Woolwich Dockyard Area
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CHAPTER 2 Woolwich Dockyard Area Naval shipbuilding came to Woolwich in 1512 and settled oldest survival being the Clock House, offices of the1780 s. on the western riverside by the 1530s. Two water-filled There are more substantial remnants from the steam fac- docks still mark the spot (Ills 74, 75, 76, 102). The royal tory, and the former dry docks and two shipbuilding slips dockyard expanded gradually as it became one of Europe’s are linked by a long river wall, all naval construction of the principal shipbuilding establishments, pushing back into a 1810s to 1850s. hillside and out onto land reclaimed from the river. After A separate part of the parish west of Warspite Road is the 1720s there was room to grow in only one direction, also covered in this chapter. From the 1860s this was dom- westwards. Despite the site’s unsuitability for ever larger inated by the Siemens Brothers factory, first producing vessels and other intimations of decline, more ground was telegraph cables, then telephones up to the 1960s. Several taken and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars the dockyard of Siemens’s large buildings remain in an industrial estate. extended as far as present-day Warspite Road. An adjacent former board school of the 1890s faces the The development of the western lands in the 1830s and Woolwich Road as do other fragments of settlement from 1840s as a base for the early steam navy was marked by that time. There are also some independent river wharves innovations. But drawbacks could no longer be over ridden and, to the far north-west, there has been clearance for and the dockyard closed in 1869. The site was subse- facilities associated with the Thames Barrier, which is out- quently used for military storage, as an annexe to the Royal side the parish of Woolwich. Arsenal. In the 1920s western parts were sold off, prin- cipally to the Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society for its Commonwealth Buildings depot. The older eastern dock- Woolwich Royal Naval Dockyard yard was not disposed of until the 1960s, when Greenwich Council acquired it for housing; here the Woolwich Dockyard Estate was built in the 1970s. Speculative hous- Henry VIII’s selection in 1512–13 of Woolwich and ing developments to east and west followed from 1989. Deptford as places for the construction and repair of Little remains from the dockyard’s early centuries, the the state’s largest warships represented a reorientation 74. Woolwich Dockyard from the north (also showing the medieval parish church) in a watercolour of 1698 86 CHAPTER TWO WOOLWICH DOCKYARD AREA 87 N N C M Outer K K CC Basin D C 1 2 3 Gun Battery C A Dry Dock Inner AA C C D S 4 E B Double Dry Dock G Basin 23 5 6 Mast H B C A H A H T J S Pond C Shipbuilding Slip F E D Mast-house K 1 M F U G E Boat House I G P J L Parish Church G F Clock House/Office G O R N S G I N G Officers' Houses T H Ft 500 Steam H Storehouse V Factory R H H I Great Storehouse (1690s) Q R 1698 M 150 T Ft 500 J Carpenters and Joiners K Rigging House 1863 M 150 L Pitch House M Sail and Mould Lofts N Smithery O Steam Hammer P Fitting and Erecting Shop Q Pattern Punching and Shearing Shop N R Steam-boiler factory and Coppersmiths S Engine-house N T Police Station U Chapel V School GPO Cables W Hay Pressing and Baling Inspection X Bathing Pond Outer K Y Cable Tanks E Basin H C C C C H Z Z Pensioners’ Covered Parade C Mast Gun D Y B Pond H Battery A Inner X X G Basin W H H S F S G W A H H T H I F M G J N U H H J G H Ft 500 H I H H G H H HH H T 1753 M 150 H T Ft 500 1894 M 150 N C Mast Pond D arly history C in Tudor naval strategy away from Portsmouth towards E H the metropolis and the Thames. Portsmouth had what C C has been claimed as England’s first dry dock from the By the end of the 1530s the Crown was operating in Mast Pond C C Boat K 1490s, but its remoteness from London, where ships took Woolwich from a different place, roughly two acres to M F E Pond A on stores and ordnance, underlay the change of empha- the west of the parish church that were identified in G B sis. Naval shipbuilding in Woolwich started in 1512 when 1546, when they were purchased outright, as ‘Boughtons G I H J work began on the Henry Grace à Dieu (or Great Harry), Dockys lyeing togyther envyronned wyth a Sandehill M J T N a warship of unparalleled size. This was almost certainly callyd Our Laydye Hyll’.1 This implies that the docks had H Ft 500 built at the centre of the settlement, to the east of Bell private origins, the Boughton family having held mano- 1810 M 150 Water Gate on what later became Gun Wharf (see pages rial land in Woolwich since 1495. Perhaps the state’s 37–8). Other ships followed, but Crown activity seems to activities near by had inspired a speculative venture. have fallen away in the 1520s. Further downriver, Erith There were two docks on an unlevelled but probably pre- had the makings of another royal dockyard in the 1510s, viously quarried tract of Thanet sand very close to the but was abandoned after a few years, probably on account churchyard, which evidently occupied the hillside right 75. Woolwich Royal Naval Dockyard, plans showing the layout of the site of its susceptibility to tidal flooding. This may also have up to its margins, rising steeply away from the water’s in 1698, 1753, 1810, 1863 and (after the dockyard’s closure) 1894 been a problem in Woolwich. edge. The water line, prior to embanking, may have been 88 CHAPTER TWO WOOLWICH DOCKYARD AREA 89 Trinity Stairs Trinity Stairs River Thames River Thames Trinity Trinity Wharf Wharf Mellish Mellish Thames Barrier ThamesIndustrial Barrier Estate Industrial Estate Cable Cable Visitor Centres Visitor Centres Depot Depot UNITY WAY UNITY WAY HARRINGTON WAYHARRINGTON WAY Gun Battery Gun Battery Slip Slip Slip Slip ANTELOPE ROAD ANTELOPE ROAD Mast Mast Dock Dock Dock HARLINGER STREET HARLINGER STREET Dock Pond Pond L L Wharf Wharf WAY BOWATER ROAD BOWATER ROAD Mast WAYQuay Mast Quay WARSPITE WARSPITE E E E E R R SPINDLE CLOSE SPINDLE CLOSEC C O O M M H H S S Westminster Industrial WestminsterEstate Industrial Estate A A D D C C VENUS ROAD VENUS ROAD SIEMENS ROAD SIEMENS ROAD ROAD H ROAD RUSTON ROAD RUSTON ROAD B B H ROAD ROAD EUROPE ROAD EUROPE ROAD MAUD FARADAY WAY FARADAY WAY BONETA BONETA MAUD F G F G Co-operative Co-operative LEDA ROAD T LEDA ROAD T PH PH TREE TREE Funeralcare Funeralcare H S H S A A URC URC CH CH ICH ICH WOO LW WOO LW Kingside Industrial Kingside Industrial A Woolwich DockyardA IndustWoolwichrial Estate Dockyard Industrial Estate WESTFIELD STREETWESTFIELD STREET Estate Estate PH PH B Dockyard Centre B Dockyard Centre Howick Howick C Day Nursery C Day Nursery YATELEY STREET YATELEY STREET Mansions Mansions WOOLWICH CHURCHWOOLWICH STREET CHURCH STREET D YMCA D YMCA FERRANTI CL FERRANTI CL E Clock House E Clock House F Gatehouse F Gatehouse G Plantagenet HouseG Plantagenet House H Sovereign House H Sovereign House L Club House L Club House WOOLWICH ROAD WOOLWICH ROAD Holborn College Holborn College (former Maryon (former Maryon Park School) Park School) Ft Ft 400 400 M M 120 120 76. Woolwich Dockyard area, 2007 as much as 200ft (60m) further south than at present. A comprised mud-cut, timber-lined, slip-like troughs with Woolwich was among the most important shipyards of for ‘great ships’.5 The formation of this exceptional facil- hillside quarry may seem an inappropriate place for a gates, to permit ships to be floated in and propped up seventeenth-century Europe. In large measure this was ity was followed by levelling of the yard, to get rid of the dockyard, but the site was exceptional on the downriver prior to drainage for repair in the dry. On their uneven and due to significant improvements, under way by1607 . The slope to the south. Huge quantities of sand were moved in Thames for not being floodplain and for having solid sloping margins there would have been a scatter of small selection then of Woolwich for the building of the navy’s a major engineering project that resulted in an artificially chalk bedrock. Woolwich Dockyard took root on a two- buildings; the site’s constraints no doubt forced the sepa- largest ship, the Prince Royal, was no doubt a stimulant. flat tract extending some 500ft (150m) from the Thames acre enclave, located around the inner ends of the two ration of the ropeyard. After 1570 Chatham Dockyard, These works were probably overseen by Phineas Pett (Ill. to terminate beneath roughly hewn cliffs almost 20ft (6m) extant dry docks towards the east end of the later much nearer the sea, challenged the supremacy of Woolwich 260), Peter’s son and now himself Master Shipwright at high (Ill. 74). The quarried sand may have been used to larger complex (Ill. 75).2 and Deptford.