 56,885 kilos., and 96,929 kilos, on a similar Jan. to Dec. .. 5.300 5.400 12,700 18,000 contrast. Other imports were :— COMPRESSED CLOTH OF CAOUTCHOUC, &C., FOR MANUFACTURING. JANUARY.—RUBBER OR GUTTA-PERCHA.—General Imports. Imports. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1892. i8gi. December ...... 16,400 26,700 Kilos. Kilos. Kilos. Unvulcanised sheets and) January to December...... 102,800 127,800 16,500 vulcanised threads .. f 33.900 — WATERPROOFED HEMPEN TISSUES. Elastic tissues.. .. 7.500 12,300 Imports. Exports. 6,700 Overlaid tissues .. 1891. 1892. 1891. 1892. 1.300 11,400 5,000 Made-up clothes .. December .. 7,800 4.500 11,300 9,900 300 1,700 — Shoes., .. .. 16,000 January to December 38,400 43,200 90,500 108,200 4,900 2,000 "Card" tissues .. — — In addition to the foregoing, there were, during the year, 800 3,600 kilos, of unclassified goods exported, comparing with 1,100 kilos, Bands, tubes, &c. .. 17,600 19,700 30,100 in 1891. Where no comparative figures appear under the years i8gi and For those who have not the time or the inclination to wade 1892, those headings were previously included in other descriptions. through the details and note the fluctuations, we appended a sum­ The largest decrease .was registered therefore on sheets and threads mary of the increases or decreases when 1892 is compared with of 17,400 kilos, followed by overlaid tissues diminished by 9,100 1891 (the figures representing kilos. -I- = increase, and — = kilos., and elastic tissues 4,800 kilos. Shoes continue to be taken on decrease :— a larger scale than ever, the increase for January last being 11,100 ARTICLES. Imports. Exports. kilos. It is essential to remember that the new tariff operated from

Hardened Caoutchouc, &c. .. — + 14,900 February, 1892, and that the comparison of January this year is Caoutchouc Threads, Tubes, &c. — 5,200 + 12,000 with the like month of last year when imports were probably Coarse Goods of Soft Caoutchouc + 24,800 + 39,900 abnormal. Turning to exports, those of raw material attained

Finished Hard Gum Goods .. — 4,900 — 6,800 119,500 kilos, in January last, having been 85,820 kilos, and 62,886 Fine Goods of Soft Caoutchouc + 44,800 + 217,400 kilos, in the two preceding years. Other exports were as follows:—

Toys of Soft Caoutchouc, &c... + 3.500 — 298,000 JANUARY.—RUBBER OR GUTTA-PERCHA.—General Exports. Textiles Woven, &c., with Caoutchouc.. — 400 + 28,800 Elastic Hosiery 4- 100 + 5.300 1893' 1892. 1891.

Compressed Cloth, &c...... + 25,000 — Kilos. Kilos. Kilos. Waterproofed Hempen Tissues .. .. + 4,800 + 17,700 Unvulcanised sheets and) vulcanised threads .. ] 8,973 5,662 Combining the increases under imports there was an advance Elastic tissues .. .. 10,881 of 103,000 kilos., from which has to be deducted 10,500 kilos., the 34.781 23,491 Overlaid tissues .. 668 sum of the decreases, leaving the net gain on imports at 92,500 2,951 2,079 Made-up clothes .. 1,028 — kilos. Pursuing the same course with exports, the increases 2,833 Shoes ...... amount in all to 336,000 kilos., but from this have to be taken 3.506 4,500 3,542 Bands, tubes, &c. .. 10,210 304,800 kilos, decreases, leaving the net gain on exports at only 14,488 18,519 31,200 kilos. Roughly speaking, therefore, imports as against The first three items display increased transactions, and the last exports, increased in the ratio of three to one. Toys, as will be three diminutions, the most considerable rise being that of 11,290 seen above, mainly contributed to the bad position of exports kilos, on elastic tissues, and the greatest fall being on bands, tubes, when taken as a whole. &c., of 4,278 kilos. March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 253

THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN RUBBER TRADE, CAOUTCHOUC.—Exports. 1890 1891. 1892. 1892. To Other To Other To Other U.K. Countries U.K. Countries U.K. Countries. October only— I HE official returns from which we obtain details of the above cwts. 212 — 555 20 — 24 rupees 26,217 — 64,656 2,727 — 3.109 appeared for December and the twelve months, then April to October— terminated. Imports and exports under the rubber class cwts... 4,930 1.347 4.014 I.5I9 5494 1,796 were as below during the two periods :— rupees 617,834 163,530 510,156 206,8 745,016 222,295 October with its insignificant record of 24 cwts., and that leaving CAOUTCHOUC AND GUTTA-PERCHA—RAW AND MANUFACTURED. for another country than the United Kingdom may be ignored, and Kilos. coming to the seven months it will be found to reach 7,290 cwts., From or to Imports. Exports. against 5,533 cwts. in 1891, and 6,277 1890, or an increase on Dec. Jan.-Dec. Dec. Jan.-Dec. those years respectively of 1,757 cwts. and 1,013 cwts. Hamburg, Bremen, &c. . — 12,700 100 13,700 Germany (other parts) . 48,700 541,200 8,750 102,250 Great Britain .. . 19,600 329,400 2,800 60,200 ITALIAN SULPHUR EXPORTS, 2,600 50,000 23,500 France .. .. . 3,350 1892. Italy .. .. . 500 8,100 1,650 23,150 Russia .. .. . 7,100 63,700 750 9,100 HE official trade returns of the kingdom of Italy afford the Switzerland.. .. . 1,400 38,000 950 9,400 following particulars of exports of raw and refined sulphur T urkey .. .. . — — 11,400 49,550 T (in quintals) ; - Roumania .. .. . — — 3,100 37,800 To— 1889. 1891. 1892. Servia .. .. . — — 400 10,000 Austria-Hungary . 126,902 154,906 134,990 Other Countries .. . 312,800 1,800 78,650 49,400 Belgium .. . 86,672 52,413 55,824 France.. .. . 688,242 582,620 774,238 417,300 Total, 1892 . 129,300 1,355,900 35,050 Germany .. . 206,522 120,673 186,682 ,, 1891 . 126,100 1,333,930 19,150 296,820 Great Britain .. . 392,247 266,817 247,394 The gross imports of 1892 therefore exceeded those of iSgi by Greece .. .. . 105,018 113,268 128,870 21,970 kilos, accompanied by a rise in exports of 120,480 kilos. Holland .. . 25,844 18,311 24,658 The receipts of raw material last year amounted to 556,400 kilos, Portugal .. . 85,293 73,096 112,406 against 519,300 kilos, in 1891, or an increase of 37,100 kilos. ; the Russia .. .. . 171,576 127,527 111,860 former total being made up of imports from the following countries: Spain .. .. . 138,536 77,267 94,369 Germany, 112,600 kilos.; Great Britain, 128,900 kilos.; France, Sweden and Norway. 40,590 12,966 42,956 7,100 kilos. ; Switzerland, 1,100 kilos. ; Holland, 6,400 kilos. ; Turkey.. .. . 30,173 29,967 - 30,687 Portugal, 26,900 kilos. ; Japan, 5,600 kilos. ; British India, 25,700 N.America .. . 1,174,232 1,015,788 895,576 kilos; United States, 2,300 kilos.; Mexico, 200 kilos.; Brazil, C. and S. .4.merica . 8,834 2,939 6,730 204,600 kilos. ; other American States, 12,500 kilos., and from Other Countries . 38,035 45,207 63,567 Africa, 12,500 kilos. As the re-exports in 1892 of raw material only amounted to 8,900 kilos., the net imports for the year stand at Total .. . 3,319,016 2,693,765 2,910,807 We have selected 1889 for conjunction with the last two years, 547,500 kilos. because they saw the highest recorded exports for the five years, 1888-92. The official value placed on the exports in 1892 was 29,108,070 lire (;^i,i64,323) against 29,631,415 lire (/i,185,256) in 1891. This diminution in value of 523,345 lire, although there was INDIA'S RUBBER TRADE, increase in bulk of 217,042 quintals, is due to the official valuation 1892. being put at 10 lire per quintal only for 1892, compared with 11 lire per quintal in 1891.

UR latest accounts from India only bring the official data IN a recent paper read before the Institute of Patent Agents a 1 respecting imports and exports up to the end of October case is mentioned of an inventor who, like many patentees, left the O last. During that month there were imported 21,218 rupees due filing of documents to the very last moment, but unfortunately worth of caoutchouc manufactured, or partly manufactured, against went a little too far, and found the office closed. He could find no 25,212 rupees in October, 1891, and 13,880 rupees in October, 1890. official with whom to leave the document; but he was not to be For the seven months, April to October, such imports were, how­ beaten. He, therefore, tied the papers to a brickbat, and threw the ever, valued at 193,340 rupees in contrast with 187,146 rupees of compound missle through the window. It was found next morning the similar period of 1891, and 126,370 rupees of the like period of and duly enrolled. Under the present regulations there is a police­ 1890. Raw material exported is accounted for in the tables that man in attendance, who will, we believe, take such documents in follows;— charge or the eccentric owner. 254 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA March 8, 1893. NOT 80 GREEN AS HE LOOKED. BANKRUPTCIES, ETC. :o: BANKRUPTCY ACT, 1883. J OVIAL, good-natured disposition (says an American con- DENNIS, JOHN LEE, 57, Melbourne Street, late 6, Shakespeare /jkX temporary) is a prime quality for a shoe dealer to possess. Villas, and Forman's Buildings, Sherwood Street, all Nottingham, Everybody likes a happy man. druggist's manager, late chemist and druggist. Receiving order, One who sees the brighest side of everything, and inspires all February 11. Adjudication, February 11. First meeting, with a joyous feeling of jollity. O.R.'s, Nottingham, February 24 at 12. Exam., C.C., Notting­ He is fortunate, indeed, who possesses such a temperament. ham, March 3 at 10. There are times, however, when wit had better be laid on the WALTERS, JOHN FOREST, 17, late 47, Queen's Road. Bays- shelf. water. engineer and cycle dealer. First meeting. Bankruptcy Some people relish a joke at their expense. Buildings, Carey Street, February 27 at 2J. Exam., Bankruptcy Others don't. Buildings, Carey Street, March 21 at 11^. They rather laugh than be lauged at. A dealer found that out the other day. WINDING-UP OF PUBLIC COMPANIES. British Electric Installation Contractors, Limited. Resolution He runs a general store in a town not very far from St. Louis. Just after the heavy fall of snow early in January, a tall, lanky passed January 14, confirmed February 4 ;—That the company be wound up; and that W. J. Hill, 50, Foregate Street, Wor­ country youth entered the store. He was one of those tow-headed, timid, greenhorn-looking young cester, be liquidator. Norwood Chemical Works, Limited. Resolutions passed January countrymen, and as he meandered back to the stove where the 24 (at 36, Bank Street, Sheffield) :—That the company be wound regulation group of loafers was engaged in absorbing the heat up, and that T. C. Parkin, Sheffield, C.A., be liquidator. generated by the said stove, nobody paid any attention to him. Varley'S Electric Patents Proprietory, Limited. Meeting, 527, Soon the new-comer turned his back to the fire, and in a half- Mansion House Chambers, March 14 at 12, for an account of the frightened way asked: " Do—ye—keep—these—here—rubber—overshoes ? " winding up. " No," answered the dealer, who was busily occupied in drawing DISSOLUTIONS OF PARTNERSHIP. a gallon of N. O. molasses for a freckled-face girl, " We don't keep Bolton, R. & Co., no, Leadenhall Street, engineers. December 31. them, we sell them just as fast as we can." Debts by R. P. Bolton. Then he winked at the appreciative group around the stove, who Brown (Houghton) Brothers, Kingsbury Ironworks, Ballspond, and laughed with zest. Barberton, South African Republic, mechanical engineers. The youngster merely said : December 6. Debts of the London firm by E. H. Brown, and of "Oh!" the Barberton firm, by Thaine Allen. The dealer continued attending to his customer's wants, while the Dixon and Hawley, trading as the Cleveland Bridge and Engineer­ green young man spread out the palms of his hands and turned his ing Company, Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Works, Bank face to the hot fire. Top, Darlington, engineers. December 31. Debts by C. F. Presently the merchant stepped briskly up to the youth and Dixon, who continues the business. asked : Reader, E. & Sons, Phoenix Works, Nottingham, engineers. June " Did you say you wanted to buy some overshoes ? " 10, 1892. Debts by Reuben Reader. The countryman turned slowly about and answered. Spence, Charles & Co., 7, Tithebarn Street, Liverpool, chemical '' I—didn't—say—I—wanted— any —I—^jest—ast—if—ye—kep— brokers. January 31. Debts by Charles Spence. em.' Spencer & Jones, Albion Ironworks, Bank Street, Ashton-under- Then he warmed himself a few minutes longer at the fire, and Lyne, engineers. February 10. Debts by A. H. M. Jones, who finally started for the door with the remark : continues the business. " Well — I — guess—I'll — go — down—to — Cooper's — store — Spink & Son, 3, Marsham Street, Westminster, chemists. January and—buy—some—rubber—overshoes.'' 13. Debts by A. B. Spink, who continues the business. The crowd around the stove laughed again, but not at the Trott, Brown & Co., 253, Pentonville Road, ironmongers. expense of the greenhorn. February i. Debts by S. T. Trott. March 8, 1893. AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL. 255

TO INVENTORS. 2,820 C. H. Guest and L. Barrow. Attaching tyres. 2,828 H. Faulkner. Tyres. 2,838 W. R. Swain. Tyres. General Patent Office. Established 2,892 S. Green. Tyres. 2,964 J. H. Nunn. Tyres. G. F. REDFERN & CO., 3.002 E. Berger and F. Ringel. Horse-shoe faced, with caout­ chouc or the like. 4, SOUTH STREET, FINSBURY, LONDON. 3,040 C. A. Carr. Rims or felloes and flexible tyres. Provisional Protection for g months under the new Act, £'i 3s.; 3,102 F. Sheridan. Tyres. to complete the Patent for 4 years. £•] 7s. French Patent, including 3,124 T- Lees. Tyres. first year's tax, £?>; Belgian Patent, £s,; Imperial German Patent, 3,140 Black. Tyres. £xo los.; United States Patent, including all expenses for the whole 3,180 F. Ellery. Tyres. term, £x-] los. Circular of information as to the mode of proceed­ 3,214 A. Martyn and P. Ede. Tyres. ing in applying for Letters Patent, cost of European Patents 3,231 F. Alcock. Cushions for billiard tables, &c. generally, and also of Colonial Patents, forwarded upon application. 3,233 J. R. Bennett. A chain armoured pneumatic tyre. Trade Marks and Designs registered in England and abroad. 3,327 G. H. Hammond. Tyres. (Telephone No. 169.) 3,398 A. Gehtzsch, J. Goldschmidt, and E. R. Von Scanavi. Insulating material. The following list has been compiled expressly for THE INDIA- 3,434 W. B. Goodwin. Repairing tyres and water hose. RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA AND ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL, 5,446 F. Fagan. The Fagan pneumatic. by G. F. Redfern & Co., Patent Agents, 4, South Street, Finsbury, 3,524 M. Regelsberger. Tyres. London, E.C. 3,549 C. Wallace. Construction and attachment tyres. 3.579 J- T. Walker. Tyres. APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS PATENT. 3,590 E. Payne. Electrical conductors and their insulation. 1,419 J. Fletcher. Air buffers cushions. 3,599 J. E. Ross. Tyres. 1,452 A. C. Brown. Tyres. 3,609 W. Bowden and R. J. Urquhart. Tyres. 1.458 C. Lock. Tyres. 3,673 M. M. J. O. O'Conor. Tyres. 1.459 C. Lock. Attaching tyres. 3,713 C. Challiner. Tyres. 1,528 W. Moseley and E. Oldenbourg. Insulation of wires. 3,725 R. Bassett. Tyres. '•557 E. Walker. Speaking tubes. J- 3,745 F. T. Schelmerdine. Detachable india-rubber band for 1,613 G- C. Douglas. Tyres. preventing side slip in tyres. 1,632 W. Bowden and R. T. Urquhart. Tyres. 3,748 T. V. Mercier. Insulating material. 1.637 J- M. Porter and J. Blakey. Tyres. 3.774 J- Hibblewaite and E. G. Hughes. Tyres. 1.638 W. Bowden and R. J. Urquhart. Tyres. 3,793 J. M. and W. Starley. Tyres. 1,688 C. H. Guest. Attachment of tyres. 3,799 A. M. Pierce. Tyres. 1,705 F. C. Armstrong. Tyres. 3,828 W. E. Bartlett. Tyres. 1,762 A. J. Boult, for L. Brian, of France. Tyres. 3,866 H. S. Dade. Material for production of non-slipping pads 1,905 W. Hickin and A. Nicholas. Valves for tyres, i&c. or cushions for horse shoes. 1,926 J. J. Tinker. Tyres. 3,920 S. F. Hannam. Toe clips for rubber pedals. 1,966 A. Latimer. Tyres. 4.003 P. S. Lovelace. Tyres. 1.977 G. C. G. Catchpole. Pressure indicators for tyres. 4,017 W. J. Lloyd and W. Priest. Tyres. 2,000 F. Mitchell. Puncture compensator for tyres. 4,054 J. and J. M. Forster. Tyres. 2,025 G. Lynch, jun. Tyres. 4,066 H. A. Hawksworth and C. F. Cobb. Tyres. 2,051 J. A. M. Perodeaud. Tyres. 4.100 J. Anderson, jun. Reclaiming waste india-rubber. 2,104 J- Bosworth. Tyres. 4.101 F. Browne. Tyres. 2,116 D. Young, for H. Comstock, of the United States. Tyres. 4,140 G. Thomas. Repairing tyres, pipes, &c. 2.180 E. F. Mason. Attaching tyres. 4,145 J. H. Barrow. Tyres. 2,324 E. T. Cleathero. Tyres. 4,223 G. D. Chamberlain. Tyres. 2,360 G. Hancock and S. Smith. Tyres. 2.485 J. Wakeford, H. C. Knight, and B. H. Wakeford. Tyres. 2,500 R. Mansell-Jones. Tyres. 2,528 C. T. Thorpe. Tyres. 2,676 J. M. Gillies. Tyres. EDISON'S laboratory costs him ;^40,ooo a year. He is the 2,752 T. F. Wiley. Tyres. originator of over four hundred patents. 2,762 J. Anderson, jun. Apparatus for removing metals and other foreign substances from india-rubber. GUTTA-PERCHA was first introduced into Europe from Malaga in 2,774 J- Starley. Tyres. 1842. The annual consumption now amounts to 4,000,000 pounds, 2,813 F. Spencer. Buffer and other springs, constructed with but the East Indian trees which supply the demand are diminishing india-rubber. at an alarming rate. 256 THE INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTJA-PERCHA TRADES JOURNAL. Mar. 8, 1893. liPLOYp^ RMST|R MISCELLANEOUS. ATENTEE OF PERFECT SUBSTITUTE FOR GUTTA­ P PERCHA, cost of product being less than • i/3rd that of A FEE of Two Shillings and Sixpence is charged G. P., is desirous of meeting with manufacturer for working patent for mutual advantage.—Address, Substitute, care of Publisher, INDIA for placing a Name on the Register, which RUBBER JOURNAL, 131, Finsbury Pavement, E.G. includes Advertisement in the Journal.

In ordey to prevent any mistakes in choosing a similar O WATERPROOFERS AND OTHERS.—FOR SALE, by private treaty, entire stock of proofed and unproofed piece nom de plume, all advertisers will have a distinct T goods, &c., belonging to a high-class waterproof manufacturer number allotted to them for each advertisement giving up business, together with goodwill and valuable patent rights.— Apply, Thos. Rowley & Co., 41, Corporation Street, appearing in this column. Only this number will he Manchester. given with description to any applicant respecting any

advertisement, to ensure strict privacy. OR SALE.—Drab Compound Vulcanized Waste.—Apply by F letter to CHAS. MACINTOSH & Co., Ltd., Cambridge Street, Manchester.

SITUATIONS WANTED,

DVERTISER, with a large connection in the Midlands, and a A practical knowledge of the manufacture of MECHANICALS, is open to RE-ENGAGEMENT, either inside or on the road. Highest references and security if required. B. 873, office of this Journal.

NDIA-RUBBER WATERPROOF GARMENTS.—Advertiser I with first-class connection is open to represent a good house, on any ground. Midlands preferred. Highest references. B. 870, office of this Journal.

ANTED.—INDIA RUBBER.—Advertiser, age 28, desires W ENGAGEMENT as SALESMAN, BOOK-KEEPER, or WAREHOUSEMAN. Seven years' experience in wholesale houses, mechanicals and garments. Can take control of entering and exe­ cuting orders. Now at liberty, first-class references. Salary moderate. Please address B. 871, at the office of this Journal.

TNDIA-RUBBER TRADE. — WANTED, a RE-ENGAGE- 14, UNION COURT, OLD BROAD STREET, E.G., and 1 MENT as Foreman Pattern Cutter and Designer of Ladies' CHARLTON, KENT. and Gentlemen's Garments. Control of Making-up Department MAKERS of the most modern machines for desired. Good reference. B. 874, office of this Journal. CABLE MAKING. CABLE LAYING. STRANDING. BRAIDING. TAPING. WINDING. ENTLEMAN, thorough Accountant and Correspondent, with COMPOUNDING. LAPPING. G eleven years' experience in the Waterproof and India-rubber RUBBER, SILK & COTTON COVERING. trades, is open for engagement as SECRETARY or CASHIER. Is experienced in company work, and, if desired, could introduce some capital as a guarantee.—"B. 868," office of this Journal.

SITUATION VACANT.

RAVELLER and AGENTS WANTED, with connection in T India-Rubber and Asbestos Goods.—Apply by letter only (in BERTHOLD & Co., confidence) with all particulars, to STANLEY MORRISON & Co., 24, DRESDEN (Germany), Duke Street, Aldgate, E.G.

ORKS FOREMAN WANTED, also Under-Foreman, must FRENCHCHALK. be thoroughly experienced in Mechanical Goods. Engineer SAMPLES AND PRICES ON APPLICATION. required for same works, experienced in Mould making.—Apply by letter to J. E. H., office of this Journal. A. 406.